Psychology Chpt 8

What distinguishes a reflex from an instinct?

An instinct is a more complex behavior than a reflex.

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.

A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is referred to as a ____.

Skinner box

The development of a learned response is called ____.

acquisition

Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior: ____.

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time, is referred to as ____.

classical conditioning

A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued is called a(n) ____.

conditioned reinforcer

A reaction that is learned through classical conditioning is referred to as a(n) ____.

conditioned response

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____.

generalization

Copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously is referred to as ____.

imitation

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement is referred to as ____.

latent learning

Which process below is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?

learning

The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____.

negative reinforcement

Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as ____.

nonassociative learning

Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and ____.

observational

The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ____.

operant conditioning

A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus is referred to as ____.

positive punishment

Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are primarily controlled by circuits located in the spinal cord and brainstem are referred to as ____.

reflexes

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience?

unconditioned

A response to an unconditioned stimulus requiring no previous experience is referred to as a(n) ____.

unconditioned response