Psychology chapter 6

Most phobias are explained by _____. a) personality defects b) latent learning c) classical conditioning d) operant conditioning

c) classical conditioning

John Michael is an alcoholic who cannot seem to stop drinking. He goes to a hospital and they give him a nausea-producing drug (emetic) after he gargles with alcohol. As a result of this treatment, John will probably a) vomit due to the emetic and then "pair" the emetic with alcohol b) vomit caused by the emetic and then continue to drink alcohol c) develop an addiction to the emetic d) get a sore throat due to the alcohol

a) vomit due to the emetic and then "pair" the emetic with alcohol

When reinforcement follows a predetermined number of responses, it is a _____ schedule of reinforcement, compared to a _____ schedule in which reinforcement follows the first response after a predetermined period of time has elapsed. a) Fixed ratio; fixed interval b) Variable ratio; fixed interval c) Fixed interval; fixed ratio d) Partial; continuous

a) Fixed ratio; fixed interval

Tony sees a little boy crying and he feels sad. At the biology level, what is the BEST explanation of what is happening? a) Mirror neurons are firing b) Sensory neurons have been stimulated c) Dopamine is being released d) There is no biological explanation of empathy

a) Mirror neurons are firing

According to Skinner's principles of instrumental conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come immediately _____the response. a) after b) before c) at the same time as d) before, during, or after

a) after

Wartime propaganda often depicts the enemy as ugly, cruel, and somewhat less than human. This type of propaganda creates _____ toward the enemy. a) an unfavorable classically conditioned emotional response b) an unfavorable learned response through imitation c) a punished response d) a reinforced response

a) an unfavorable classically conditioned emotional response

Secondary reinforcers increase the probability of a response, and _____. a) are based on prior learning of their reinforcing properties, not a biological need b) are less reinforcing than primary reinforcers c) lose their reinforcing value over time d) all of these options

a) are based on prior learning of their reinforcing properties, not a biological need

Garcia and his colleagues taught coyotes to avoid sheep by pairing a nausea-inducing drug with freshly killed sheep eaten by the coyotes. This is an example of _____. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) positive punishment d) negative punishment

a) classical conditioning

Two-year-old Rumiko started whining at the grocery store. The best way for her parents to extinguish this behavior is to praise her _____ when she is NOT whining at the store and _____. a) consistently; leave the store every time she whines b) most of the time; leave the store every other time she whines c) some of the time; leave the store when they are done shopping d) none of these options; they should stop taking her to the store

a) consistently; leave the store every time she whines

Biological preparedness suggests that we would be MOST likely to develop a classically conditioned aversion to _____. a) snakes b) flowers c) cats and dogs d) sugar

a) snakes

An event that increases the probability that a response will be repeated is called _____. a) a punishment b) a reinforcement c) an operational directive d) a discriminative stimulus

b) a reinforcement

The BEST definition of a cognitive map is _____. a) a map that you describe using words rather than drawings b) a mental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated c) neuronal pathways produced when you think or learn something new d) a method of studying that maps your thoughts in a logical manner

b) a mental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated

Based on observational learning research, which of the following is TRUE? a) Children who watch aggression are less likely to aggress because they have gotten it out of their systems. b) Children will imitate an aggressive model that appears to receive a reinforcer as a result of the behavior. c) Television and movie aggression are not related to real-life aggression in children because they can tell the difference between fantasy and reality. d) If you watched aggressive television when you were a child and it didn't make you more aggressive, this is evidence that aggressive TV does not influence children's behavior.

b) Children will imitate an aggressive model that appears to receive a reinforcer as a result of the behavior.

