Psychology Chpt 8
What distinguishes a reflex from an instinct?
An instinct is a more complex behavior than a reflex.
What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.
A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is referred to as a ____.
Skinner box
The development of a learned response is called ____.
acquisition
Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior: ____.
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time, is referred to as ____.
classical conditioning
A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued is called a(n) ____.
conditioned reinforcer
A reaction that is learned through classical conditioning is referred to as a(n) ____.
conditioned response
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____.
generalization
Copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously is referred to as ____.
imitation
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement is referred to as ____.
latent learning
Which process below is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?
learning
The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____.
negative reinforcement
Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as ____.
nonassociative learning
Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and ____.
observational
The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ____.
operant conditioning
A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus is referred to as ____.
positive punishment
Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are primarily controlled by circuits located in the spinal cord and brainstem are referred to as ____.
reflexes
What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience?
unconditioned
A response to an unconditioned stimulus requiring no previous experience is referred to as a(n) ____.
unconditioned response