Psychology Chapter 4
It is recommended that infants be breast-fed, though not exclusively. for how long?
1 year or more
In many ______ (select all that apply) cultures, mothers massage and stretch their infants during daily baths.
1. African 2. indian 3. Caribbean
Which of the following racial/ethnic groups have higher rates of death from sudden infant death syndrome?
1. African Americans 2. eskimos
The neuroconstructivist view states that which of the following factors influence brain development?
1. biological processes and environmental conditions 2. cognitive development 3. plasticity and context
According to research, breast feeding affects children in which of the following ways?
1. breast fed infants are less likely to become over weight 2. breast fed infants have fewer respiratory tract infections 3. breast fed infants have fewer gastrointestinal infections
In one study of low-income mothers in Georgia, interventions that included ______ increased the incidence of breast feeding.
1. counseling focused on benefits of breast feeding 2. free loan of a breast pump
Which of the following elements play a role in visual perceptual development?
1. developing sensitivity to information 2. nature 3. nurture
Order the following stimuli from most time watched (top) to least time watched (bottom) as identified in research by Fantz
1. faces 2. black and white patterns 3. high-contrast color such as red 4. low-contrast color such as yellow 5. the color white
Which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence (1986) in which mothers read The Cat in the Hat to their fetuses and then to the children post-birth?
1. fetuses can learn 2. fetuses can hear
Scientists are using which of the following technology to study infant perception?
1. high-speed computers 2. video-recording equipment 3. visual fixation equipment
Which of the following statements regarding the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are true?
1. infants who co-sleep are at a higher risk 2. infants who sleep on their stomachs are at a greater risk
Which of the following theories have been proposed to help explain why we sleep?
1. it is necessary for survival 2. it is critical for brain and plasticity 3. it replenishes and rebuilds the brain and body
Order the motor development milestones beginning with the earliest motor skill according to the standard sequence of accomplishments.
1. lying on stomach and lifting the head 2. sitting while supported on lap or infant seat 3. sitting without support 4. standing while holding on to furniture 5. standing alone easily
Which of the following factors can cause sleep problems in infants?
1. maternal depression during pregnancy 2. TV viewing 3. early introduction of solid foods
A recent research review indicated there is a positive link between infant sleep and cognitive function including:
1. memory 2. executive function 3. language
Which of the following groups of mothers would be LEAST likely to breast feed their infants?
1. mothers without a high school education 2. mothers under the age of 25 3. African American mothers
When examining nature and nurture, the ______ view claims that perceptual development is enhanced from nature, whereas the _______ view claims perceptual development is enhanced by learning and experiences (nurture).
1. nativist 2. empiricist
One of the key debates in developmental psychology as it relates to perceptual development is the longstanding issue of ___ versus ___
1. nature 2. nurture
The dynamic systems view states that new perceptual-motor coupling is not ______ accomplished; rather, the infant ______ develops a skill to achieve a goal.
1. passively 2. actively
In order to meet the demands of a task and make a decision about what to do in a certain environment, infants and children combine ___ and ___
1. perception 2. action
The process of myelination begins ______ and continues into ______.
1. prenatally 2. adolescence and emerging adulthood
Which of the following is an outcome of a mother weaning her infant from breast milk and giving the infant unsuitable and unsanitary cow's milk formula?
1. protein deficiency 2. malnutrition in the infant
Which of the following are essential features of motor activities during the second year of life?
1. self-initiated interaction with others 2. independence 3. extensive environmental exploration
The two types of perceptual constancy discussed in the textbook are ___ constancy and ___ constancy
1. size 2. shape
__ __death syndrome is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die.
1. sudden 2. infant
The number of overweight U.S. infants has increased, partly because they are eating more ______.
1. sweetened drinks 2. desserts 3. fatty foods
The sucking reflex serves which of the following purposes?
1. the sucking reflex serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism 2. the sucking reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they associate a nipple with food
What are the purposes of reflexes?
1. they allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment 2. they are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried
Four-month-old infants rely on ______ to determine how they will grip an object while 8-month-olds are more likely to use ______ as a guide.
1. touch 2. vision
Myelination for ___ pathways occurs rapidly after birth and is completed in the first six months. Myelination for ___ pathways is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age.
1. visual 2. auditory
What is the typical age at which infants can stand alone?
10 to 12 months
At birth, an infant's brain contains approximately ______ nerve cells.
100 billion
Walking is a complex biomechanical process, which takes infants about ______ to achieve.
12 months
The typical newborn sleeps ______ a day.
18 hours
An infant can distinguish among and show preferences for sweet, sour, and bitter solutions at ______ hours of age.
2
By ___ years of age, children have grown to nearly half of their adult height.
2
Breast feeding reduces the risk of obesity by approximately ______ percent.
20
The average North American newborn is ______.
20 inches long
On the well-known Snellen chart used for eye examinations, a newborn's visual acuity is estimated to be
20/240
Although it is not fully developed, babies can show size constancy as young as ______ of age.
3 months
What is the average infant height at two years of age?
32-35 inches
An fMRI study confirmed capacity of the fetus to hear at ______ into the prenatal period by assessing brain response to auditory stimuli.
33 to 34 weeks
What is the recommended amount of calories per day for each pound an infant weighs?
50
About how much of an infant's sleep is dedicated to REM sleep?
50%
Cole hears his mother's voice and turns his head toward the sound demonstrating his ability to localize sounds. This tells you that Cole is at least ___ months of age
6
Baby Kenzie has just begun sleeping more at night and is awake more during the day. Kenzie is most likely what age?
6 months
For the first ______ of life, human milk or an alternative formula should be the baby's diet and source of nutrients.
6 months
The average North American newborn weighs just over ______ pounds.
7
By the second birthday, the brain is about _______ of its adult weight.
75%
Which of the following is true regarding human brain development?
An entire hemisphere of the brain can be removed and the other hemisphere will take over functions that the removed hemisphere previously performed.
Based on what we understand about infant visual ability, which of the following statements is true?
As early as 12 hours after birth, infants spend more time looking at their mother's face than at a stranger's face.
Bella and Kenny are both 12 months old. What can we expect regarding their motor skill development?
Bella and Kenny may not follow the same sequence of motor skill accomplishments
When can sound first be perceived?
During the last two months of pregnancy
According to a national study of more than 3,000 randomly selected infants, which of the following was the food most commonly eaten by 15-month-olds in the United States?
French fries
Which of the following statements regarding the sensation of smell in infancy is true?
Infants can develop the ability recognize their mother's smell within a week of being born.
Which of the following is a probable reason why infants spend so much time in REM sleep?
REM sleep may be important in promoting brain development in infancy
Prone sleeping (sleeping in a face-down position), low birth weight, and passive exposure to cigarette smoke are all risk factors for ___ (abbreviation).
SIDS
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding sudden infant death syndrome?
SIDS is more common in middle socioeconomic groups.
Fourteen-month-old Sophie began walking at the age of 11 months. She was categorized as an "experienced" walker in a recent research study. The babies in the study have to walk down a risky slope. From what we know about "experienced" walkers, what can we expect of Sophie's performance?
Sophie will pause and evaluate the slope before starting down it
A one-year old would most likely use the palmar grasp rather than the pincer grasp to hold which of the following?
a bottle
As early as _____ after being born, infants prefer to look at faces rather objects.
a few hours
Which of the following outcomes for the mother is the only one that has consistently been shown to be a benefit as a result of breast feeding?
a reduced incidence of breast cancer
Megan Gunnar and colleagues (1987) concluded that newborns are capable of feeling pain after conducting which of the following studies?
a study of circumcised infant males
According to dynamic systems theory, motor development is a(n) (active/passive) process.
active
Dynamic systems theory explains motor behavior as a(n) ______ process.
active
Which of the following words best describes an infant's role in mastering a motor skill?
active
According to the dynamic systems view, universal milestones in motor skills (crawling, reaching, and walking) are a result of learning through the process of
adaptation
Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities are called ___
affordances
______ are the opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities.
affordances
According to Eleanor and James Gibson, an infant who runs down a steep slope or crawls across a narrow beam is determining the
affordances of the slope or beam
When an infant turns its head toward a sight or sound, the infant is engaging in
an orienting response
In the study of 3,000 4- to 24-month-olds, up to one-third of the babies
ate no vegetables or fruit
Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination?
auditory myelination is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age
Which of the following words best describes an infant's role in mastering a motor skill?
awareness of others
Which of the following statements is true regarding the trend towards overweight infants?
babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables
To reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, an infant should be placed to sleep on their
back
Reading and performing music are generally believed to involve ______ of the brain.
both hemispheres
According to the cephalocaudal pattern of growth, what feature would experience growth first?
brain
Shaken baby syndrome causes swelling and hemorrhaging of the ____
brain
Research has shown that ______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections.
breast feeding
Which of the following factors has NOT been found to increase the likelihood that an infant will be overweight?
breast feeding
What becomes necessary in terms of environment once infants master the pincer grip?
careful monitoring because they often put in their mouth everything they can pick up
What is NOT one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
caudal
The reason that infants are capable of grasping an object before they can take their first steps is reflected in the
cephalocaudal pattern of growth
Which of the following groups would have the most depression in brain activity, based on our understanding of the impact of environment on brain development?
children raised in an unresponsive, unstimulating, and underfunded orphanage
Experience is necessary for ______ vision to develop normally.
color
An infant hears a new sound and responds with interest. After repeated exposure to the same sound, one can expect the infant to ______ its responsiveness to the sound.
decrease
In the high-amplitude sucking method, babies gradually lose interest in hearing the same sound, so their sucking rate
decreases
Generally, the axon carries signals away from the cell body, and the ___ carry signals toward the cell body.
dendrites
Which countries tend to stimulate their infants' motor skills more than other countries?
developing countries
Many people attend a concert. According to the definition of perception, the people will interpret the experience
differently
The purpose of the rooting reflex is to
direct the infant to turn its head toward something to suck
The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation is called
dishabituation
Infants with poorer sleep patterns showed more ______ during an attention task.
distractibility
Which theory of motor development suggests that perceptions are necessary for infants to fine-tune their movements and that motor skills represent solutions to the infants' goals?
dynamic systems theory
The _____ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver.
ecological
For fine motor skills development to reach an optimal level, which of these is most necessary?
exercise of skills
Research has found that the MOST important visual stimuli in children's social environment are quite possibly
faces
True or false: Fetuses can detect the human voice but are unable to tell one sound from another.
false
True or false: From birth to age 2, the areas of a baby's brain develop at the same pace.
false
True or false: Some researchers have found that there are distinct psychological differences between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
false
True or false: Sudden infant death syndrome occurs most commonly in children between the ages of 4 and 6 months of age.
false
True or false: The axon and dendrites are inside the neuron's cell body and send signals in and out.
false
A recent analysis found that ______ were the MOST frequent perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome.
fathers
During the second year of a toddler's life, parents should place ______ restrictions upon the child in order to support competent motor development.
few
Movements that involve finger dexterity are called ___ motor skills.
fine
Infants are able to begin to feed themselves because of advances in their
fine motor control
Skills that involve finely tuned movements that require finger dexterity are called
fine motor skills
Human breast milk or an alternative should be the baby's source of nutrients during the first four to six months of life.
formula
The four lobes of the brain are the occipital, parietal, temporal, and ___
frontal
According to dynamic systems theory, which of the following is NOT a factor that is critical to an infant's development of a new motor behavior?
gender type
The name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus is
habituation
One study has found that low maternal sensitivity when infants were 15 and 24 months of age was linked to
higher risk of obesity in adolescence
The "looking chamber" developed by Robert Fantz allowed the experimenter to determine ______ the infant looked at each display.
how long
By the end of the first year of life, an infant's improved motor control enables her to eat a diet that
includes a variety of foods
Which of the following statements accurately illustrates the growth of infants in the first year of life?
infants' birth length increases by 40%
The action of a child crawling across the room to grab a colorful toy would be an example of intermodal perception because it
integrates information from multiple sensory modalities.
When watching a hockey game, spectators can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice. This ability is known as
intermodal perception
Perception is defined as the ___ of what is sensed.
interpretation
Gross motor skills
involve large-muscle activities
What is the purpose of the Moro reflex?
it is believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling
Which of the following gross motor skills is NOT typically mastered in the second year of life?
jumping across distance
Which of the following is NOT one of the acquired motor skills in an infant's second year of life?
jumping rope
Neuroscientists believe that repeated experience
knits neurons together into circuits
The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called brain ___.
lateralization
Which of the following concepts describes the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?
lateralization
With experience, walkers ______ risky slopes where they would fall, integrating perceptual information with the development of a new motor behavior.
learned to avoid
The occipital ___ of the brain are responsible for the processing of vision.
lobe
Eleanora is aware of where her mother is in the house by the sound of her voice. this positioning is know as
localization
A mother changes a patterned picture on the wall. According to dishabituation, her infant will most likely do which of the following?
look longer at the new picture
In terms of sudden infant death syndrome risk, the safest position for a sleeping infant is
lying on their back
Babies who are weaned from breast milk too early and are then given unsanitary cow's milk formula are more likely to experience
malnutrition
Which of the following factors is associated with an infant waking during the night?
