psychology chapter 7

hermann ebbinghaus

(forgetting curve) Conducted in depth investigations into his own memory in an effort to discover fundamental laws of human learning. Plotted forgetting curves and savings curves for lists of nonsense syllables and was able to describe mathematically features of human memory. The important point to note here is that he was demonstrating that it was possible to conduct quantitative, experimental studies of human cognition.

research paradigm

-Set of assumptions and beliefs that guide the researcher in selecting appropriate research questions and method

method of loci

A mnemonic method that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path. 2 , A mnemonic device that involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations.

atkinson-shiffrin model

A model for describing memory in which there are three distinguishable kinds of memory (sensory, short term, long term) through which info passes in a sequential way as it is processed.

amnesia

A profound loss of at least one form of memory

anterograde amnesia

An inability to form new memories. example; 50 first dates the movie.

memory tasks

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

recovered memory controversy

Heated debate about the validity of recovered memories. 2, debate as to the reliability of recalled memories especially after hypnosis or therapy

gist

Main point,, (n.) the essential part, main point, or essence

declarative memories

Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events ("knowing that"); they include semantic and episodic memories.

serial position effect

Our tendency to recall the first few items from a list and the last, but only an item or two from the middle of the list.

Brown-Peterson test

Presented with letters to memorize, then presented with a distraction. Records how much participants remember depending on how long they were distracted for. Shows us retention interval

false memory

Remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event, 2, an inaccurate memory that feels as real as an accurate memory

central executive

The control center of working memory" it coordinated attention and the exchange of information among the three storage compartments. 2, In Alan Baddely's model of working memory. 1 the phonological loop 2 the visuospatial working memory,3 long-term memory. 3, Drives the whole system and deals with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic and problem solving.

chunking

The process of organizing smaller units of information into large, more meaningful units.

schema

a cluster of knowledge that constitutes one's knowledge about events. objects, an ideas. 2, A pattern of knowledge in long term memory that helps us organize information.

visuospatial sketchpad

a component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code. 2 The first component of working memory; holds and manipulates visual images and spatial information. This stores visual information; the inner eye.

retrograde amnesia

a condition in which memory from the past is lost. 2, Loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; eg a soldier's forgetting events immediately before a shell burst nearby, injuring him.

nondeclarative memory

a form of memory including actions or behaviors that you can remember and perform without awareness. 2, less conscious or even unconscious learning; categories include procedural (skills) memory (piano playing), motor memory (riding a bike), and emotional memory (your pounding heart when you hear a rattle snake); acquired through experience and repetition; do not have to think through how to do something you just do it; once learned hard to unlearn

procedural memory

a form of nondeclarative memory that involves patterns of muscle movements ( motor memory ) 2, A type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

recovered memory

a memory of a a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after the memory of that event has been unconsciously for a long period of time. 2, memories hidden until they are recovered at a later date - not all recovered memories are true.

short-term memory (STM)

a memory store with limited capacity and duration ( less than a minute ) 2 The second stage of memory , in which five to nine bits of information can be stored for brief periods of time

first letter technique

a mnemonic technique that uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence .ROY G BIV or other phrase to help you remember

working memory

a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time. It is composed of the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer.

working memory model for short-term remembering

a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time. It is composed of the1phonological loop, the 2 visuospatial sketchpad, and the 3 episodic buffer.

constructive memory

a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details. 2, When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor's office, John seemed to do an accurate job. However, he included a framed medical degree on the wall that was not there. This is an example of:

acronym

a pronounceable word that can be broken up so that each letter represents the first letter in a phrase or set of items. ABC, CBS.

episodic buffer

a storage compartment of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components ( the phonological loop and visuopatial sketchpad ) into coherent , story-like episodes. 2, Serves as a temporary storehouse where we can gather and combine information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory.

