Psychology Chapter 5, 12, 13

The Freudian Theory of dreaming suggests that dreams are:

A way to gratify unconscious wishes and desires

According to Freud, the superego is the portion of personality that motivates people to:

Act in accordance with society's moral customs

The view that suggests dreams are produced as the brain attempts to interpret the spontaneous neural activity that occurs during REM-sleep desires is:

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Repression is an ego-defense mechanism that:

Actively keeps anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

Fast, short desynchronized brain waves are an indication of:

Alertness Betawaves

If you were relaxed with your eyes closed and were given an EEG, what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG?

Alpha Waves

Johan watches Belle slip on the stairs outside their apartment building. If Johan concludes that Belle is an uncoordinated "klutz" who wasn't paying attention, he has made:

An attributional error

Conformity occurs when:

An individuals opinions, feelings, or behaviors start to move toward the group norm.

When people show the actor-observer effect, they:

Attribute their own behavior to external factors but the behavior of others to internal factors. Ex: I did bad because the teacher is a bad teacher. Sally did bad because she is stupid

Based on EEG activity, researchers divide non-REM sleep into:

4 stages

In Milgram's obedience studies, about ____ of the participants administered the maximum shock, and ____ of them tried to quit the study.

66% almost all

George attributed his success in chemistry to his great intelligence, but when he failed physics, it was because the teacher was impossible to understand. George's behavior demonstrates

A self-serving bias

According to Gordon Allport, central traits are:

A small set of descriptive traits that can be used to accurately describe an individual

Benito believes that all airline pilots are calm, cool individuals who never get excited or show any strong emotional responses. In this case, Benito's beliefs about the traits and behaviors of airline pilots are one example of:

A stereotype

Stereotypes consist of

Beliefs about the personal traits and behaviors of individuals who belong to specific groups

Order of Waves from Alert to relaxed to stage 1 of sleep

Beta waves, Alpha waves, theta waves

The altering of one's behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other peoples expectations

Conformity

An EEG is recording Debra's brain activity while she sleeps. She has just entered Stage 1 sleep when there is a sudden crash from the hallway. It is likely that..

Debra will wake up and report she was not really asleep yet.

Feeling anonymous, less self-conscious, possibly depersonalized, and being willing to do things you normally wouldn't are characteristic of:

Deindividuation

The loss of individuality that comes from being in a group, and increases the chances of a person's engaging in deviant or destructive behavior, is known as

Deindividuation

Starting with a large request and then going to a small request is called:

Door-in-the-face technique

The reason that stereotypes are adaptive is that they:

Evade cognitive limitations

"Suzy only did well on the test because she has good luck" is an example of an

External attribution

Explanations that refer to external events, such as weather, luck, accidents, or other peoples actions

External attribution

According to Freud's view of personality development, when a person continues to act in ways that are appropriate for a particular stage, even after they have physically matured beyond that stage, the perosn has become:

Fixated

Which of the following stages in Freud's psychosexual development occurs last:

Genital stage Adolescence

The management at NASA had clear evidence that freezing launch temperatures might pose a problem for the space shuttle launch, but the managers chose to ignore that evidence and proceeded with the launch. The process that would best explain what happened in this case is:

Group Think: Tendency among a group to think the decision must be right.

According to Freud, the pleasure principle is most closely associated with which of the following:

Id pleasure principle: sex and aggression

White participants in a psychology study were asked to decide, as rapidly as possible, whether an object that they had been breifly shown was a gun or a tool. Before seeing the picture, they were briefly shown a picture of either a black face or a white face. When the subjects saw a black face, they:

Identified the gun more quickly and incorrectly identified tools as guns

Trey, a teaching assistant, is recording grades for a large introductory psychology class. Where would social facilitation theory suggest he ought to work, to make the best progress?

In his office, with other teaching assistants, who are also recording grades

A person whose EEG shows predominantly theta waves is most likely:

In stage 1 sleep

According to Freud, our preconscious mind contains:

Inactive, but potentially accessible thoughts and memories.

The manipulations in Milgram's studies that decreased obedience all involved:

Increased personal responsiblity

According to Zajonc, the presence of other people affects performance because it _______, which ________.

Increases arousal; enhances the dominant response

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because:

Individuals are deeply asleep, but EEG recording resemble waking patterns.

"Suzy did bad on the test because she is stupid" is an example of an

Internal attribution

A self-fulfilling Prophecy occurs when an individual

Is induced to act in ways that are consistent with expectations held by others

According to Gordon Allport, secondary traits are:

Less obvious personality traits that do not always appear in an individual's behavior

Group Think involves a tendency for:

Members of a group to seek consensus and ignore or suppress dissenting opinions.

