Psychology Exam 1

If I wanted to collect data form a large group of people quickly, the best method to use would probably be a (Blank).

Survey

One way that researchers protect their participants' right to privacy is through _____, making sure that all data collected can only be seen by the researchers and that all data is only used in the ways the researcher specified to the IRB.

confidentiality

Freud's idea that (Blank) was a hallmark of the psychoanalytic perspective and was very radical at the time he proposed it.

people's personalities and behavior are shaped by their unconscious mind

Dr. Jilette, who works for a university that gets part of its funding from the federal government, wants to conduct research on his students' study habits. Before he starts his research, he must

get his proposed research approved by his university's Institutional Review Board

(Blank) research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.

Archival

With a negative correlation,

As one variable increases, the other variable decreases

(Blank) typically study the ways we relate to and understand other people. They may study prejudice, group behavior, or obedience.

Social psychologists

Experiment

researcher can claim that the relationship between the variables is cause and effect is to perform an experiment

The (Blank) is the entire group of people you are interested in learning about through research, while the (Blank) is a small subset of that group that you actually observe in your study.

Population;Sample

If you were told there was a positive correlation between salary and the number of depressive symptoms people display, you would know that typically...

The lower someone is paid, the fewer depressive symptoms they display

Naturalistic Observation

naturalistic observation: observing behavior in its natural setting.

Sampling Bias

sampling bias is a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.

One of the most important aspects of a good naturalistic observation is that (Blank).

the researcher/observer is inconspicous - in other words, the people being observed don't know they are being observed

Cognitive psychology focus on studying (Blank).

thoughts and their relationship to our experience and our actions.

Structuralism(Wundt and Titchener)

was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist. Wundt used introspection (he called it "internal perception"), a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed. This attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind was known as structuralism. Titchener was Wundt's student.

Observer Bias

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

Double Blind Procedure

A double-blind study is one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. This procedure is utilized to prevent bias in research results. Double-blind studies are particularly useful for preventing bias due to demand characteristics or the placebo effect.

Abraham Maslow(Humanism)

Humanism is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. Two of the most well-known proponents of humanistic psychology are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior.

Functionalism(William James)

William James (1842-1910) was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate. Psychology's purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as functionalism. Functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.

(Blank), the first American psychologist, we interested in the function of behavior in the world and the operation of the whole brain (instead of its individual structures). Heavily influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, he started the perspective known as (Blank).

William James; functionalism

Researchers keep participants' names separate from their data to keep the data ______ and protect their participants' right to privacy.

anonymous

Case Study

clinical or case study when they focus on one person or just a few individuals.

cognitive psychology

is the area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Longitudinal research

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

The ethical principle that states that research participants should be allowed to quit a study at any time without penalty is ________.

voluntary participation

A major advantage of a case study is (Blank).

You get a lot of detailed information

Placebo

A placebo is a substance with no known medical effects, such as sterile water, saline solution, or a sugar pill. A placebo is a fake treatment that in some cases can produce a very real response.

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a (Blank).

Biopsychologist

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as (Blank).

Case studies

In an experiment, the ____ is the variable that the research measures.

Dependent variable

(Blank) are interested in the changes and the stability of cognitive skills, moral reasoning, social behavior, and other psychological attributes over time.

Developmental psychologists

If we want to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables we can use a(n) _____ as our research method.

Experiment

Dependent Variable

For example, in a study looking at how tutoring impacts test scores, the dependent variable would be the participants' test scores, since that is what is being measured. In a psychology experiment, researchers are looking at how changes in the independent variable cause changes in the dependent variable.

Dr. Swali conducted research with 1,000 participants and found that the majority of her participants made numerous driving errors when they completed a driving simulation while talking on their cell phones. She then went on to conclude that people in general are bad at driving while talking on their phones and that we should encourage drivers to wait until they are stopped before beginning a phone conversation. Dr. Savali made a (Blank) when she applied her specific results to a larger segment of society.

Generalization

Sometimes people believe there are relationships between two things when those relationships do not actually exist. This is called a(n) ______.

Illusory correlation

Dr. Green is interested in how caffeine affects memory. To study this, he manipulates how much caffeine his participants get before they take a memory test. Because caffeine is the variable being manipulated, it is the _____ in this example.

Independent variable

If the CEO of a major corporation wanted to learn more about how to improve employee loyalty and morale, she may turn to a (Blank) as they often conduct research on the workplace environment.

Industrial-Organization Psychologist

Informed Consent

Informed consent is a legal and ethical term defined as the consent by a client to a proposed medical or psychotherapeutic procedure, or for participation in a research project or clinical study.

To be sure that observations made during naturalistic observations are as objective as possible and don't suffer from observer bias, researches will typically have more than one person observe the same vents/participants. Afterward, they will compare their observations to make sure they are consistent, checking for (Blank)

Inter-rater reliability

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in (Blank).

Introspection

Dr. Patwardhan and colleagues report data from a study where they hired experimental confederations to attend speed dating events, posing as daters and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

Naturalistic Observation

Behaviorism(pavlov, Watson, Skinner)

Pavlov studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus. Watson was a major proponent of shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior, and this approach of observing and controlling behavior came to be known as behaviorism. B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) was an American psychologist (Figure). Like Watson, Skinner was a behaviorist, and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences.

Psychoanalysis(Freud)

Perhaps one of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology's history was Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades

Dr. Green studies the relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior people display across different situations. She is convinced that each person has just a handful of these attributes help to explain the differences between people. Dr. Green is probably a (Blank).

Personality psychologist

Your friend just told you that he read on the internet that there is a correlation of 93 between how long someone lives and how much chocolate they eat. So now your friend has decided to eat chocolate with every meal. You should....

Remind your friend that correlation does not equal causation, Remind your friend that correlation coefficients can't be 93 - they are always between -1 and 1.

The attempt to understand the characteristics of the mind, mainly through the use of introspection, is called (Blank) and was started by the first psychologist (Blank)

Structuralism; Wundt

Independent Variable

The independent variable is the characteristic of a psychology experiment that is manipulated or changed. For example, in an experiment looking at the effects of studying on test scores, studying would be the independent variable.

Cross-sectional research

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

Correlation

find a relationship between two variables, but the only way a researcher can claim that the relationship between the variables is cause and effect is to perform an experiment

Random Sample

in such a way that every possible sample that could be selected has the same probability of being selected.

______ is the ethical principle that states that a researcher must describe the nature of a study, including any potential risks and benefits, to a participant before the participant agrees to be part of the study.

informed consent

In a (Blank) study researchers observe the same group of people over a long period of time, while in a (Blank) study researchers observe multiple groups of people of different ages at the same time.

longitudinal; cross-sectional

Inter-rater reliability

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

Every person a researcher is interested in better understanding by conducting research is a part of the study's _______, while the actual people who participate in the research are called the ________.

population; sample

Generalizing

refers to the ability to apply the findings of a particular research project to larger segments of society

If I give my happy, optimistic sister a measure of depression everyday for a week and it always says she is clinically depressed (even though she shows no symptoms of depression and all other scales she's taken say she is not depressed), the measure I am using is

reliable but not valid