Psychology Chapter 8

Harry Bahrick compared those just completing a high school or college Spanish course with people 3 years out of school and found that the latter had forgotten much of what they had learned. However, what people did remember then, they still remembered _____ or more years later.

25

Familiar context can help activate memory in children as young as ____ of age.

3 months

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize ______ percent of the slides they had seen in the first round of viewing.

90

_____ occurs when something you learned previously interferes with your recall of something you learn later.

proactive interference

Perceptual illusions are to _____________ as false memories are to _____________.

real perceptions, real memories

A multiple-choice test is a good example of testing retention using:

recognition

It's evening and we're mentally replaying the day's events. We picture our facial expressions as we listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because we were unable to see these expressions at the time, our recall necessarily illustrates:

reconsolidation

The psychological article on short-term memory capacity, "Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two," was written by George _____.

Miller

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over three hours. Although generally not claustrophobic, she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her after two hours. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is most likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?

Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes BEST illustrates the use of:

a mnemonic aid

Which course of forgetting BEST describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

We _______________ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, we encode the place on a page where certain material appears.

automatically process

From another room, Amanda called out to Juan to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Juan thought he hadn't heard what Amanda had asked. A second later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the bedroom dresser." A type of sensory memory called _____ memory can explain this phenomenon.

echoic

If you study for a test by reviewing multiple-choice items but your test is given in an essay format, you aren't likely to do as well as you might have if the test were also multiple choice. This is explained by the:

encoding specificity principle

Because she drank too much alcohol, Deanna barely remembers her twenty-first birthday. That is, her _____ memory of that evening is sketchy.

episodic

Some of our memories of an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These memories are known as:

flashbulb memories

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced by the neurotransmitter:

glutamate

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time, even though they can't recall having read the story before. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the:

hippocampus

Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory of anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

Because of _____________, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions.

memory construction

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.

rehearsal

When trying to learn information, if one repeats the information to oneself, one is utilizing a strategy called:

rehearsal

Some therapists suggest that clients have pushed memories of childhood victimization into the unconscious mind. In other words, therapists attribute clients' inability to a mechanism called:

repression

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

retrieval

After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing:

retroactive interference

Bruce watches a new television program with enthusiasm. He then watches a second, similar program. Bruce later finds it difficult to remember the details of the first program; he finds that details about the second program keep intruding. What has probably occurred?

retroactive interference

Our strongest retrieval cues are often associated ______ information.

sensory

Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that is being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in _____ memory.

sensory

Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you had directly experienced BEST illustrates:

source amnesia

Chan came home quite drunk from a party on Saturday night. Luckily he was given a ride home. He threw his apartment keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys until he is once again drunk because of _____ memory.

state dependent

Your friend disappointed you, and you tell another friend, "That friend is really unreliable. She doesn't care about people's feelings." Later, when she apologizes and does something kind, you tell a friend, "That friend is always so nice to me!" This alteration of perception is BEST explained by:

state-dependent memory

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:

the misinformation effect

Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that:

the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned.

Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten you on several occasions.

cerebellum

As Jenny was watching television the electricity went out. For a few tenths of a second she is still able to see the last images from the screen. This is an example of _____ memory.

iconic

When people repeatedly imagine nonexistent actions and events, they can inadvertently create false memories. For example, in an experiment, students are asked to repeatedly imagine breaking a toothpick. Following this, they are more likely to think they have actually broken a toothpick. This is known as:

imagination inflation

Our unconscious memory of learned skills is known as _____ memory.

implicit

James suffered hippocampal damage from a head injury in a near-fatal motorcycle crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but he does retain the ability to recall visual designs and locations. His damage is to the:

left hippocampus

When you go for a job interview and are introduced to many people, whose name are you MOST likely to remember?

the first person you met

ebbinghaus is associated with

the forgetting curve

The controversy regarding claims of repressed and recovered memories is BEST described as involving:

whether "repressed" memories of childhood abuse that are "recovered" using hypnosis, guided imagery, or other highly suggestive techniques are false memories or memories of actual experiences.