According to Freud, our conscious mind contains:

Memories, urges, and conflicts that are inaccessible and beyond awareness.

When a group experience group polarization, a group's dominant point of view becomes:

More extreme over time

Attributions are our attempts to explain:

Motives, preferences, and traits

What are the five dimensions of personality in the Big Five model?

O- Openness C- Conscientiousness E-Extraversion A- Agreeableness N-Neuroticism

Which of the following stages in Freud's psychosexual development occurs first:

Oral stage

When people make the fundamental attribution error, they:

Overestimate the influence of internal, personal factors, and underestimate the role of external, situational factors. Ex: If suzy failed, you automatically assume that she is stupid, but you never stop to think if she failed because she didn't study.

Obedience occurs whenever:

People respond to the orders of an authority figure

The major factor that determines whether the presence of others produces social facilitation or social loafing is:

Person Responsibility

According to Gordon Allport, cardinal traits are:

Personality traits that dominate an individual's life

Stereotypes can cause people to :

Place too little emphasis on the differences that exist between groups

Some people believe that people living in West Virginia are backward people who are inbred and dumb. When such people find out that a person is from West Virginia, they draw the conclusion that that person is weird and not very intelligent. This would be an example of:

Prejudice

Evaluating someone in a negative way, simply because of his or her membership in a particular group, would constitute:

Prejudice (your feeling)

Brain waves during this part of sleep most resemble brain waves occurring during the stage of being awake and alert

REM sleep

Erik just heard that his neighbor, Alexis, was involved in an accident and Erik decides that Alexis' reckless driving habits were the cause of the accident. His attributions for the cause of the accident is consistent with:

The fundamental attribution error

Which theory of sleep would explain why Jon slept an extra four hours after running a marathon?

Restorative theory Sleep allows the body and brain to rest and repair itself.

An altered state of consciousness in which the brain remains active but the individual is unaware of its activity is

Sleep

As the night progresses..

Sleep cycles become shorter and shorter

As you get older, you have fewer ________ ________ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.

Sleep spindles

Sleep spindles typically occur during which stage of sleep?

Stage 2

In explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to over empathize personality traits and underestimate situational factors.

The fundamental attribution error

In trying to understand why some ethnic neighborhoods are dominated by poverty, people often infer that the residents are lazy and unmotivated. This type of inference illustrates:

The fundamental attribution error

According to Freud, the ego is the portion of the personality:

That induces people to act with reason and deliberation

Caleb saw an elderly lady struggling with a number of packages in a crowded shopping center, but he didn't offer any help. His actions in this case are consistent with:

The Bystander Effect

Freud suggested that the portion of the personality that seeks appropriate outlets for basic needs while adhering to social constraints is:

The Ego Tries to satisfy our needs without offending our morals

According to Freud, sexual drives are handled by:

The Id

According to Freud, the portion of the personality that is governed by inborn instinctual drive is:

The Id

Judy tells you that she failed her last math exam because she had to work late the night before the exam and she didn't get a chance to study. However, she is convinced the reason her roommate failed the same math exam is because her roommate is not good at math. Judy's attributions for the math exam failures are consistent with:

The actor-observor effect

REM sleep is paradoxical because:

The brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed

Why are humans typically able to remain in the bed during sleep?

The brain is still processing information about its surroundings, thus you are aware of the boundaries of the bed.

In Freud's conception of psychosexual development, the oral stage is:

The first stage, and it occurs during the 1st year of life

According to Freud, the superego operates on:

The idealistic principle

According to Freud, the ego operates on: 1. The idealistic principle 2. The pleasure principle 3. The reality principle 4. The sublimation principle

The reality principle

Freud suggested that the portion of the personality that seeks moral perfection is:

The superego aka superhero

Latent content is:

The underlying meaning of a dream

You have been asleep for approximately 90 minutes. What sleep stage are you likely to begin to enter?

Theta wave sleep

The restoration or repair theory of sleep suggest that the purpose of sleep is:

To allow time for the body and mind to recover from the activities of the day

When Leigh was 7, she witnessed a terrible traffic accident on her way to school. Today, at the age of 32, she has no memory of the traffic accident. Even when she saw pictures of the accident in a recent news flashback, she didn't remember, witnessing the accident 25 years ago. According to Freud, it appears that Leigh's memory of the accident is contained in her:

Unconscious mind

Manifest content is:

What we remember from a dream

You dreamed about riding a train into a tunnel. According to the activation-synthesis view, your dream is:

Your brain's interpretation of the random neural activity generated during sleep.

An average sleep cycle (from STage 1 through REM) lasts

lasts about 90 minutes

During the first cycle of sleep in an evening the REM period is:

relatively short, lasting only a few minutes

Personality consists of characteristics ________ that are relatively stable over time and circumstances.

thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors