Psychology Chapter 16
A client lies on a couch with the therapist sitting out of sight behind her. The therapist gets to know the client's problems through free association and positive and negative transference. This is an example of ______ therapy. a. psychoanalytic/psychodynamic b. humanistic-existential c. cognitive-behavioural d. behavioural
a
A concern with nearly all 12-step approaches, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, to dealing with various problems with living is that a. no research evidence exists for the effectiveness of these approaches. b. relapse is unavoidable. c. they promote feelings of helplessness to control and change one's behaviour. d. physical diseases are never cured but rather go into remission.
a
Carl Rogers asserts that an effective psychotherapist will a. provide unconditional positive regard and display empathy toward his or her client. b. interpret important transference and resistance behaviours for his or her client. c. actively confront and challenge his or her client's erroneous beliefs. d. seek to identify how negative reinforcement is promoting maladaptive behaviours, feelings, and/or thoughts for an individual.
a
Carmelo is giving a report to his graduate seminar on research on the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapies. Which point would you be most likely to hear him make if you were in that seminar? a. Practising new, adaptive behaviours is more important than gaining insight into one's unconscious conflicts. b. Active confrontation of irrational thinking and the display of empathy are two important psychodynamic therapeutic techniques. c. Unconscious motives clearly impact our daily behaviour in many different and important ways. d. Claims of repressed traumatic memories are a growing problem and there is strong research to support the validity of such claims.
a
Dr. Graham listens to Maria's statements and then restates what he feels is Maria's message and describes her emotions. What type of therapy is Dr. Graham practising? a. Person-centred b. Cognitive c. Behavioural d. Psychoanalytic
a
Dr. Shedrika uses a form of therapy that emphasizes revealing his clients' unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires, which he believes are the cause of his clients' disordered emotions and behaviour. This therapist is most likely using a. psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy. b. humanistic-existential therapy. c. cognitive-behavioural therapy. d. behavioural therapy.
a
Females benefit ________ males when receiving psychotherapy for their emotional or mental difficulties. a. equally as much as b. more than c. less than d. substantially more than
a
Gestalt therapy is an outgrowth of the work of ______. a. Fritz Perls b. Carl Rogers c. Victor Frankl d. Albert Ellis
a
Gestalt therapy's _______ technique aims to integrate opposing aspects of the client's personality, such as the "good boy" and the "spoiled brat." a. two-chair b. role-playing c. logical analysis d. dream analysis
a
Humanistic-existential psychotherapists would be most likely to work with their clients to focus their attention to the ________ rather than to the ________. a. present; past b. present; future c. past; present d. future; past
a
In Freudian psychoanalysis, what person was responsible for obtaining the insight into the client's psychological problem? a. The therapist b. The client c. A member of the client's family d. The client's closest friend
a
In what brand of psychotherapy would a clinical psychologist attempt to uncover the underlying unconscious conflicts and impulses that are the cause of one's psychological difficulties? a. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic b. Humanistic-existential c. Cognitive-behavioural d. Behavioural
a
Judy's therapist listens to her without interruption and judgment. She provides Judy with warmth and respect, without any conditions attached. Her therapist is demonstrating a. unconditional positive regard. b. genuineness. c. reflection. d. nondirective counter-transference.
a
Kennedy meets with a therapist who is trying to merge her "quiet expert" with her "risk taker" so that she'll become a complete "risky expert." This would be an example of a. Gestalt therapy. b. person-centred therapy. c. logotherapy. d. rational emotive behaviour therapy
a
One of the main goals of __________________ is to teach people that a lapse does not mean a relapse. a. relapse prevention b. abstinence violation c. controlled drinking d. Alcoholics Anonymous
a
One study showed that therapists used to prefer treating particular clients, namely under the category of YAVIS. What does the "A" stand for in this model? a. Attractive b. Affluent c. Agreeable d. Amicable
a
One study showed that therapists used to prefer treating particular clients, namely under the category of YAVIS. What does the "I" stand for in this model? a. Intelligent b. Independent c. Irate d. Institutionalized
a
One study showed that therapists used to prefer treating particular clients, namely under the category of YAVIS. What does the "S" stand for in this model? a. Successful b. Sexy c. Sensationalistic d. Serious
a
One study showed that therapists used to prefer treating particular clients, namely under the category of YAVIS. What does the "V" stand for in this model? a. Verbal b. Visual c. Venerable d. Visceral
a
Person-centred therapy is a type of ______ therapy. a. insight b. behavioural c. cognitive d. reality
a
Positive outcomes are attained in person-centred therapy when the therapist satisfied each of the following conditions except a. the therapist must be willing to utilize directive listening to guide the patient's interpretations. b. the therapist must be an authentic, genuine person who reveals their own reactions. c. the therapist must express unconditional positive regard for the feelings of the patient. d. the therapist must relate to the patients with empathic understanding.
a
Someone who is conducting family therapy would be most likely to attempt to understand a. family communication patterns. b. why family history makes some people more or less vulnerable to psychological problems. c. an individual's thoughts and feelings about their family. d. parental impacts on children's adaptive or maladaptive functioning.
a
Steve is 21 years old and has never gone on a date. His parents are concerned and take him to see a therapist. The therapist tells Steve to lie down on the couch and relax. The therapist sits behind Steve and asks him to say whatever comes into his head. Steve eventually talks about his fear of women, which leads him to think about his early experiences with women: his mother, her friends, his teachers, and so on. Steve is using a. free association. b. transference. c. working through. d. resistance.
a
The ideas of authentic and self-actualization suffer from not being easily a. falsified. b. correlated. c. parsimonious. d. replicated.
a
The neo-Freudians differ from traditional Freudian psychoanalysts in that they focus on the ______ as a motivating force of behaviour, and they favour ______ their patients. a. ego; face-to-face discussions with b. id; face-to-face discussions with c. ego; sitting behind and passively listening to d. id; sitting behind and passively listening to
a
The neo-Freudians would have been least likely to emphasize the importance of conscious ________ impulses and needs in a therapeutic setting. a. sexual b. social c. dependence d. status
a
The person-centred therapist has to be able to acknowledge and understand what the client is feeling and experiencing. This process is referred to as a. empathy. b. unconditional positive regard. c. conditions of worth. d. reflection.
a
The therapist's feeling of respect and affection for the client that exists without any strings attached, no matter what the client may say or do, is called a. unconditional positive regard. b. genuineness. c. reflection. d. conditions of worth.
a
The two-chair technique is to __________ as individuation is to _________. a. Gestalt therapy; Jungian analytic therapy b. person-centred therapy; implosive therapy c. logotherapy; the phenomenological approach d. behavioural therapy; psychodynamic therapy
a
What is one advantage to consulting a professional, rather than a less experienced therapist? a. They are likely to select treatments with demonstrated scientific effectiveness. b. They are likely to be more defensive to provide challenges to the client to meet. c. Therapy with professionals is more likely to be effective in treating problems. d. They are more likely to be warm, caring, empathic, and provide learning opportunities.
a
What is the primary goal of the therapist in person-centred therapy? a. To provide unconditional positive regard b. To facilitate transference c. To eliminate undesirable behaviours d. To help the client become more aware of his or her own feelings
a
Which claim concerning psychodynamic therapy is accurate? a. Brief psychodynamic therapy is better than receiving no treatment. b. Current difficulties often stem from repression of traumatic childhood events. c. Psychodynamic concepts are well supported by empirical studies. d. Psychodynamic therapies promote insight better than any other approach.
a
Which of the following is a key component of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis? a. Dream interpretation b. Cognitive analysis c. Empathy d. Behavioural analysis
a
Which of the following persons is most likely to seek help for his or her mental health difficulty? a. Marie, a 45-year-old Caucasian female b. Byron, a recently naturalized U.S. citizen from South Africa c. Julia, who entered the United States illegally from Venezuela d. Ralph, a 65-year-old postal worker
a
Which of the following professionals is trained as a medical doctor and may be found working in either private practice or in a hospital setting? a. Psychiatrist b. Clinical social worker c. Mental health counsellor d. Clinical psychologist
a
Which of the following professionals offers counselling and support in spiritual context (mainly through wellness programs) to groups, families, and couples? a. Pastoral counsellor b. Clinical social worker c. Mental health counsellor d. Clinical psychologist
a
Which of the following professionals works at university clinics and mental health centres; they often treat people with less severe psychological problems. a. Counselling psychologist b. Clinical social worker c. Mental health counsellor d. Clinical psychologist
a
Which of the following professionals works in hospitals, community health centres, primary care facilities, and outpatient mental health clinics; they often have an associate's degree, and can manage medications? a. Psychiatric nurse b. Clinical social worker c. Mental health counsellor d. Clinical psychologist
a
Which of the following statements indicates that a therapist should be in a good position to help you? a. My therapist encourages me to confront challenges and solve problems. b. My therapist has a "one size fits all" approach to all problems. c. My therapist tells me exactly what to do, and often shares personal anecdotes. d. My therapist does not discuss the scientific support for what he or she is doing.
