Psychology Child Development CH.6

Diana Baumrind has described ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.

four types

______ refers to the characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms.

Gender

______ play involves children using one object to stand in for another object, such as using a block as if it is a walkie talkie

Pretense/symbolic

TRUE OR FALSE: A recent study revealed that coparenting influenced young children's effortful control above and beyond maternal and paternal parenting alone.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Divorce can be advantageous when the stresses and disruptions in family relationships can be reduced as a result of the move to a divorced, single-parent family.

TRUE

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are _______ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.

authoritative

What parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions?

authoritative parenting

Which of the following theories states that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family?

emotional security theory

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

moral

Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces?

multiple

Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.

nature

According to Baumrind, the _______ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.

neglectful

Which type of play involves interactions with peers?

social play

Which of the following most characterizes authoritative parenting?

verbal give-and-take

The support that parents provide one another in raising a child together is referred to as

coparenting.

On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every

10 minutes.

Custodial fathers experience the loss of about _______ of their predivorce income.

10 percent

By what age do most children know their sex (that is, the labeling of their biological or genetic makeup as female or male based on hormones, chromosomes, and internal and external genitalia)?

2

Custodial mothers experience the loss of about ______ of their predivorce income.

25 to 50 percent

Between what ages do sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency?

5 to 7 years of age

______ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.

Constructive

______ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.

Constructive

Authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following?

Dialogue between parent and child

TRUE OR FALSE: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: The mother's involvement with children drops off more than the father's involvement following a divorce.

FALSE

According to Erikson's developmental stages, which emotion lowers self-esteem in young children?

Guilt

_______ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

Moral

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?

Neglectful

_____ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

Practice

______ is primarily confined to infancy, whereas ______ play can be engaged in throughout life.

Sensorimotor; practice

Which of the following is true about the problems seen in children from divorced homes?

Their problems may be the result of the marital conflict that led to the divorce.

All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT

a difficult temperament.

Which of the following statements about gender is true? a) Gender refers to the characteristics of people as females or males. b) Gender has very little influence on one's identity. c) Gender is exclusively biological. d) Gender and sex are synonymous (mean the same thing).

a) Gender refers to the characteristics of people as females or males.

Research has shown some children from divorced families are more likely to have which of the following? a) anxiety b) drug issues c) academic problems d) depression e) secure attatchments f) high self-worth

a) anxiety b) drug issues c) academic problems d) depression

Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents? a) anxiety about comparing themselves with others b) unhappiness and fearfulness c) failure to initiate activity d) weak communication skills e) highly indulgent with their children

a) anxiety about comparing themselves with others b) unhappiness and fearfulness c) failure to initiate activity d) weak communication skills

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? a) cheerfulness and self-control b) self-reliance and achievement orientation c) friendliness with peers d) egocentric behavior due to inflated self-worth

a) cheerfulness and self-control b) self-reliance and achievement orientation c) friendliness with peers

Negative consequences of divorce are more likely to occur in which of the following?

a) children who do not have an easy temperament b) children who have easy-going temperament c) children who are not responsible d) children who are not socially mature

According to some child psychologists, children's pretend-play narratives emphasize which of the following capacities? a) metacognition b) pragmatism c) balance of social roles d) role-taking

a) metacognition c) balance of social roles d) role-taking

Which of the following constitute direct emotional abuse? a) psychological abuse b) physical injury c) verbal abuse d) mental injury

a) psychological abuse c) verbal abuse d) mental injury

Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions? a) responsiveness b) demand c) control d) creativity e) acceptance

a) responsiveness b) demand c) control e) acceptance

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.

acceptance; demand

Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

authoritarian

The Blank______ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

authoritarian

Which of the following factors influence the risk of and vulnerability to negative consequences of divorce for a child? a) child's outside interests b) custody situation c) child's personality and temperament d) length of parents' marriage e) child's predivorce adjustment

b) custody situation c) child's personality and temperament e) child's predivorce adjustment

According to research by Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen (2002), which of the following are possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages? a) if children would have to move out of their neighborhood after the divorce b) if conflict between the couple would increase after the divorce c) if parenting would become more inept after the divorce d) if conflict among family members would increase after the divorce

b) if conflict between the couple would increase after the divorce c) if parenting would become more inept after the divorce d) if conflict among family members would increase after the divorce

Which key elements are important to improving the adjustment of children of divorce? a) multiple daily phone contact between the children and the out-of-home parent b) the use of the authoritative parenting style c) being sure the divorced parents live within close proximity to one another d) a harmonious relationship between the divorced parents

b) the use of the authoritative parenting style d) a harmonious relationship between the divorced parents

Baumrind argued that parents should NOT do which of the following? a) develop rules for their children b) show affection to their children c) be punitive or aloof d) leave children to make their own rules

c) be punitive or aloof d) leave children to make their own rules

In all types of child maltreatment, which of the following is almost always present?

emotional abuse

Gender ________ is a person's inner sense of being a girl/woman, boy/man, another gender, or no gender.

identity

According to Baumrind, the ______ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?

indulgent

Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by

infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.

Children of about the same age or maturity level are described as ______

peers.

Two friends are about the same age and maturity level. They are

peers.

Sensorimotor _________ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.

practice play

The amount of time individuals spend with television, DVDs, computers, video games, and hand-held electronic devices such as smartphones is referred to as _________ time.

screen

After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?

self-conscious

What type of emotion includes embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?

self-conscious

According to Erikson, as a young child's conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact

self-esteem.

What type of impact does television have on children's development?

significant impact

_________ play involves interactions with peers

social