When you put nickels in a gum-ball machine, you receive _____ reinforcement; when you put nickels in a slot machine, you receive _____ reinforcement. a) Continuous; continuous b) Continuous; partial c) Partial; continuous d) Partial; partial

b) Continuous; partial

_____ is a biological constraint that occurs when an animal's conditioned responses shift back toward innate response patterns. a) Biological shift b) Instinctive drift c) Learned aversion d) Innate reflexive conversion

b) Instinctive drift

After Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear the laboratory rat, if he did not show fear to similar furry animals or objects, this would demonstrate he process of _____________. a) Stimulus generalization b) Stimulus discrimination c) Higher-order conditioning d) Shaping

b) Stimulus discrimination

You aimlessly wander the mall nearly every weekend without buying anything. When a mother with a child asks you where the nearest toy store is, you know exactly where to direct her. This is an example of _____. a) Kohler's insight learning b) Tolman's latent learning c) a Klingon map d) sublingual mapping

b) Tolman's latent learning

According to your text, a rat raised in an enriched versus a deprived environment typically develops a) more complicated behavior patterns b) a thicker cerebral cortex c) predictable behavioral repertoires d) a larger body

b) a thicker cerebral cortex

Ursula's mother spanks Ursula for hitting her younger brother. According to observational learning principles, the mother is _____. a) extinguishing a response by applying an unpleasant consequence b) acting as a model for aggressive behavior c) using negative reinforcement d) conditioning the younger brother vicariously

b) acting as a model for aggressive behavior

Eli's grandma gives him a Tootsie roll every time she visits. When Eli sees his grandma arriving, his mouth begins to water. In this example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is _____. a) hunger b) grandma c) the Tootsie roll d) the watering mouth

b) grandma

According to your text, research has shown that exposure to media portrayals of demeaning and stereotypical roles for minorities and women _____. a) increases critical thinking about minorities and women b) initiates and conditions the learning of prejudice c) increases empathy for minorities and women d) decreases a child's own stereotypical gender-role behavior

b) initiates and conditions the learning of prejudice

Research suggests that media coverage of violent behavior _____. a) is correlated but not causally linked with performing violent behavior b) is correlated and causally linked to performing violent behavior c) has nothing to do with "copy-cat" violent behavior d) is only a problem for people with a genetic predisposition for performing violent behavior

b) is correlated and causally linked to performing violent behavior

A child learns that whenever he eats all his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) biofeedback theory d) social learning theory

b) operant conditioning

An event that decreases the likelihood that a response will be repeated is called _____. a) discrimination b) punishment c) reinforcement d) discriminative stimulus

b) punishment

One reason that spousal, child, and elder abuse seem to escalate is that aggression is used as a punishment that is often _____. a) ignored by the abused b) reinforcing to the abuser c) the most effective way to keep the relationship from breaking up d) reinforcing to the abused

b) reinforcing to the abuser

You always sit in the same chair in your psychology class on test-taking days because you believe that something about this seat or location helped you get an "A" on your first test. You are engaged in a _____ behavior. a) self-defeating b) superstitious c) self-fulfilling d) repetitious

b) superstitious

_____ is an exaggerated, irrational fear of an object or situation, which may sometimes be thought of as a(n) _____. a) A nightmare; conditioned dream response b) An anxiety attack; immature response c) A phobia; conditioned emotional response d) Anxiety; unconditional expressive response

c) A phobia; conditioned emotional response

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning? a) Hank thinks all elderly drivers are slow and leave their blinkers on. b) Sung-lee believes that everyone should wear seat belts because she was hurt in an accident when she wasn't wearing one. c) After an accident with a red car last month, Giorgio gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van. d) Phoung is an aggressive driver, but stops for red lights because she got a ticket for running one several months ago.

c) After an accident with a red car last month, Giorgio gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van.

_____ conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. a) Reflex b) Instinctive c) Classical d) Basic

c) Classical

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on? a) Partial reinforcement b) Interval reinforcement c) Continuous reinforcement d) Ratio reinforcement

c) Continuous reinforcement

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched? a) Pavlov: operant conditioning b) Thorndike: classical conditioning c) Skinner: reinforcement d) All of these options are correctly matched

c) Skinner: reinforcement

Research showing that animals classically conditioned to salivate to a tone that is always paired with food make a stronger conditioned response than animals conditioned to salivate to a tone that is sometimes paired with food. This is evidence that which factor is most important in classical conditioning? a) The time between the CS and US b) The similarity between the CS and US c) The extent to which the CS predicts the US d) All of the above

c) The extent to which the CS predicts the US

Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at the top of their lungs "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story? a) The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son's screaming. b) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child's screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married. c) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming. d) Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.

c) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming.

Tolman did an experiment where laboratory rats were reinforced for completing a maze. Each subsequent day, they ran the maze with fewer errors. On the 11th day of the experiment, Tolman flooded the maze with water, forcing the laboratory rats to use muscle movements that had never been reinforced. If the rats were building cognitive maps of the mazes, which result would you expect for their performance on the 11th day? a) The rats should make the same number of errors they did on the first day of the experiment b) The rats should make more errors they did on the first day of the experiment c) The rats should continue to show a decrease in the number of errors, as they had done in the first 10 days d) The rats should make more errors but run faster than on the first day

c) The rats should continue to show a decrease in the number of errors, as they had done in the first 10 days

The BEST motto for the timing of reinforcement or punishment is _____. a) Wait 'til your father gets home. b) Haste makes waste. c) The sooner (or immediate) the better. d) A stitch in time saves nine.

c) The sooner (or immediate) the better.

Extinction occurs in _____ conditioning when the US and CS are no longer paired; extinction occurs in _____ conditioning, when reinforcement is withheld. a) operant; classical b) insight; latent c) classical; operant d) voluntary; involuntary

c) classical; operant

The learning of an association between an environmental stimulus and a behavioral response is known as _____. a) maturation b) contiguity learning c) conditioning d) latent learning

c) conditioning

Negative punishment _____ and negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood the response will continue. a) decreases; decreases b) increases; decreases c) decreases; increases d) increases; increases

c) decreases; increases

Five-year-old Nicholas just learned the rhyme, "Step on a crack, break your mother's back." His mother won't let him eat the candy bar his grandmother just gave him until after dinner. Nicholas waves goodbye to grandma, while stepping on all the cracks in his driveway. This may be an example of _____. a) delayed aggression b) learned helplessness c) passive aggressiveness d) an Oedipal response

c) passive aggressiveness

Dan and Jenny spank Nolan when he pulls the dog's tail. They are using _____ to teach Jimmy not to pull the dog's tail. a) negative punishment b) negative reinforcement c) positive punishment d) positive reinforcement

c) positive punishment

When you take aspirin to remove a headache, the removal of pain is_____. a) ineffective b) secondary reinforcement c) positive reinforcement d) negative reinforcement

c) positive reinforcement

Your dog is begging for food while you eat dinner. Your mother gives him a morsel from her plate, and he stops barking. In this situation, your dog has been _____, and your mother has been _____. a) classically conditioned; punished b) operant conditioned; positively reinforced c) positively reinforced; negatively reinforced d) negatively reinforced; punished

c) positively reinforced; negatively reinforced

The BEST method parents can use to get their children to do their chores is to _____. a) punish them if they refuse b) reward them before they do the chores c) reward them after they do the chores d) do the chores for them at first, so they can observe a model

c) reward them after they do the chores

A teacher who reinforces successive approximations of a behavior is engaged in _____. a) programmed instruction b) operant-observational learning c) shaping d) vicarious observation

c) shaping

Behaviors that are more common in your life make better reinforcers than behaviors that are less common. This is known as _____. a) Thorndike's effect b) Skinner's law c) the Premack principle d) Watson's principle

c) the Premack principle

If you wanted to use higher-order conditioning to get Watson's Little Albert to fear Barbie dolls, you would show him a Barbie doll with _____. a) the loud noise b) the original unconditioned response c) the white rat d) the original conditioned response

c) the white rat

When a teacher uses a fixed interval schedule for quizzes (e.g., every Friday), this usually encourages students to _____. a) study frequently b) avoid class on Friday c) cheat d) study the night before the test only

d) study the night before the test only

Although Henrietta extinguished her fear of spiders several months ago, she suddenly gasped in horror and felt her heart pounding when she saw an itsy-bitsy spider on her desk. This is an example of _____. a) an extreme case of arachnophobia b) sudden reconditioning c) total recall d) spontaneous recovery

d) spontaneous recovery

Which of the following is an example of the use of classical conditioning in everyday life? a) Treating alcoholism with a drug that causes nausea when alcohol is consumed b) The use of seductive women to sell cars to men c) Politicians learning to associate themselves with home, family, babies, and the American flag d) All of these options

d) All of these options

Based on cognitive-social learning theory, which of the following is the BEST slogan to present to a class for parents who want their children to adopt their standards of behavior? a) Silence is golden. b) Do as I say, not as I do. c) Because I said so. d) Follow my lead.

d) Follow my lead.

