Psychology Conditioning

Classical conditioning

Form of learning where one stimulus calls forth the response usually called by another stimulus

Negative reinforcement

Increases the frequency of the behavior that follows when they are removed, something unwanted stops following the behavior

Positive reinforcement

Increases the frequency of the behavior they follow, a person receives something they want following the behavior

Observational learning

Knowledge and skills that are acquired by observing and imitating others, consequences ie vicarious reinforcement

Taste aversion

Learned avoidence of a particular food

Conditioned response (CR)

Learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral or meaningless

Latent learning

Learning is conducted unconsciously, knowledge is hidden until needed ie places, driving

Partial reinforcement

Not every time, alternative

Operant conditioning

People and animals learn to do certain things and not to do others because of the results or consequences

Counter conditioning

Pleasant stimulus paired repeatedly with a fearful one

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Previously neutral stimulus that because of pairing with an unconditioned response, now causes a conditioned response

Fixed ratio

Reinforcement after specific amount of responses

Variable ratio

Reinforcement after varying amount of responses

Continuous reinforcement

Reinforcement every time the behavior occurs

Primary reinforcement

Reinforces functions due to the biological makeup of an organism- food, water

Generalization

Responding the same way to similar stimuli

Rewards

Sometimes positive reinforcement, figure out what the subject wants

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Stimulus that causes a response that is automatic and not learned

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Stimulus that that has no association to a response

Shaping

Teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps in the total activity ie potty training

Discrimination

The act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other

Unconditioned response (UR)

The automatic response to unconditioned stimulus

Reinforcement

The process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again

Flooding

The subject is exposed to the harmless stimulus until the fear response is extinguished

Systematic desensitization

The subject is first taught relaxation techniques, then when relaxed is gradually exposed to the stimulus

Conditioning

Type of learning that involves stimulus based response connections

Punishment

Unwanted events that, when they are applied, decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow

Secondary reinforcement

Value must be learned, paired with established reinforcers

Variable interval

Varying time between reinforcement

Extinction

When the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned response, it loses its ability to bring a conditioned response

Fixed interval

Exact amount of time between reinforcement

Phobias

Automatic responses/unconditioned responses to to certain types of stimuli

Programmed learning

Combination of shaping and chaining in which a subject completes a task by completing each step ie student passing a course

Spontaneous recovery

Displaying responses that were extinguished earlier, revival of the response follows a period in which the conditioned response does not occur

Chaining

Each step in a sequence must be learned and must lead to the next until the final step is achieved ie bike riding