Unit 3 Nutrition

Which nutrient descriptor for sodium on a food label is incorrect?

"Reduced sodium" means the product contains 25 mg of sodium or less.

Trace minerals are defined as those that are consumed in ________ amounts.

<20 mg/day

To be defined as a major mineral, the mineral must be consumed in amounts of ________.

>100 mg/day

________ is responsible for giving carrots, butternut squash, and cantaloupe their vibrant colors.

Beta-carotene

This trace mineral improves insulin response.

Chromium

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin C?

Coenzyme in energy metabolism

Which of the following statements about beta-carotene is TRUE?

Consuming large amounts from foods can turn the skin orange.

Which of the following is NOT a function of minerals?

Cushions and protects joints and organs

Which statement about bioavailability of vitamins is FALSE?

Fat-soluble vitamins are more bioavailable than water-soluble vitamins.

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin A?

Functions as a coenzyme

Individuals living in ________ would synthesize the most vitamin D.

Houston, TX

What is the function of calcitonin?

It decreases serum calcium.

Water-soluble vitamins in foods are destroyed by which three factors?

Light, heat, and oxidation

Which statement about minerals is FALSE?

Minerals contain several atoms of different elements.

What hormone activates vitamin D when calcium levels fall?

Parathyroid hormone

Which list of minerals below are all major minerals?

Potassium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium

This trace mineral is an important antioxidant.

Selenium

Which of the following minerals participate in muscle contraction and nerve conduction?

Sodium and potassium

When water-soluble vitamin limits are exceeded, what happens to the excess vitamins?

They are excreted by the kidneys.

Which of the following statements about water-soluble vitamins is TRUE?

They must be consumed daily.

When taking a vitamin/mineral supplement, which label signifies that the supplement was produced under pure and reliable standards?

USP

In the blood, vitamin K is transported by ________.

VLDL, LDL, and HDL

Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins can be teratogenic, especially during fetal development, when consumed in excessive amounts?

Vitamin A

________ and ________function in the formation of red blood cells.

Vitamin B12; folate

Which of the following is a feature of vitamins?

Vitamins participate in several functions.

The majority of Vitamin E is stored in the

adipose tissue

The most active form of vitamin E in the body is ________.

alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin E functions

antioxidant

The substances that neutralize harmful oxygen-containing free radicals that can cause cell damage are known as

antioxidants.

A riboflavin deficiency is called?

ariboflavinosis

Vitamin B12 is found in all of the following except

avacado

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin E?

avacados

The main function of vitamin K is

blood coagulation

All of the following are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency except

bone loss

Besides dairy products, ________ is/are another good source of calcium.`

broccoli

Which mineral is most prevalent in your body?

calcium

________ is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth, muscle contraction and relaxation, blood clotting, and heart and nerve function.

calcium

Vitamin K acts as a coenzyme for which of the following?

carboxylase

Copper is incorporated into this protein, ________, after absorption.

ceruloplasmin

Which of the following is NOT a good source of vitamin D?

chicken

What is the name for active vitamin D3?

cholecalciferol

Because ________ reduces insulin resistance, some researchers suggest that this supplement might reduce the symptoms of metabolic syndrome, as well as lower blood sugar.

chromium

All of the following foods are good sources of iron except

cocoa

B vitamins participate in the production of energy from energy-yielding nutrients as ________.

coenzymes

Taking a calcium supplement in quantities greater than 2,500 mg per day can lead to ________.

constipation

Cocoa, whole grains, legumes, and shellfish all contribute to adequate intake of what mineral?

copper

Wilson's disease and Menkes' disease are caused by an accumulation of ________.

copper

Symptoms that can arise from consuming excess magnesium from supplementation include ________.

diarrhea, cramps, and nausea

Excess water-soluble vitamins are

excreted by kidney

Fluorosis in teeth and skeletal fluorosis are signs of ________ toxicity.

fluoride

This trace mineral is needed to preserve the enamel on teeth.

fluoride

Tooth decay is a common symptom of a deficiency in ________.

