Psychology Chapter 5

Night terrors

A night terror, sleep terror or pavor nocturnus is a parasomnia or sleep disorder, causing feelings of terror or dread, and typically occurs during the first hours of stage 3-4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

Psychodelics

Cholinergic psychodelics (drugs altering acetylcholine transmission) include physostigmine, scopolamine, and atropine. Drugs that alter norepinephrine transmission include mescaline and ecstasy . Drugs that alter serotonin transmission include LSD and psilocin. Other drugs in this category include the psychedelic anesthetics phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/Po-Re/Psychoactive-Drugs.html#ixzz3NzehTF00

Insomnia

Chronic inability to fall asleep or remain asleep for an adequate length of time.

EMG

Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons).

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens and psychedelics do not share a common mechanism of action, but all induce hallucinations . These drugs can either be natural such as mescaline, which is derived from the peyote cactus, or synthetic such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), but they are typically classified pharmacologically according to the affected neurotransmitter system. Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/Po-Re/Psychoactive-Drugs.html#ixzz3NzeYkz4h

Stimulants

Stimulants produce behavioral arousal. As with the sedatives and hypnotics, there are a variety of substances, each with a different neural mechanism of action. Examples of stimulants are amphetamine, cocaine, antidepressants, caffeine (the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world), nicotine or tobacco, appetite suppressants, and a variety of exotic plant products. Stimulants vary in strength, legal status, and the manner in which they are taken; however, all stimulants have addictive potential. Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/Po-Re/Psychoactive-Drugs.html#ixzz3Nze8xe94

Psychological dependence

Psychological Dependence is an emotional need for a drug or substance that has no underlying physical need. For example, people who stop smoking recover physically in a short time. The emotional need for nicotine, however, is much more difficult to overcome. They continually think they need the nicotine to stay calm even though there is no physical need. The drug for the addict is similar to what a security blanket would be for a child (or some adults). Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Psychological%20Dependence#ixzz3NzgAK3qD

REM sleep behavior disorder

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder is a sleep disorder in which you physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and leg movements during REM sleep — sometimes called dream-enacting behavior.

Sedatives & hypnotics

Sedatives and hypnotics depress or inhibit brain activity and produce drowsiness, sedation, or sleep; relieve anxiety; and lower inhibition. Although the depressant compounds do not share a common neural mechanism of action, most of them either decrease the metabolic activity in the brain or increase the transmission of the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Selective Sleep deprivation

Selective sleep stage deprivation is the targeted suppression of one stage of sleep to gain insight into its specific purpose or to replicate some sleep disorders such as sleep apnea.

Consciousness

The state or condition of being conscious. A sense of one's personal or collective identity, including the attitudes, beliefs, and sensitivities held by or considered characteristic of an individual or group.

Somnambulism

Somnambulism (often also referred to as Nocturnal Somnambulism) describes a condition in which an individual repeatedly sleep-walks. In Psychology, it is classified as a dissociative disorder, which also includes amnesia, fugue, and multiple personality disorders. Somnambulism is now thought to be a relatively benign disorder, and is usually not treated. However, there is a risk that the person could be injured accidentally (walking into things, falling down stairs, etc.) during sleep walking.

EEG

is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain

Biological rhymes

periodic biological fluctuation in an organism that corresponds to, and is in response to, periodic environmental change. Examples of such change include cyclical variations in the relative position of the Earth to the Sun and to the Moon and in the immediate effects of such variations, e.g., day alternating with night, high tide alternating with low tide.

Ascending reticular activating formation

refers to the pathways that transmit nervous impulses from the reticular formation of the midbrain in an ascending manner through the thalamus, and then to all parts of the cerebral cortex. Psychology Dictionary: What is ASCENDING RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (ARAS)? definition of ASCENDING RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (ARAS) (Psychology Dictionary)

Nightmare

A dream arousing feelings of intense fear, horror, and distress.

Manifest content

According to psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, the manifest content of a dream includes the actual images, thoughts and content contained within the dream. The manifest content is the elements of the dream that we remember upon awakening.

Dissociation

Dissociation is a split in the mind in which there can be two independent streams of consciousness occurring at the same time, allowing some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. According to some, dissociation is the foundation of hypnosis - the hypnotized person is able to maintain control of certain thoughts and behaviors, while others are being influenced by the hypnotist.

Freud theory why we dream- EGO

EGO - As they grow up, toddlers develop an Ego. This is the part of the psyche that allows us to understand that other people have needs, and that acting impulsively can hurt us. This "reality principle" makes sure we meet the needs of the Id without conflicting with the laws of the Ego.

Hypnosis

Hypnosis is a temporary state of heightened relaxation and suggestibility during which some (not all) people are able to become so focused that they experience imaginary happenings as if they were real. Hypnosis is not some trans-like, magical state in which people will engage in behaviors that are completely against their "normal, non-hynotized" will. People often believe that a hypnotist can make you do things you would never do, like take your clothes off and run around a crowded room naked. If you would not do this when you are not hypnotized, then you would not do it when you are hypnotized. However, if there is some part of you that would....well then, that may be a different story.

Freud theory on dreams- ID

ID - Newborn babies are born with only an Id. The Id is a sense of mind that causes us to act on impulse: to follow our primary instincts and ignore the consequences. The Id runs on the "pleasure principle" - it doesn't care about anything but its own satisfaction.

Stage 2

In stage 2, eye movement stops and brain waves become slower with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves. When a person enters stage 3

Meditation

Meditation is a practice of concentrated focus upon a sound, object, visualization, the breath, movement, or attention itself in order to increase awareness of the present moment, reduce stress, promote relaxation, and enhance personal and spiritual growth.

NREM

Non-rapid eye movement sleep, or NREM, is, collectively, sleep stages 1-3, previously known as stages 1-4. Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) is not included. There are distinct electroencephalographic and other characteristics seen in each stage. Unlike REM sleep, there is usually little or no eye movement during these stages. Dreaming is rare during NREM sleep, and muscles are not paralyzed as in REM sleep. People who do not go through the sleeping stages properly get stuck in NREM sleep, and because muscles are not paralyzed a person may be able to sleepwalk.

REM

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a stage of sleep characterized by the rapid and random movement of the eyes. Rapid eye movement sleep is classified into two categories: tonic and phasic.[1] It was identified and defined by Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Aserinsky in 1953. Criteria for REM sleep includes rapid eye movement, low muscle tone and a rapid, low-voltage EEG; these features are easily discernible in a polysomnogram, the sleep study typically done for patients with suspected sleep disorders

Freud theory why we dream- SUPER-EGO

SUPER-EGO - By the age of five, we develop the Super-ego. This is our moral brain, that tells us the difference between right and wrong. However it doesn't make special allowances - it is up to the Ego to decide.

Stage 1

Stage 1 is light sleep where you drift in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. In this stage, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows. During this stage, many people experience sudden muscle contractions preceded by a sensation of falling.

hilgard's hidden observer

The "hidden observer" is therefore dissociated from what is being suggested by the hypnotist and can continue to have an amount of objectivity about the hypnotic experience that they are involved in, and even when they are very absorbed and engaged in the hypnosis, this objectivity and reality check still observes from the background.

Withdrawal

Withdrawal is a term referring to the feelings of discomfort, distress, and intense craving for a substance that occurs when use of the substance is stopped. These physical symptoms take place because the body had become metabolically adapted to the substance. The withdrawal symptoms can range from mild discomfort resembling the flu to severe withdrawal that can actually be life threatening.

Tolerance

a condition of cellular adaptation to a pharmacologically active substance so that increasingly larger doses are required to produce the same physiologic or psychologic effect obtained earlier with smaller doses. Also called metabolic tolerance . See also tachyphylaxis.

Dependence

a psychologic craving for, habituation to, abuse of, or physiologic reliance on a chemical substance. See also drug abuse, drug addiction.

Stage 3

extremely slow brain waves called delta waves are interspersed with smaller, faster waves. I

Physical dependence

substance dependence in which there is evidence of tolerance, withdrawal, or both.

Circadian rhymes

t's a twenty-four hour cycle that occurs in many animals, the most notable of a part of the cycle is the need for sleep which occurs in all animals. It can be considered a biological clock. The pineal gland secretes melatonin which effects the circadian rhythm.

Stage 4

the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively. Stages 3 and 4 are referred to as deep sleep or delta sleep, and it is very difficult to wake someone from them. In deep sleep, there is no eye movement or muscle activity. This is when some children experience bedwetting, sleepwalking or night terrors.

Sleep apnea

type of sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or instances of shallow or infrequent breathing during sleep.

Patent content

According to Freud, dreams have two types of content, each of which contains different meanings to the dreams. One of these type of content is latent content, which is the underlying, more hidden, but true meaning of a dream (as opposed to the manifest content). Freud believed that the latent content was somehow censored by the subconscious which was a way to protect us from the real meanings of the dreams. This was necessary because the dream content may be difficult for people to deal with, so people disguise the real meaning. However, Freud believed that when people were in conflict, if he could uncover or get to the latent content, then he could identify the person's problem and resolve their conflict.

Opiates

All drugs in the opiate class act on opiate receptors in the brain. They mediate relief from pain and produce feelings of euphoria. Opiates, which are referred to as narcotics by scientists and medical practitioners, are highly addictive and can either be natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic. Natural opiates such as opium are derived from the opium poppy. The active ingredients of opium are morphine and codeine. The most common semisynthetic opiate is heroin, which is five to ten times more potent than morphine. Examples of synthetic opiates include methadone and the prescription pain medication Demerol. Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/Po-Re/Psychoactive-Drugs.html#ixzz3NzeTqgFI