Psychology Chapter 4 Quiz (Review)

Damien likes to put all sorts of things, like bugs, dirt, and shoelaces, in his mouth. He also likes his toy train; however, he seems to lose interest in playing with the train whenever his brother hides it. Damien is most likely in the _______ stage of development.

sensorimotor

Darryl thinks that playing peek-a-boo is hilarious! He does not know where his mom goes during the game, but it excites him when he sees her face again. Darryl is most likely in Piaget's _______ stage of development.

sensorimotor

A classic example of sexual reassignment and the social and emotional impact this may have on a person is the case of Bruce Reimer, who was surgically and hormonally reassigned to a female identity (Brenda). Bruce's situation highlights the fact that there is NOT always a match between _______ and _______.

sex; gender identity

Wyatt has noticed some recent changes in his 10-month-old daughter Cosette's behavior. Ever since she started crawling a few weeks ago, she

shows signs of distress when Wyatt leaves her with a babysitter.

When you paint with a paintbrush, your brain sends messages to your finger muscles so that your fingers move in specific ways. This example illustrates the functions of the ________ system.

somatic nervous system

Grant wants to do everything he can to keep his wife healthy during her pregnancy. He frequently gives her folic acid because he knows that this helps development of the _______ during the _______ period.

spine and brain; embryonic

Julia is pregnant and she wants to keep healthy throughout her pregnancy. Since her house is old, she has it checked for lead paint because she is afraid of the effect of _______ on the fetus.

teratogens

When his sister becomes pregnant, Graham gives her a "mini-lesson" in prenatal care based on what he learned in his introductory psychology class. He should tell her all of the following EXCEPT

teratogens work on recessive genes to affect prenatal child development.

Elaine travels around the world observing how children learn language. Elaine has written a book to relate her findings in which she discusses the fact that

the first words are used to identify objects or are simple action words.

Dr. Osmond is a developmental psychologist who studies adulthood. Which of the following is he most likely to research?

the mental effects of stagnation

Brooke is a developmental psychologist at USA College. Which of the following is Brooke most likely to study?

the ways in which children differ from adults in their thought processes

Sally is playing ball with her friend Anne. When Anne leaves the ball on the couch and goes to the bathroom, Sally hides the ball behind the TV. Sally expects Anne to look for the ball on the couch when she comes back because Anne does not know the ball was moved while she was in the bathroom. Sally is demonstrating that she understands Anne has her own thoughts and intentions that are different from Sally's. Sally has developed

theory of mind

Sally is playing ball with her friend Anne. When Anne leaves the ball on the couch and goes to the bathroom, Sally hides the ball behind the TV. Sally expects Anne to look for the ball on the couch when she comes back because Anne does not know the ball was moved while she was in the bathroom. Sally is demonstrating that she understands Anne has her own thoughts and intentions that are different from Sally's. Sally has developed

theory of mind.

In front of Chris, Tasha pours the same amount of water into both a short, fat glass and a tall, thin glass. She then asks Chris which glass has more water. If Chris is 10 years old, he is most likely to answer

they have the same amount of water.

Allie has just gone through puberty, and the rapid development of her frontal cortex is causing her to

think more flexibly and critically but with some difficulty.

McKenzie is new at observing infant behavior in the strange-situation test and is uncertain how to assess baby Stephan's actions. If she guesses that he is securely attached, he most likely

was not afraid of strangers when his mother was in the room with him.

Brian has three children with very different personality traits. Even though Brian adapts his parenting to their personalities, there are strong maturation effects. Which of the following has Brian most likely observed?

All three children learned to walk at 11 months of age.

Quincy is four years old, and he has mental retardation and a slightly misshapen face. What most likely happened during Quincy's prenatal development?

He was exposed to a teratogen.

Justin's mother believes that Justin, a 9-month-old, is still in Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. To test this belief, which of the following could she try?

Hide his favorite toy underneath a couch cushion and see whether he looks for it.

Shayne works as a researcher conducting studies in developmental psychology. Which of the research questions is Shayne LEAST likely to address in his work?

How is auditory information processed in the brain?

Sharon notices that her baby grasps her finger every time she places it in her infant's palm. Which of the following is an explanation for why her baby shows this reflex?

It helps babies survive.

Professor Chen wants to study the motivation for stealing. Which of the following colleagues should he consult?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Which of the following statements best describes psychology?

Psychological principles are highly applicable to everyday life.

Your aunt, who has several bad habits, recently found out she is pregnant. What is the best advice you can give her?

Quit drinking immediately.

Olivia begins menstruating at age eight. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this occurrence?

She has been living in a stressful, unstable household.

