Psychology, Chapter 7, Long-Term Memory: Encoding and Retrieval

cued recall

-cue presented to aid recall -increased performance over free recall -retrieval cues most effective when used by person who created them

Elaborative Rehearsal

-think about meaning and connect to something you know -transfers information to LTM

visual imagery

Bower and Winzenz showed that _________ ________ can create connections that enhance memory (repeating boat-tree or visualizing boat-tree)

how do you define the depth of processing

Craik and Tulving created an experiment that decided shallow processing happened when told to look at the physical features of the word (capital or lowercase); deep when asked about rhyming; deepest when asked to fill in the blanks; What was the problem with this approach?

Encoding

acquiring information and transforming it into memory

organizational trees

arranging information into _____________ _________- helps retention; participants using this branching type of organization recalled 3.5 times as many items as the control condition

testing effect

being tested on material to be learned results in better memory than rereading it

deep processing

close attention to meaning (good memory)

generation effect

generating information for yourself is better than learning and retention than passively receiving knowledge

Shallow processing

little attention to meaning (poor memory)

Maintenance Rehearsal

maintains information in working memory but does not transfer it to LTM

encoding specificity

matching the context in which encoding and retrieval occur (diving experiment; those who learned underwater performed better underwater)

state-dependent learning

matching the internal mood present during encoding and retrieval (in bad mood during studying and in bad during test results in better results)

transfer appropriate processing

matching the task involved in encoding and retrieval (if encoding is rhyming and retrieval is rhyming you perform better than if encoding is meaning task and retrieval is rhyming)

self-reference effect

memory is better if asked to relate a word to yourself because you're relating it to a well-known subject

encoded

memory retrieval is affected by how items are ___________

free recall

participant simply asked to recall stimuli

retrieval

transferring information from LTM to Working memory

retrieval cues

we tend to organize information on recall because words within a particular category serve as ___________ _____ for other words in the same category