fluoride

A toxicity of ________ will mask vitamin B12 deficiency.

folate

What is the genetic condition that causes individuals to store excess amounts of iron?

hemochoromatosis

When an individual consumes too much vitamin E it can increase the risk of

hemorrhage

Water-soluble vitamins are usually attached to proteins and require ________ during digestion to free the vitamin for absorption.

hydrolysis

Excess sodium, especially in salt-sensitive individuals, can cause ________.

hypertension

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed?

ileum

Cretinism is a birth defect that can result if a pregnant woman has inadequate intake of ________.

iodine

Microcytic anemia, poor immune function, and growth retardation in infants illustrates a(n) ________ deficiency.

iron

What trace mineral is part of cytochromes in the mitochondria and carries electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain?

iron

________ is a major component of hemoglobin and myoglobin and carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.

iron

Hypercalcemia can interfere with the absorptionof what other nutrients?

iron, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus

Hyperkalemia can cause which of the following symptoms?

irregular heart beat

The majority (80%) of vitamin K is absorbed in the ________.

jejunum

What is a good source of niacin?

lean meat

Water-soluble vitamins participate in all of the following functions except

lipid metabolism

Absorbed vitamins are transported through the portal vein to the

liver

Beans, oats, nuts, and tea are all sources of what trace mineral?

manganese

What is a good source of riboflavin?

milk

Which of the following is NOT a good food source of vitamin K?

milk

Good food sources of vitamin A include

milk, pumpkin, and kale

Flushing, blurred vision, and liver dysfunction are related to this vitamin toxicity.

niacin

The 4 Ds (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death) are outcomes of a ________ deficiency.

niacin

Which two vitamins participate in the TCA cycle?

niacin and riboflavin

Which of the following are good sources of magnesium?

nuts and legumes

Once digestion has released the vitamins, they are absorbed through the small intestine by __________.

passive diffusion

This mineral aids in the formation of bones and teeth and is part of the ATP and CrP energy molecules.

phosphorus

Melons, vegetables, and most fruits are great sources of

potassium

Americans get the majority of their sodium from ________.

processed foods

Which of the following foods is a good source of zinc?

red meat

Besides dark, leafy vegetables, what are also good sources of folate?

rice and pasta

Which of the following is commonly associated with vitamin D deficiency?

rickets

Besides iodized salt, what is a good source of iodine?

seaweed

Brittle hair and nails, skin rash, and garlic breath odor are results of increased intake of

selenium

Glutathione peroxidase functions as an antioxidant. What mineral does this enzyme use to perform this function?

selenium

Muscle weakness and pain and possibly Keshan disease are a result of decreased intake of what mineral?

selenium

The ________ is the primary site of absorption for water-soluble vitamins.

small intestine

This mineral is a major cation outside the cell, and regulates body water and blood pressure.

sodium

Which major minerals are considered electrolytes?

sodium, chloride, potassium

Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and brussels sprouts are great sources of

sulfur

This mineral is found in skin, nails, and hair.

sulfur

This mineral is part of keratin found in hair and skin, formation of collagen, acid-base balance, and cellular respiration.

sulfur

Zinc absorption is reduced by

the presence of phytates in foods.

Beriberi is the most common deficiency for this vitamin.

thiamin

A great source of vitamin C is citrus fruit. Which of the following is another good source of vitamin C?

tomato

Vitamin B6 acts as a coenzyme in all ________ reactions.

transamination

Bleeding gums are a symptom of scurvy. Which vitamin deficiency leads to scurvy?

vitamin C

Which water-soluble vitamin enhances the absorption of iron?

vitamin C

The bioavailability of some minerals can be enhanced by ________.

vitamin C and vitamin D

All of the following are water-soluble vitamins except

vitamin D

Loss of appetite, headaches, and impaired immune function illustrate what mineral toxicity?

zinc

Loss of taste perception is a symptom of a deficiency of the trace mineral ________.

zinc

________ is a cofactor for several metalloenzymes and DNA and RNA synthesis, and is part of superoxide dismutase.

zinc