Lila is not an alcoholic and never drinks to excess. However, she does have wine with dinner every evening. When Lila is two weeks pregnant, she asks you whether this can injure her baby. What correct response can you give her?

She should stop drinking wine completely until after the baby is born.

Monique was born with mental retardation. Which of the following most likely caused this outcome?

She was exposed to mercury in the womb.

Rick and Stacy want to get a stimulating mobile for their newborn daughter Annalise's crib. If they want the baby to pay attention to the mobile, which of the following sounds should they record to play in the mobile?

Stacy's voice

The president of the United States is debating about whether to start a war with country X. If the president is in the postconventional stage of moral reasoning, which of the following reasons would he most likely give for his decision?

We should declare war because our citizens' freedom is at stake.

Immediately after birth, Giada's son Maxwell was able to display the rooting reflex. Which of the following behaviors did Giada observe Maxwell doing?

When the corner of his mouth was stroked, Maxwell turned to search for food.

The person who established the first psychology laboratory, which marked the beginning of experimental psychology, was

Wilhelm Wundt

If a researcher wants to be able to generalize about a population using data pulled from a sample, it is best to use

a random sample

When Kate's grandma leans over the crib with a toy in her hand, 8-month-old Kate grasps it and pulls on it. When Kate's mom hangs a set of animals across the crib, Kate reaches up, grabs them, and pulls them down. Kate seems to be working on _______ for grasping and pulling.

a schema

Jonah learned to eat cereal by picking up a few pieces at a time and putting his fingers and the cereal pieces into his mouth. While eating yogurt, Jonah realizes that this method does not work, so he instead learns that yogurt is eaten with a spoon. Jonah's learning to eat yogurt with a spoon—NOT his fingers—shows

accommodation

Nora took her young son Alfred to the zoo, where he pointed to a zebra and said, "Look, Mommy, a horse!" Nora replied, "That's not a horse; that's a zebra. See, it has black and white stripes." Alfred then replied, "Wow! Look at the striped zebra!" In this situation, Henry's development of a zebra schema required

accommodation.

You are lying by the pool, relaxing with your eyes closed, and feeling drowsy. In this situation, the type of brain waves that would most likely show up on your EEGs are

alpha

Baby George's mother leaves him sitting in the grocery cart as she goes around the corner searching for cake mix. George screams as she leaves, reaches for her when she returns, but then pushes her away. George's behavior is most consistent with a(n) _______ attachment style.

ambivalent

During the strange-situation test, Grady begins crying when his mom leaves the room. When his mom returns, Grady holds up his arms, asking to be picked up. However, when his mom picks him up, he pushes her away angrily. Grady's behavior is consistent with a(n) _______ attachment style.

ambivalent

Paul is babysitting Pamela for the first time. When Pamela's mom leaves, Pamela cries. When her mom returns, Pamela reaches for her but then pushes away from her. Paul assumes Pamela has a(n) _______ attachment.

ambivalent

While visiting your sister and her 1-year-old son Ian, you notice that Ian becomes distressed whenever your sister leaves the room, can be easily comforted by you while she is gone, and ignores your sister when she comes back into the room. Ian's attachment style to his mother would most likely be described as

ambivalent.

Mary and Eric are outside playing one day when Eric looks up and asks, "What's that big bright ball in the sky?" Mary replies that it is the sun. That night, Eric looks out his bedroom window and sees a big, bright ball in the sky. "Look, Mary, it's the sun!" he exclaims. This example shows that Eric has used _______ for his new knowledge.

assimilation

Simon is learning about the alphabet. He learns the letter O because it is round. If Simon sees the letter C and thinks it's the letter O because it is round, _______ has occurred. If he sees the letter C and thinks it must be a different letter because it is NOT completely round, _______ has occurred.

assimilation; accommodation

Robby is 11 months old and has begun making speech sounds like "baba" and "momo." On the other hand, 16-month-old Rebecca can produce two-word sentences like "Daddy eat" and "Mama give." Robby's speech is _______, whereas Rebecca's speech is _______.

babbling; telegraphic

Helen keeps her new baby boy well fed and clean. However, she does not want to spoil him, so she does not hold him or touch him too much. After reading about Harry Harlow's research, Helen now knows that

babies need to be touched and held to develop normally.

Your best friend had a baby two weeks ago. She is excited because the baby smiled at birth, and she believes that the smiling indicated attachment. You know the truth is that

babies typically do not show social smiles until 4 to 6 weeks of age.

In the nature/nurture debate, the term nature refers to the question of how ________ factors affect the mind, brain, and behavior.

biological

Five-year-old Simone is shown two evenly spaced rows of five nickels. When asked which row has "more," Simone responds that the rows are the same. Next, one of the rows of nickels is squished close together. When asked which has "more," Simone responds the row that is still spaced out has more. In this example, Simone has displayed

centration.

Derek pretends to be a baker while playing in the sand. He forms five sand cookie balls, and then he forms a sixth but flattens it into a pancake. "Wow! This cookie is way bigger than the others!" he exclaims. This example best illustrates Derek's _______ development.

cognitive

Kara explains to her roommate why Harry Harlow's experiments were so important to explaining an infant's socio-emotional development. Kara correctly says that his results demonstrate that

comforting touch is more important than food, particularly when an infant is stressed.

Joey needs to use his fingers to add and subtract. Joey can sort blocks based on both their shape and color at the same time. Based on this information, you know that Joey is most likely in the _______ stage of development.

concrete operational

When trying to explain Piaget's theory of development to his roommate, Martin correctly states that development

consists of a series of qualitatively different stages of cognitive ability.

Eddie's neighbor Marjorie steals a laptop computer from another student in their dorm and makes Eddie promise not to tell on her. After campus police come to the dorm and question him, Eddie decides to tell them that Marjorie stole the laptop because Eddie knows that Marjorie broke the law. According to Kohlberg, Eddie is exhibiting _______ moral reasoning.

conventional

If Ansel believes in a dynamic systems perspective, he most likely believes that development occurs through a series of interactions between the child, his _______, and his _______.

culture; environment

Ernst is jealous that several of his friends are going through puberty but he has not started yet. He eagerly keeps checking for signs that his body is changing. Ernst knows he should be experiencing all of the following EXCEPT

development of a more rounded jaw.

While he is in the waiting room at the doctor's office, Arthur tries to classify infants' attachment based on their behavior. He is certain that the baby girl is securely attached because she

explores the unfamiliar room and the objects in it while staying in view of her mother.

Amelia has been quite stressed lately and is very alarmed when she goes into labor at 30 weeks of gestation. Her baby has not finished the _______ period of prenatal development. It _______ live outside of the womb.

fetal; can

Peggy's parents are amazed at how much their daughter has changed. Over the past year, she became interested in doing chemistry experiments. Peggy predicts what will happen when she combines two chemicals together and then observes the results to see whether her hypothesis was correct. Peggy is most likely in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

Sally is playing outside with her brother Micah one day and wants to push him down when he takes her swing. Sally does not push Micah, however, because she predicts that she will be punished with no television privileges after dinner if she does. Sally is most likely in the _______ stage of development.

formal operational

Claudia has been feeling ill for a couple of weeks and finds out she is two weeks pregnant. Up to this point, her baby has been in the ______ period of development, and the _______ has begun to form.

germinal; placenta

A research team finds that an experimental drug causes problems for prenatal development, but only if it is given within the first 20 days of pregnancy. Researchers are worried that this will most likely affect

heart development.

Tanya looks back on her high school years with fondness because it was the first time she began to find others who dressed and acted like her and who held similar beliefs. Based on this information, Tanya recognizes how her identity was affected by

her clique.

Ralph is very upset. His infant daughter was born with a preventable birth defect because she was exposed to a teratogen. Ralph's daughter may have all of the following EXCEPT

high birth weight.

Nicholas is an infant researcher and wants to use the strange-situation test in his work. Nicholas is most likely interested in seeing

how infants respond to separation and reunion with their caregivers.

Andre is writing an introductory psychology essay on Piaget's theory of cognitive development. He should criticize the original theory for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

infants do not learn about the world through their senses.

Sampson is a physician who sees many elderly patients. He is likely to notice decreases in their cognitive functioning in all of the following ways EXCEPT

knowledge of basic facts

John and Danielle want to get a stimulating mobile for their newborn son Luke's crib. If they want Luke to see the objects, what should they attach to the strings?

large black-and-white shapes

Thirteen-year-old Sasha has a hard time getting along with her siblings because she often feels emotional and acts irrationally. She knows that she overreacts to their teasing, but she cannot help it. Sasha's feelings are most likely due to activation in her

limbic system.

Sonya's parents have been encouraging her to walk for several months by standing her up and holding her hands. Paul's parents have let him achieve motor milestones on his own, without encouraging or helping him. The fact that Sonya and Paul both started walking independently at about the same age can be best explained by

maturation

Nadia knows that a substance's quantity does not change, even when its form does. Based on this, Nadia is most likely

nine years old.

