Psychology- Chapter 8

Fixations

(a) In vision, a period when the eyes are stationary; (b) in Freud's theory, a persisting preoccupation with the pleasure area associated with that stage of psychosexual development

At what age does a child typically speak in two-word phrases?

2 years

Which of the following describes the Williams syndrome?

A developmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability but surprisingly good use of language relative to other abilities

Productivity

Ability to combine words into new sentences that express an unlimited variety of ideas

According to Daniel Kahneman, which of the following tasks requires the use of System 1?

Adjusting the water temperature before stepping under a shower head

Algorithm

An explicit procedure for calculating an answer or testing every hypothesis

Representativeness Heuristic

Assumption that an item that resembles members of a category is probably also in that category

Martin is asked to count the number of occurrences of the digit 9 on a page full of the digit 6. This task will require Martin to rely on an _____ process.

Attentive

Far Transfer

Benefit from practicing something not similar to it

Near Transfer

Benefit to a new skill based on practice of a similar skill

Anthony is startled by a loud crash behind him. In the context of attention, this is an example of the _____ process.

Bottom-up

Critical Thinking

Careful evaluation of evidence for and against any conclusion

System 2

Cognitive processing for mathematical calculations, evaluating evidence, and anything else that requires attention

System 1

Cognitive processing for quick, automatic processes

Broca's Aphasia

Condition characterized by difficulties in language production

Attention deficit disorder (ADD)

Condition marked by easy distraction, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Condition marked by easy distraction, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans, plus excessive activity and "fidgetiness"

Wernicke's Aphasia

Condition marked by impaired recall of nouns and impaired language comprehension

Base-Rate Information

Data about how common two categories are

Change Blindness

Failure to detect changes in parts of a scene

Morpheme

Linguistic unit of meaning

Phoneme

Linguistic unit of sound

Mei needs new shoes to wear to school. She visits many shoe stores until she finds the perfect pair, the one with the design and color that she prefers. Which of the following problem-solving methods has Mei used?

Maximizing

According to Daniel Kahneman, which of the following tasks requires the use of System 2?

Mentally calculating a 15 percent tip for a restaurant check of $36

Choice-Delay Task

Opportunity to choose between a small immediate reward and a larger delayed reward

As Laura steps out of a mall, she spots a red car in the parking lot full of blue and black cars. In the context of attention, this illustrates the _____ process.

Preattentive

Stop-Signal Task

Procedure in which a person responds as quickly as possible to a signal but inhibits the response in the event of a second signal

Spreading Activation

Process by which the activation of one concept activates or primes related concepts

Saccades

Quick eye movements from one fixation point to another

Samantha needs to buy a laptop. She goes to the nearest electronics store, tells the salesperson her basic requirements, and quickly chooses the first laptop that she thinks is good enough. Which of the following problem-solving methods has Samantha used?

Satisficing

Satisficing

Searching only until you find something satisfactory

Kim is a five-year-old. To teach her English words, her father plays a list of words on the speakers. When Kim hears the word "fruit," she immediately thinks of apples. When she hears the word "green," the combination of the words "apples" and "green" primes her to think of green apples. In the context of cognition, this is an example of _____.

Spreading activation

Heuristics

Strategy for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess

Transformational Grammar

System for converting a deep structure into a surface structure

Choice Blindness

Tendency for people to act as if they do not know what they have chosen

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to accept a hypothesis and then look for evidence to support it instead of considering other possibilities

Functional Fixedness

Tendency to adhere to a single approach or a single way of using an item

In the context of human cognition, functional fixedness is the:

Tendency to adhere to a single approach or a single way of using an item.

Framing Effect

Tendency to answer a question differently when it is worded differently

Availability Heuristic

Tendency to assume that if we easily think of examples of a category, then that category must be common

Word-Superiority Effect

Tendency to identify a letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself

Stroop Effect

Tendency to read a word instead of saying the color of ink in which it is printed

Which one of the following is a characteristic of people suffering from Wernicke's aphasia?

Their speech is hard to understand as they omit or misuse most nouns.

Which one of the following is a characteristic of people suffering from Broca's aphasia?

They have trouble with grammatical devices such as prepositions, conjunctions, and word endings.

Maximizing

Thoroughly considering as many choices as possible to find the best one

Picture yourself watching your favorite show on television. You receive a call on your phone, one that you know is important. You take the call and have a conversation with the person on the other end, all the while ignoring the sights and sounds from the television. In the context of attention, this is an example of the _____ process.

Top-down

Bilingual

Understanding two languages

Sunk Cost Effect

Willingness to do something because of money or effort already spent