This hidden learning exists without behavioral signs until there is some reason to demonstrate it. a) Subliminal learning b) Subconscious learning c) Lucid learning d) Latent learning

d) Latent learning

_____ increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur, whereas _____ decreases that likelihood. a) Operant conditioning; classical conditioning b) Higher order conditioning; operant conditioning c) Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement d) Reinforcement; punishment

d) Reinforcement; punishment

Which of the following is NOT required for you to learn by observation? a) You must pay attention to the model. b) You must note and remember what you saw. c) You must be able (e.g., physically or developmentally) to reproduce what you observed. d) The model must match you in age, gender, and other characteristics.

d) The model must match you in age, gender, and other characteristics.

Slot machines use a variable ratio because _____. a) the gambler won't be able to tell when the next payoff is going to occur b) it increases the gambler's resistance to quitting c) the gambler will fear that the next player will hit the jackpot if he quits now d) all of these options

d) all of these options

You clap with delight when your young son picks up a spoon. You laugh and applaud when he later brings the spoon toward his mouth. When he places the spoon in his mouth you hug and kiss him all over. It is MOST likely that you _____. a) are using a fixed interval schedule b) are using a fixed ratio schedule c) are using classical conditioning d) are using shaping to teach your son to eat with spoon

d) are using shaping to teach your son to eat with spoon

George gets paid on Fridays for a week's work; Mai-ling gets paid for every five wedding veils she completes. George is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, while Mai-ling is on a _____ schedule. a) fixed ratio; average interval b) average ratio; variable ratio c) average interval; variable interval d) fixed interval; fixed ratio

d) fixed interval; fixed ratio

Chickens could not be taught to play baseball because they would chase the ball after it was batted, rather than run to first base. This was an example of _____ because it demonstrated that the chickens' innate pattern of running after food (the ball) took precedence over running toward a stationary object (first base). a) an autonomic reflex b) classical conditioning c) operant conditioning d) instinctive drift

d) instinctive drift

A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes as a result of practice or experience is called _____. a) training b) knowledge c) intuition d) learning

d) learning

Ten days in a row Frank felt a static electric shock when he kissed his wife on the living room carpet. Now he feels mildly anxious whenever he approaches his wife to kiss her. In classical conditioning, his wife was a(n) _____ stimulus ten days ago, and has now become a(n) _____ stimulus. a) unconditioned; conditioned b) unconditioned; neutral c) neutral; unconditioned d) neutral; conditioned

d) neutral; conditioned

Negative reinforcement is _____ the same as punishment. a) always b) mostly c) sometimes d) never

d) never

For most nonhuman organisms most of the time, offering food after a desired response is a _____ reinforcer. a) negative and secondary b) positive and secondary c) negative and primary d) positive and primary

d) positive and primary

A baby is bitten by a dog and then is afraid of all small animals. This is an example of _____. a) stimulus discrimination b) extinction c) reinforcement d) stimulus generalization

d) stimulus generalization

. F. Skinner conducted an experiment that suggested that a behavior that is repeated because it is thought to cause a desired effect, even when there is no connection between the behavior and the effect, is called _____. a) redundant b) ineffectual c) supercilious d) superstitious

d) superstitious

The BEST rule to follow in applying operant conditioning to your own life is to _____. a) reinforce appropriate behavior b) extinguish inappropriate behavior c) save punishment for extreme cases only d) use a combination of these options

d) use a combination of these options

Professor Miller gives a quiz once a week but he never tells students on what day the quiz will be given. This is a _____ schedule. a) fixed ratio b) variable ratio c) fixed interval d) variable interval

d) variable interval