Psychology Chapter 3
Monozygotic twins share _____% of their genes.
100
Which statement about the spinal cord is TRUE?
Different areas have different functions
How does cardiovascular exercise affect brain structures?
It promotes neuron growth and increased synaptic connections in the hippocampus
The forebrain in humans differs from other vertebrate species in that humans have:
a highly developed cerebral cortex with multiple areas serving broad functions
Jane's grandmother was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Jane wanted to do some research so that she could help her grandmother better understand this disease. Through her research, Jane found that Alzheimer's involves the deterioration of:
acetylcholine
The _____ stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, allowing neurons to communicate with each other.
action potential
L-Dopa is a drug given to individuals with Parkinson's disease. This drug helps with the symptoms of the disease because it is a(n) _____ for dopamine.
agonist
The myelin sheath of an axon:
allows for the faster transmission of signals
The _____ areas of the brain allow information to be connected to meaning, with neurons in the region being more adaptable to change.
association
The _____ is the part of the neuron that keeps the cell alive.
cell body
Compared with vertebrates, invertebrates lack a hierarchical organization of their:
central nervous systems
_____ consist of strands of DNA wound around each other.
chromosomes
If this area were severed, the two sides of the brain would not be able to communicate with each other.
corpus callosum
Functional neuroimaging techniques, such as PET and fMRI, allow researchers to _____ brain activity in certain areas with particular behaviors.
correlate
Information is transmitted within the neuron as a(n) _____ signal, and information transmission between neurons is a(n) _____ signal.
electrical, potential
The _____ system is the network of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
endocrine
Dan is running a marathon, and after 15 miles he doesn't think he can take another step. Just as he is about to give up, the pain suddenly subsides. He feels renewed and motivated to run the rest of the race. Dan has MOST likely just experienced a larger release of:
endorphins
Heritability scores between 0 and 1.00 indicate the:
interaction between genetics and the environment in producing a particular trait
The first neurons appeared in:
invertebrates
Hormones influence a wide variety of basic functions, including:
metabolism, growth, and sexual development
Research has shown that, when certain groups of animals observe another engaging in a particular behavior, some of the same neurons also become active in the observer animal. This is due to the action of _____ neurons.
mirror
_____ are activated when watching another animal's behavior and are involved in social behavior.
mirror neurons
Alice thinks she's having a stroke. What would be the BEST way to diagnose a stroke?
mri
The _____ is made by _____ and helps to insulate the axon.
myelin sheath, glial cells
The _____ system is the first major bodily system to take form in an embryo.
nervous
_____ are the billions of cells in the human brain that communicate with each other to perform information-processing tasks.
neurons
The benefit of using functional neuroimaging techniques is that they allow researchers to:
observe dynamic activity of the brain as it happens during specific tasks
The visual pathway projects from the retina along the optic nerve through the thalamus to the _____ lobe.
occipital
Jayden damaged his motor cortex during a car accident, but over time, part of his frontal lobe cortex nearby began to coordinate some muscle movements. This is an example of brain:
plasticity
In order for a neurotransmitter to affect surrounding neurons, the molecular structure of the neurotransmitter must fit into the _____ like a key fits into a lock.
receptor
The typical sequence of events for neuronal activity is:
resting potential, action potential, refractory period.
Information that is received on the left side of the body is processed in _____ of the brain.
right hemisphere
In order to process information from the external world, _____ receive input from the body and transfer the information to the brain through the spinal cord.
sensory neurons
Janell holds her hand close to a fire. Her _____ allow her to feel the heat, while her _____ allow her to move her hand away from the fire.
sensory neurons, motor neurons
_____ of neurons occurs because the brain must process a wide variety of types of information.
specialization
You are driving down an unfamiliar road at night, and an animal darts out in front of your car. You quickly slam on the brakes and avoid hitting the animal. Your ability to respond quickly to this situation was MOST likely prompted by your:
sympathetic nervous system
Which parts make up the major components of the peripheral nervous system?
the autonomic and somatic nervous systems
The synapse is a small gap between neurons where information from:
the axon of one neuron is sent to the dendrite of another neuron.
Diseases such as multiple sclerosis usually involve a deterioration of what part of a neuron?
the myelin sheath
This area serves as a bridge from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.
the pons
_____ refers to the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.
the refractory period
The nervous system starts to develop within the:
third week after fertilization
The endocrine system works closely with the limbic system to regulate:
thoughts, emotions, behaviors