phonological loop

a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and stores information as sounds ( i.e. as an auditory code ) 2, In Baddeley and Hitch's three-component model, the speech-based part of working memory that allows for the verbal rehearsal of sounds or words. 3, Holds verbally produced sounds and words for a short time

sematic memory

a type of declarative memory that includes facts about the world 2 general knowledge that people remember.

proactive interference

a type of interference that occurs when the first information learned ( e.g. in a list of words ) occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information. 2 The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. 3, Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material

misinformation effect

an effect that occurs when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event. 2 A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information., Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

long-term potentiation (LTP)

an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together 2 Neurons strengthen connections between each other. Through repeated firings, neuron becomes more sensitive to the messages from the sending neurons. Might be related to connections we make in our long term memory.

flashbulb memory

an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event. 2 Antimo, now 21 years old, still has a vivid memory of the moment his first pet turtle died when he was 7 years old. What type of memory is this an example of?

long-term memory (LTM)

an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time if not permanent.. 2, The memory System with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent or relatively permanent memories. 3, The third stage of memory

retrieval

bringing information from long-term memory back into short-term memory. 2, the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory. 3, Cues and primes are two things that facilitate _______________?

control process

elements of memory system that shift information from one memory store to another. 2 In Atkinson and Shiffrin's modal model of memory, active processes that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another. Rehearsal is an example of a control process.

stores

elements of memory systems that retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose 2 they eventually serve the same purpose as hard drives serve for a computer. the three stores include sensory memory, short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM).

new memories

hippocampus,, retroactive interference

nondeclarative memories

include actions or behaviors that you can remember and perform without awareness. For example these memories might consist of Procedural memories. patterns of muscle movements (motor memory) such as how to walk, play piano, or shift gears while driving. Classical conditioning is another type of nondeclarative memory as people can be classically conditioned without awareness.

imagination inflation

increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event. 2 , idea that if you imagine you did it, you think you did it

retroactive interference

interference that occurs when the most recently learned information overshadows some other information that has not made it into long-term memory. 2, Occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information, New info blocks out the old.

LOP

levels of processing.deeply processing words can be recalled 97% more than shallow processing that's 7% more.

long-term potentiation

means that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together.

declarative memory

memories we are consciously aware of and can that be verbalized, including facts about the world and one's own personal experiences. 2, ,also known as EXPLICIT memory, are long term memories relating to specific facts and events that can be verbally stated. We are consciously aware of declarative memories.

DRM procedure

participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associates. The word that would be the most obvious member of the list happens to be missing. 2 (Deese, Roediger, McDermott); demonstrates the creation of false memories; participants often recollect/recall words that they have not heard because they make associations based on conceptual commonalities

mood-dependent learning

people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding

maintenance rehearsal

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it. 2 Useful for retaining something you plan to use and then forget like a phone number.

elaborative rehearsal

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning. 2 A memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over. 3 Key to going from STM to LTM.

rehearsal

repeating information over and over again until you do not need to remember it anymore. 2, A strategic process that helps to maintain short-term memories indefinitely through the use of internal repetition. 3, The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

context-dependent learning

superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

mnemonics

techniques that are intended to improve memory for specific information 2 A system of improving memory by using formulas. 3 Basic cues such as symbols, rhymes, and associations that facilitate the learning and memory process. Example ROY G BIV

encoding specificity principle

the concept that retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding. 2, Any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience.,

testing effect

the finding that completing practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying.

dual coding

the phenomenon that occurs when information is stored in more than one form such as a verbal description and a visual image, or a description and a sound. 2 Paivio's theory that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall. 3, encoding info using both verbal and visual codes enhances memory because the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall.

encoding and retrieval

the process by which we acquire new memories and then recall them at a later time.

consolidation

the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain.

encoding

the process of storing information in a long-term memory system 2 First stage of the memory process; in it information is transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed further and stored.One of the three basic tasks of memory,

storage

the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval. 2 One of the three basic tasks of memory, involving the retention of encoded material over time

state-dependent learning

we are better at remembering things when the physiological and psychological states are the same as when we learned them