Psychology Concept Quiz 6.2

generalization

Eli is afraid of bees, and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago. Lately, his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect, even tiny ones like gnats. The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying bug demonstrates _____. -generalization -inhibition -acquisition -discrimination

aversion

Ira has a problem wherein he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friends and damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Ira wears a rubber band that fits loosely around his wrist. Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he snaps himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of ______ therapy. -systematic desensitizing -insight -aversion -flooding

Extinction

Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist assures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing? -Avoidance -Systematic desensitization -Spontaneous dissipation -Extinction

counterconditioning

Tim, who suffers from alcoholism, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as ____. -counterconditioning -flooding -systematic desensitization -inhibition

Unconditioned

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience—that is, without learning having taken place? -Classical -Unconditioned -Conditioned -Habitual

a conditioned response

A reaction to a given stimulus that is learned or acquired over time is referred to as ____. -an unconditioned response -a conditioned response -a characteristic response -an uncharacteristic response

surprising

According to Rescorla and Wagner, the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____. -consistent -surprising -familiar -variable

a conditioned stimulus

An environmental cue or event whose significance is learned is referred to as ____. -an unconditioned stimulus -a conditioned stimulus -a characteristic stimulus -an uncharacteristic stimulus

Parents fighting

As Katie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands become clammy, and her breathing becomes rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce that caused Katie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the unconditioned stimulus. -Parents fighting -Anxiety toward parents fighting -Song -Anxiety toward song

systematic desensitization

Counterconditioning, in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear, is referred to as ____. -higher-order conditioning -habituation -latent inhibition -systematic desensitization

spontaneous recovery

Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____. -latent inhibition -spontaneous recovery -habituation -observational learning

inhibition

Peter's mother normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his mother is wearing sweatpants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that she has been home from work for a while. Peter's recognition that the sweatpants indicate that there is no reason to feel anxious illustrates ____. -extinction -latent inhibition -higher-order conditioning -inhibition

acquisition

The development of a conditioned response is called ____. -generalization -higher-order conditioning -habituation -acquisition

spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest between sessions of extinction training is called ____. -dominant presentation -reacquisition -spontaneous recovery -higher-order conditioning

The studies challenged Pavlov's views on the interchangeability of stimuli and brought up new information about different organisms' predispositions to learn things.

What was a key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste-aversion studies? -The studies demonstrated the common traits of several species. -The studies confirmed the applicability of classical conditioning in species other than canines. -The studies demonstrated the relative interchangeability of stimuli. -The studies challenged Pavlov's views on the interchangeability of stimuli and brought up new information about different organisms' predispositions to learn things.

inhibition

When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as ____. -extinction -inhibition -latent inhibition -discrimination

Behavior follows the same general rules across species.

Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists? -Behavior follows the same general rules across species. -Psychological research should focus on introspection. -Human subjects are preferable to animals because they replicate the complexity of real life. -Not all stimuli can be equally paired to form conditioned associations.

The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus.

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition? -The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus. -The unconditioned stimulus is presented shortly after the conditioned stimulus. -The conditioned stimulus evokes an emotional response in the participant. -The unconditioned stimulus evokes a negative response in the participant.