a
_______ refers to a treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in everyday family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions. a. Structural family therapy b. Structural family intervention c. Strategic group intervention d. Strategic family intervention
a
_______________ formed a large part of Freud's psychoanalytic method. a. Dream interpretation b. Empathy c. Reflection d. Unconditional positive regard
a
A goal of family therapy is to a. change the needs of individual family members. b. improve family communication and interaction. c. identify and treat the person in the family who is the source of the majority of the family's problems. d. teach family members to remain neutral on sensitive issues.
b
A strategic family therapist who instructs a family to have dinner together each night and discuss their everyday activities openly with each other has used a(n) _______________ as a therapeutic approach. a. paradoxical request b. directive c. immersion method d. exposure technique
b
A therapist is interested in helping her client get a clearer understanding and awareness of his motives and actions. This therapist is most likely to be a(n) a. behavioural therapist. b. insight therapist. c. action therapist. d. cognitive therapist.
b
According to relapse prevention (RP) treatment, when an alcoholic experiences a lapse, it may become a relapse (resumed drinking) if they feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged. This is known as the _______________. a. third step in the twelve step program b. abstinence violation effect c. thought suppression and rebound effect d. dialectical behaviour effect
b
As Celine begins to reveal more and more of her innermost thoughts and feelings to her therapist, she begins to feel good about him as well as accepted by him. She develops a sense of trust, particularly because he does not criticize her. What process is occurring? a. Free association b. Transference c. Working through d. Resistance
b
Carlita has just come from her first therapy session. To better understand Carlita's generalized anxiety, the therapist asked her to talk about her childhood experiences and interactions with her parents and has asked her to keep a dream journal for the next several weeks. With which orientation is this therapy most consistent? a. Humanistic-existential b. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic c. Behavioural d. Eclectic
b
George begins to project his anxieties and unresolved feelings about his mother onto his therapist. This is what Sigmund Freud would have called a. free association. b. transference. c. working through. d. resistance.
b
Jung is to ____________ as Freud is to _____________. a. collective unconscious; amplification b. individuation; transference c. latent content; prognostic dreams d. resistance; archetypes
b
Phobias are to _______________ as depression is to ______________. a. psychodynamic therapy; existential therapy b. systematic desensitization; cognitive-behavioural therapy c. pharmacotherapy; structural family therapy d. object relations therapy; person-centred therapy
b
Research suggests that ______________ is more important than insight in psychotherapeutic change and improvement. a. individuation b. working through c. amplification d. free association
b
Techniques used in systematic desensitization are based on which of the following principles? a. Anxiety hierarchies b. Reciprocal inhibition c. Observational learning d. Flooding
b
The major goal of insight therapies is to give people a. feedback from their biologically controlled responses. b. clearer understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions. c. basic training in observational learning and practice. d. help in understanding perceptual processes.
b
The ultimate goal of humanistic psychotherapy is for a person to a. uncover the hidden motivations that impact their conscious thoughts and behaviours. b. gain insight and move forward in their seeking of their ultimate potential. c. change their maladaptive behaviours and reactions to challenging situations. d. change their maladaptive thoughts about themselves and their life circumstances.
b
Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one's motives and actions are referred to as a. behavioural. b. insight. c. cognitive. d. biological.
b
What category of therapy is most concerned with improving a client's awareness of the underlying causes of his or her difficulties? a. Behavioural b. Insight c. Cognitive d. Biological
b
What is the core assumption of a functional analysis in behaviour therapy? a. The patient's problem behaviours have arisen through observation. b. The patient's problematic behaviours are maintained by reinforcement. c. Problem behaviours serve an adaptive function for the patient that must be uncovered. d. Patient's need to achieve a healthy proportion of adaptive to maladaptive behaviours.
b
What type of therapy is associated with the best methods of evaluating treatment effectiveness? a. In psychodynamic therapy, treatment success occurs when the patient stops displaying signs of physical symptoms that are brought on by unconscious psychological impulses. b. In behavioural therapy, success is measurable because treatment goals are defined according to changes in specific behaviours. c. In experiential therapies, success is defined as when a patient recognizes the importance of awareness, acceptance, and expression of their feelings. d. In group therapies (such as Alcoholics Anonymous), success is when participants move from step to step in the 12-step program.
b
Which of the following approaches is not used by psychoanalytic therapists? a. Dream analysis b. Phenomenology c. Resistance d. Transference
b
_________________ are persons who work in the helping field and provide mental health services, but have no formal professional training. a. School psychologists b. Paraprofessionals c. Mental health counsellors d. Mental health counselors
b
A behavioural therapist is most likely to focus on a. the past and specific behaviours. b. the past and broad traits. c. the present and specific behaviours. d. the present and broad traits.
c
A therapist is more likely to be effective when they have all of the following characteristics except a. they are warm and direct. b. they establish a positive working relationship with patients. c. they contradict patients to challenge their thought patterns. d. they match their approach to the needs of the patient.
c
A type of therapy in which three or more clients assemble regularly and discuss problems under the guidance of a single therapist is called ______ therapy. a. self-help b. organic c. group d. informal
c
According to Freud, the ___________ of the dream refers to the client's memory of the observable things, people, and events in the dream. a. deep content b. surface content c. manifest content d. latent content
c
According to Sigmund Freud, when you awaken in the morning and remember a dream, you recall the dream's a. deep content. b. surface content. c. manifest content. d. latent content.
c
According to interpersonal therapy, the analyst should assume the role of a. the problem. b. the teacher. c. the participant observer. d. the observer.
c
Bart is asked by his psychotherapist to close his eyes. After a few minutes of relaxing, the therapist asks Bart to discuss whatever comes to mind and to continue without censoring any of the ideas or thoughts he experiences. Bart is experiencing the therapeutic technique of a. systematic desensitization. b. active confrontation. c. free association. d. empathy.
c
Behavioural therapists use assessment techniques to pinpoint _______________ causes of a person's problem, establish treatment goals, and then devise therapeutic procedures necessary to reach those goals. a. social b. biological c. environmental d. cultural
c
Family counselling is a form of ______ therapy a. informal b. insight c. group d. organic
c
In family therapy, a therapist seeks to understand a. why some families seem to experience more problems than others. b. how family members can help someone with a psychological disorder live a productive life. c. how family member interactions lead to personal problems and difficulties. d. how a person's psychological disorder creates stress for those who love him or her.
c
In the treatment of alcoholism, research has demonstrated that _____________________ can be an effective approach for some addicts, and that the success of ____________________ is not supported by empirical evidence. a. Alcoholics Anonymous; relapse prevention b. relapse prevention; controlled drinking c. relapse prevention; Alcoholic Anonymous d. controlled drinking; relapse prevention
c
John and his wife are having trouble communicating and getting along with one another. Which type of therapy is most likely to help them with their problems? a. Organic b. Self-help group c. Family d. Individual
c
Person-centred therapists often use a technique called _____________ to mirror back the client's feelings and communicate with them. a. free association b. dream analysis c. reflection d. transference
c
Psychologists find group therapy to be an effective approach to treatment because a. it is more effective at producing lasting changes than the individual treatments. b. they can make more money. c. it allows participants to practise new skills in a safe environment. d. they interact less with each individual patient.
c
Saleem has been seeing a therapist because she cannot adjust to her new husband's children from a previous marriage. Although she dearly loves her husband, she feels awkward and embarrassed in front of the children. The therapist suggests that she bring her husband and his children with her to the next session so she can see them interact. Saleem is probably seeing a a. psychoanalyst. b. behavioural specialist. c. family therapist. d. gestalt therapist.
c
Structural family therapy is intended to ________________ whereas strategic family interventions are designed to ________________. a. identify the scapegoat and structure all of the family's complaints; focus all complaints around the problems of one individual. b. treat the family as a group unit that needs help; provide treatment for each family member individually. c. make changes in how the family interacts; remove barriers to effective communication within a family. d. examine how problems arise due to hierarchies in a family; help families cope specifically with addictions issues.
c
The main difference between the humanistic-existentialist and other therapies is the a. importance of gaining insight into one's difficulties. b. importance of the present over the past. c. importance of positive self-fulfillment in guiding one's behaviour and thoughts. d. importance of the client-therapist relationship.
c
What do behaviour therapists see as the cause of abnormal or undesirable behaviours? a. Discrepancies between real and ideal selves b. Distortions in thinking c. Learning d. Unconscious processes
c
What type of therapy would be least effective for psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia? a. Cognitive-behavioural therapy b. Biological treatments c. Psychodynamic therapy d. Electroconvulsive shock therapy
c
When it comes to the success of psychotherapy, the choice of __________ may often matter more than the choice of __________. a. therapy; therapist b. treatment; duration c. therapist; therapy d. duration; treatment
c
According to the authors, the claims of Alcoholics Anonymous's success a. have largely gone unrecognized by the scientific community. b. can be applied to other problems of impulse control. c. is supported by the available data. d. is not supported by the available data.
d
Dr. Johnson tells her students not to think of a white rabbit during the lecture. Within a few seconds, many students report that they have already thought of a white rabbit. Along with research from cognitive and clinical psychology, this casts doubt on a. all claims made by the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapies. b. the usefulness of active listening as a therapeutic technique. c. the importance of insight as a therapeutic goal. d. the existence of repressed memories from traumatic events.
d
During free association, a patient may become unwilling to talk about certain topics. What term would a psychoanalyst use to describe this change in the patient's willingness to verbalize? a. Free association b. Transference c. Working through d. Resistance
d
For which of these problems would systematic desensitization most likely be used? a. Joe has been depressed for two years. b. Ben is sexually attracted to young children. c. As a result of schizophrenia, David does not interact with members of his family. d. A fear of heights restricts Alice's enrollment to classes that meet on the first floor.
d
Group therapy is often preferred to individual treatment methods because a. it allows patients to realize that they are not alone in their problems and troubles. b. it allow patients to receive social support from others. c. it is an efficient use of patient and therapist time. d. All of the above
d
In interpreting a dream, a psychoanalyst would attempt to discover the dream's a. deep content. b. surface content. c. manifest content. d. latent content.
d
Joe has been undergoing psychoanalysis for several months. Over the past few weeks, he has become unwilling to talk about his relationship with his father and becomes uncomfortable when thoughts of him enter his mind during therapy. What process would the therapist say is occurring? a. Free association b. Transference c. Working through d. Resistance
d
Julie has a fear of riding in elevators. She is seeing a therapist who asks her to construct a hierarchy of her fears related to riding in elevators. In addition, her therapist is teaching her to relax while imagining each fear in the hierarchy. Julie's therapist is using a. person-centred therapy. b. rational emotive therapy. c. cognitive consistency. d. systematic desensitization.
d
Meagan has been undergoing psychoanalysis for a few months. At a session several weeks ago, her therapist confronted her about her underlying need for attention and love that is unfulfilled and suggested this as the reason for her sexual promiscuity. This made her uncomfortable to talk about and she tried to redirect the topic on to other issues in her life. Since that session, she has cancelled three more sessions with her therapist. What process would the therapist say is occurring? a. Transference b. Working through c. Conditions of worth d. Resistance
d
Psychotherapy is an intervention designed to help people deal with and manage a. interpersonal problems. b. emotional problems. c. behavioural problems. d. all of the above.
d
The Freudian idea of working through was most important ________ insight had been achieved. a. exactly as b. immediately before c. long before d. after
d
The family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication is called a. structural family therapy. b. structural family intervention. c. strategic group intervention. d. strategic family intervention.
d
The kind of therapy that involves talking things out with a professional is called a. interpersonal therapy. b. physical therapy. c. biomedical therapy. d. psychotherapy.
d
What did Jung believe was the goal of psychotherapy? a. Amplification b. Uncovering unconscious impulses c. Dealing with the inferiority complex d. Individuation
d
What is a major goal of the Gestalt therapist? a. To facilitate transference b. To eliminate undesirable behaviours c. To provide unconditional positive regard d. To help clients become more aware of their own feelings
d
What predicts whether a particular ethnic group has a positive attitude toward psychotherapy and would be more likely to seek help? a. Higher intelligence b. Prior positive therapy experiences c. Culturally sensitive therapists d. Perceived access
d
Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object? a. Token economy b. Punishment c. Extinction d. Systematic desensitization
d
Which person might benefit the most from a group therapy environment? a. Suzanne, who has schizophrenia b. Richard, who is withdrawn c. Jasmine, who is uncomfortable in social settings d. Elena, who is very sociable
d
_______ refers to a lapse in sobriety that can lead to continued drinking if people feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged when they lapse. a. Relapse prevention b. Counterintuitive relapse c. Counterproductive relapse d. The abstinence violation effect
d
Lionel has been in therapy for four weeks now. At the first meeting with his therapist, the therapist waited for Lionel to begin discussing why he was there and what he hoped to gain from the session. The therapist also reminds Lionel that he is responsible for solving his own problems. Lionel's therapist is making use of a. Frankl's logotherapy. b. Jung's analytic therapy. c. Beck's cognitive therapy. d. Rogers's person-centred therapy.
d (Lionel Richie)