Psychology - Chapter 4,5,6

motivation

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

internal

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.

kinesthesia

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________.

frequency

Hertz is a measure of ________.

four

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

lucid

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.

lens; fovea

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________

2

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

blindness

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

manifest

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content.

hypnosis

Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________.

afterimage

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

cornea; pupil

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

lower; higher

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

latent

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

darkness; light

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

hallucinogenic

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

REM

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

jet lag

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

opioid

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

circadian

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

lucid

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

cones

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

changes in normal bodily function

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

congenital

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness.

biological

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

adaptation

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

attention

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

external

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.

social-cognitive

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.

at least three nights a week for one month

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Sleep apnea is defined by ________.

parasomnias

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

psychological dependence

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

tolerance

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

incus

The ________is also known as the anvil.

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

The sleep debt is the result of ________.

People in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person

The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.

can see

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________.

Müller-Lyer

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

night blindness

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

restless

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

vestibular

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

rods

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

proprioception

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat?

inattentional blindness

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

melatonin

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

bottom-up

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

top-down

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Remove the phrase "do not."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day."

The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus.

afterimage

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

homeostasis

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.

dilated

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye.

just noticeable

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

tasting freshly caught salmon

Which of the following exemplifies gustation?

smelling cookies in the oven

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

hearing a song on the radio

Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition?

methadone

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?

Jemma, competing in a marathon

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

above average birth weight

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

It will probably lead to substance abuse

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?

Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

She is a Jungian dream analyst

Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false?

evolutionary

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

Rosalind Cartwright

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

sleep

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

John Hobson

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?

top-down

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

hypnosis; meditation

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________.

Carl Jung

Who described the collective unconscious?

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

longer wavelengths

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

caffeine

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

transduction

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

higher; louder

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

protoconsciousness

________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.

hammer

________ is another term for the malleus.

parasomnia

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role.

dissociative

_______theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.

depressant

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

consciousness

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

chronotypes

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

narcolepsy

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

signal detection

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

binocular disparity

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

meditation

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

A theta wave is a type of ________.