maternal depression during pregnancy
Infants should consume ______ an adult's requirement of calories per pound.
more than twice
The ___ reflex occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement.
moro
The reflex that is demonstrated by newborns arching their backs, throwing back their heads, and flinging out their arms and legs is called the ______ reflex.
moro
Creativity is a complex thinking activity. Which statement below represents most accurately the view of neuroscientists on creativity and lateralization?
most neuroscientists agree that creativity is complex and therefore is not lateralized
According to the dynamic systems view, which of the following would be the first step in learning how to self-feed?
motivation to feed oneself
To develop ___ skills, infants must perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
motor
The layer of fat cells that encases many axons is called the
myelin sheath
The process of encasing axons in a layer of fat cells, which helps increase the speed and efficiency of information processing is .
myelination
___, the process of encasing axons with fat cells, speeds up neural transmissions.
myelination
______ is the process by which nerve cells are coated with fat cells that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system.
myelination
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neuron change during the first years of life?
myelination ends once infants complete their first year of life
In the ______ view of perceptual development, the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is believed to be inborn or innate.
nativist
Nerve cells are also referred to as ___
neurons
Which of the following statements is true regarding fine motor skills in infancy?
newborns already have many components of what will become finely coordinated finger movements
What is the common understanding regarding infants and the sensation of touch?
newborns are capable of feeling touch
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding newborn sleep?
newborns must sleep 18 to 20 hours a day to stay healthy
Infants should be introduced to foods other than breast milk or formula (such as cereal) ______.
no earlier than 4 months
In terms of the motor development milestones, which of the following can we expect to be true?
not all infants follow the standard sequence of motor accomplishments
A mother is concerned that her infant has a hearing disorder because the child does not turn its head toward sounds. This child is not exhibiting which of the following responses?
orienting
Researchers have shown that infants can feel ___ by studying circumcision performed on infant boys.
pain
When an infant holds a bottle using both hands, he is using the ___ grasp.
palmer
Carter has a sensory disorder in which he has difficulty understanding where his body is in relation to others. He frequently stands too close, leans unintentionally, or bumps into others. This spatial difficulty should be attributed to problems with the ______ lobes.
parietal
According to the visual preference method, researcher Robert Fantz found that infants only two days old preferred to look at _____ stimuli.
patterned
Beginning at around 2 months of age, infants develop the ability to
perceive that occluded objects are whole
Scientists analyze infant respiration, heart rate, body movement, visual fixation, and sucking to learn more about infant
perception
The main theme of the ecological approach of Eleanor and James J. Gibson is that ______ and action are coupled.
perception
Learning, experience, and self-directed exploration via eye movements play key roles in the development of ______ in young infants.
perceptual completion
Sean is an infant who is capable of understanding that his mother is still his mother whether he sees her right in front of him, from across the room, or as she waves from the car window. This capability is called
perceptual constancy
Coordinated grasping requires
perceptual-motor coupling
Carter is an infant who loves to eat raisins. He is able to pick the raisin up between his thumb and forefinger. This is known as
pincer grip
Seven month old, Logan, seems to respond more to the higher level sound of his mother's voice than the deeper sound of his dad's voice. This is an example of Logan's ability to differentiate between the ______ of the sound.
pitch
The perception of the frequency of a sound is a description of
pitch
Before babies can hold onto furniture and "walk" around the room by grasping onto objects, they must have
postural control
What ability must an infant have as a foundation for gross motor skill development?
postural control
Being able to control your head in order to look at an object is an example of the dynamic nature of:
posture
Alexander is an infant who is beginning to eat solid foods. When his mother puts some Cheerios on his high-chair tray, he uses his whole fist to grasp the Cheerios. In time, he will be able to use his thumb and forefinger to pick them up. What growth pattern does this describe?
proximodistal
Which principle holds that growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities?
proximodistal
Researchers have found that nearly twice as many of the neural connections made in an infant's brain will ever be used. The unused connections will be ___
pruned
_______ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
pruning
are built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary and automatic way.
reflexes
Babies as young as 3 months of age have shape constancy for
regularly shaped objects
Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain is
repeated experience
Synaptic connections that are unused are
replaced or pruned
Which of the following activities is NOT considered a fine motor skill?
riding a tricycle
The ___ reflex occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched and the infant then turns its head toward the side that was touched.
rooting
Some researchers believe that infants spend so much time in REM sleep because it provides them with added ______ since they spend less time awake than older children do.
self-stimulation
the term ___ refers to when information interacts with sensory receptors.
sensation
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the taste capacities of a newborn?
sensitivity to taste appears to develop prenatally
Which of the following techniques is not a procedure used to study sensation and perception in infancy?
sensorimotor reactivity method
The eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin are all considered to be
sensory receptors
Caleb understands that his teddy bear has two arms and legs, even though he can't see the legs of the bear when he peeks over the edge of his crib and sees his bear on the floor. Caleb has
shape constancy
The recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes is called
shape constancy
Which of the following statements is true regarding shared sleeping/co-sleeping?
shared sleeping is controversial and not all experts recommended it
Lori is a mother of a newborn. She plans to breast feed her baby but she has just been diagnosed with active tuberculosis. What recommendation would the pediatrician have for Lori regarding breast feeding?
she should not breast feed because of the tuberculosis
Besides balancing weight on one leg, infants must also be able to ______ in order to walk upright.
shift weight from one leg to the other
The realization that your mother has the same appearance and does not shrink as you watch her walk away from you (even though she appears to get smaller), means that you understand _______ constancy.
size
The recognition that an object's dimensions remain the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object is called ______ constancy.
size
Researchers have found that babies have ______ as young as 3 months of age.
size constancy
It has been shown that ___ is essential to clearing out waste in neural tissues, such as metabolites and cerebrospinal fluid.
sleep
According to one study, by 6 months of age most infants
sleep through the night
What type of smells do newborns prefer?
smells such as strawberry and vanilla
A key skill in learning to walk involves
stabilizing balance on one leg
The ___ , reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food. It also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism.
sucking
The ___ reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food. It also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism.
sucking
Gloria suffered a brain injury and now experiences impairments in her language and memory skills. These difficulties should be attributed to damage in which area of the brain?
temporal
Which of the four main lobes in the brain is associated with hearing, language processing, and memory?
temporal lobes
Which structure in a neuron is responsible for carrying signals away from the cell body?
the axon
If a baby begins to habituate to a sound, what will happen to its sucking behavior?
the baby sucks less frequently on the nipple
In terms of brain development, which of the following statements is FALSE?
the brain cannot be rewired
The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is
the dynamic systems view
Isabel is a four-month-old baby who loves to hold onto her rattle. She shakes it repeatedly without dropping it. Which reflex is associated with how this behavior became possible?
the grasping reflex
Which of the following reflexes does not disappear, but instead turns into a complex, voluntary action?
the grasping reflex
According to dynamic systems theory, which of the following is NOT a critical factor in motor actions that an infant engages in?
the infants temperament
What view states that environmental conditions and biological processes influence development?
the neuroconstructivist view
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) usually happens during
the night
In the "looking chamber" designed by Fantz, how does a researcher determine if and how long an infant looks at the stimulus being displayed?
the researcher can see the reflection of the stimulus in the infant's eyes
If you were analyzing the results of a sleep study in which the participant began the sleep cycle with REM sleep and spent 50% of the time in REM sleep, what could you determine about the age of the participant?
the subject is between birth and 3 months of age
The laboratory procedure constructed by Gibson and Walk (1960) to determine whether or not an infant could perceive depth is called ______.
the visual cliff
Which of the following studies specifically highlights that action can guide perception and perception can guide action?
the visual cliff designed by Eleanor and James Gibson
The technique of eye- ___ consists of eye movements that follow a moving object and can be used to evaluate an infant's early visual ability.
tracking
By their first birthday, infants have ______ their birth weight.
tripled
True or false: Children who grow up in an unresponsive and unstimulating environment show considerably less brain activity compared with children with stimulating backgrounds.
true
True or false: Early, exploratory forms of intermodal perception exist even in newborns.
true
True or false: The American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS discourages shared sleeping.
true
During the first two years of life, nearly ______ as many synaptic connections are made as will ever be used.
twice
Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill?
tying shoes
The tracking technique can be used to evaluate an infant's early ______ ability.
visual
An infant is not yet able to balance on one leg as the other swings forward. This is a sign that the baby is NOT yet ready to
walk upright
Which of the following statements is consistent with the Gibsons' ecological view of perceptual development in infancy?
we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us
According to the visual preference method, a 3-week-old infant would look at which of the following for the LEAST amount of time?
white disc
Which of the following commonly held beliefs regarding the benefits of breast feeding for the mother was not verified in a recent large scale research review?
women who breast feed have an easier time returning back to pregnancy weight