Andy decides to help his friend with his homework because he thinks the friend will then "owe" him and will do something for Andy later on. According to Kohlberg, Andy is exhibiting _______ moral reasoning.

preconventional

Jane is four months pregnant. When describing how her baby is developing, Jane is most likely talking about changes that occur during the _______ period.

prenatal

A child is playing at the beach. She pours an equal amount of sand into both a short, fat container and a tall, thin container. When asked which container holds more sand, the child points to the tall, thin container. This response suggests that she is most likely in the ______ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

Kane and MJ are sitting across from each other drawing pictures of their family room. When asked to draw the family room from MJ's perspective, Kane draws a picture of what he can see himself. Kane is likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

Kaya is crying because her teddy bear fell off the kitchen table and bumped its nose. She pretends to be "Mommy" and goes to the cupboard for a Band-Aid to put on the bear's hurt nose. Because Kaya's thinking is intuitive and not logical, she is most likely in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

Giselle wants to be a construction foreman; however, she is afraid to tell her family about her career plans because she thinks they will not find this to be an acceptable occupation for a female. Giselle is concerned her choice is NOT consistent with gender

roles.

Jerome is busy developing in his mother's womb. Jerome will begin developing lungs during the _______ period.

embryonic

When his sister becomes pregnant, Tyrone learns the effect of teratogens, which include all of the following EXCEPT

folic acid.

Camden is explaining all the different stages of development he has learned in his introductory psychology class. Which of the following is the correct order for all of the periods of human development?

prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood

Which of the following is always true regarding dizygotic twins?

They have different genotypes

Marcia's baby is just starting to eat solid food, and like all babies, he prefers certain tastes. Which of the following mashed foods is the baby most likely to want to eat?

bananas

Peipei has a great group of American friends, is active in her school's theater, and works at a restaurant. Peipei also spends time helping out her extended Chinese family, who only speak Mandarin, by taking them to doctor appointments and translating for them. Peipei has successfully developed a

bicultural identity.

If a psychologist's goal is to depict behavior, he or she might conduct a(n) ________ study.

descriptive

Taylor was in a car accident when she was six months pregnant. Her doctors are worried that the accident may have caused problems with prenatal development because she is in the

fetal period.

Janice is learning about the alphabet and how to read, but she is struggling to make the s and z sounds. Janice is having difficulty with

phonemes.

In front of Chris, Tasha pours the same amount of water into a short, fat glass and a tall, thin glass. She then asks Chris which glass has more water. If Chris is six years old, he is most likely to answer that

the tall, thin glass has more water.

Evan is in preschool and uses overregularization when speaking. Which of the following is he most likely to say?

"He hitted me with a stick."

Phillip cannot wait for his son Baxter to start saying words so that Phillip can finally understand what Baxter needs. Phillip knows that for most babies, this will occur at around

12 months.

Dr. Woolston is interested in studying teenagers' social lives and the challenges they face. Dr. Woolston should consult with his colleague _______, who would argue that the main difficulty teenagers face is forming a sense of _______.

Erikson; identity

Dr. Rames is counseling a teenager who is confused about his gender identity. Which of the following statements should Dr. Rames remember when helping this patient?

Gender identity is the result of socialization, including how others perceive you.

Elizabeth is going to decorate her newborn's room and wants the baby to be able to see the decorations. Which of the following should she use to decorate?

a wall hanging with a large pattern black-and-white checked fabric

Malcolm knows that environmental factors can influence his child in many different ways and they first begin to have an effect on children

about two weeks after conception.

Zandra's mother brings her 2-year-old daughter to a new dentist. Zandra's mother leaves the room and Zandra is momentarily alone with the dental hygienist, whom Zandra smiles at and plays with. When Zandra's mother returns, Zandra barely glances up and continues to play patty-cake with the dental hygienist. Zandra would most likely be classified as having a(n) _______ attachment.

avoidant

Yves has been drinking. He has difficulty walking a straight line when asked to do so by a police officer. Apparently, Yves's ________ is functioning poorly.

cerebellum

The communication system in your body by which hormones influence thoughts, behaviors, and actions is the ________ system.

endocrine

Growth hormones have all of the following effects EXCEPT for increasing

intelligence

Ming is learning English and today learned that the word talking is made up of two units of meaning: talk and ing. Ming is learning about

morphemes

Monique has noticed some hair growing on her armpits and that her hips are getting wider. Monique is most likely experiencing

puberty.

Wyatt has noticed some recent changes in his 10-month-old daughter, Cosette's, behavior. Ever since she started crawling a few weeks ago, she

shows signs of distress when Wyatt leaves her with a babysitter

Giovanni is having difficulty learning English. He keeps putting verbs at the end of sentences. For example, instead of saying "The dog ate the bone," he says, "The dog the bone ate." Giovanni is having trouble with

syntax

Gretchen is excited when her son Brian demonstrates that he has developed theory of mind and will now be able to

understand that his mom has intentions that guide her actions.