Psychology Chapter 5

Whats the concept of reinforcement?

- "what's in it for me?" and Skinner's major contributions to behaviorism. Any event or stimulus, that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur again. - Skinner also coined term operant conditioning.

Define Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Define biofeedback Define Neurofeedback

- ABA - modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses both analysis of current behavior and behavioral techniques to address a socially relevant issue. - Biofeedback - using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control. Neurofeedback - form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

How are unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus different?

- An unconditioned stimulus (US) is always followed by an unconditioned response (UCR), and a conditioned stimulus (CS) is always followed by a conditioned response (CR).

Define behavior modification?

- Application of operant conditioning principles (sometimes classical conditioning) to change undesirable behaviors and create desirable behaviors in both humans and animals. - token economies, time out, applied behavior analysis, biofeedback, and neurofeedback use these principles.

Define conditioned emotional response (CER)? Vicarious conditioning? Conditioned taste aversion?

- CER - emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli - Vicarious conditioning - possibility to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process. - Conditioned taste aversion - is one situation where classical conditioning can occur quickly without repeated pairings.

What are the basic principles for classical conditioning to occur?

- CS must come before the UCS - CS and UCS must come very close together in time (<5 sec) - CS must be paired with the UCS many times - CS must be distinct from other competing stimuli

Factors that contribute to making reinforcement of a behavior as effective as possible?

- First factor is timing, delaying reinforcement tends not to work well. - Second factor is to reinforce only the desired behavior.

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement? Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

- Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement - schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same. - Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement - schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

What is interval schedule? ratio schedule? What is fixed interval schedule of reinforcement? Variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

- Interval schedule - when timing of the response is more important. - ratio schedule - the number of responses that is important - Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement - schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same. (ex: receiving a paycheck once a week) - Variable interval schedule of reinforcement - schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event. (ex: pop quizzes)

Define punishment

- Opposite of reinforcement. - An event or stimulus that, when following a response, causes that response to be less likely to happen again. - Punishment weakens responses, reinforcement (no matter whether is positive or negative) strengthens responses.

What is partial reinforcement effect? and Continuous reinforcement?

- Partial reinforcement effect - reinforcing behavior after some but not all correct responses Continuous reinforcement - provision of reinforce for each and every correct response.

Different types of reinforces?

- Primary reinforces: satisfy basic biological needs (ex: hunger, thirst, touch) - Secondary reinforces: gain reinforcing properties through previous association with primary reinforces. - Positive reinforcement: addition, or experiencing of, a pleasurable stimulus - Negative reinforcement: removal, escape, or avoidance of unpleasant stimulus.

Two kinds of punishment?

- Punishment by application - occurs when something unpleasant (such as spanking, scolding, or other unpleasant stimulus) is added to the situation or applied. (ex: spanking) - Punishment by removal - behavior is punished by the removal of something pleasurable or desired after the behavior occurs. (ex: placing a child in time out, fining someone for disobeying the law.)

What did Ivan Pavlov do?

- Russian physiologist, pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of a particular kind of learning.

What is classical conditioning and its elements?

- an involuntary, reflex-like, response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus than normally produces the response. Elements: Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), Unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus, neutral stimulus (NS) and conditioned stimulus (CS).

What's a reflex?

- an unlearned, involuntary response that is not under personal control or choice. Stimulus - as any object, event, or experience that causes a response - reaction of the organism.

What does learning means?

- any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

What is discriminative stimulus? What is shaping?

- any stimulus that provides an organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement. (Ex: police car is a discriminative stimulus for slowing down) - Shaping - small steps toward some ultimate goal are reinforced until the goal itself is reached.

What is classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

- classical conditioning is the kind of learning that occurs with automatic, involuntary behavior. - operant conditioning is the kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior.

Who was Edward L. Thorndike? How does the Law of effect works?

- first researches to explore and attempt to outline the laws of learning voluntary responses. - if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If an action is followed by a unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

What is neutral stimulus, conditioned response and conditioned stimulus?

- neutral stimulus (NS) - a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning. - Conditioned stimulus (CS) - means "learned"; a previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response, after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. - Conditioned response (CR) - learned response to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

What is higher-order conditioning?

- occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus.

Stimulus substitution? What is cognitive perspective?

- occurs where the CS comes to activate the same part of the brain that was originally activated by the UCS. - cognitive perspective - organism consciously expects something to occur. CS provides information about the coming of the UCS.

What is interstimulus interval (ISI)? and Stimulus Generalization? Stimulus discrimination?

- time between the CS and UCS. - Stimulus generalization - response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. - Stimulus discrimination - when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways.

What is Unconditioned stimulus, Unconditioned response?

- unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - means "unlearned"; a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response. - Unconditioned response (UCR) - an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

What is extinction? spontaneous recovery?

- when the CR or conditioned response dies out. - Spontaneous recovery - the conditioned response can briefly reappear when the original CS returns, although the response is usually weak and short-lived.

Rules to make punishment more effective?

1. Punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish. 2. Punishment should be consistent. 3. Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior.