Psychology Exam 1

Brazelton

Third day after birth. 27 categories. Extremely unresponsive may indicate brain damage. Good getting-to-know baby session.

Brofenbrenner's ecological theory

a contextual theory of development: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

visual cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

sensitive period

a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences ex: infant attachment

Id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Freud's Psychosexual Development

a series of stages children pass through in which pleasure focuses on a specific biological function or body part

Critical period

a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which an organism associates environmental stimuli with physiological responses ex: pavlov & salivating dogs

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

APGAR

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration scored 1-10

phsyiological measures

assess biological mechanisms of behaviors and emotions ex: cortisol testing, EEG

Hearing

babies develop this in the womb, prefer mothers voice

history-graded influences

biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment

age-graded influences

biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised

Sight

certain innate preferences: patterns, curved lines, 3D>2D, preference for human faces, least developed sense at birth

Proximal distal principle

children develop their motor skills from the center of their bodies outward

cross-sectional design

comparing groups of people at different ages at a single time point

cosleeping

cultural practice in which infants and sometimes older children sleep with one or both parents. US is against co sleeping

Taste and Smell

developing in womb, recognizing aspects of amniotic fluid at birth, plus pleasure to sweet tastes and not to sour or bitter tastes

discontinuous change

development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages ex: Piagets theory of development

touch

earliest sense to develop

Nurture

environmental factors, emphasis of study on environmental influences that affect a persons development

sensiromotor stage

first two years, change from reflexes to intentional action

dizygotic twins

fraternal twins

Nature

genetic factors, places emphasis of study on inherited genetic traits/ abilities

continuous change

gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels

monozygotic twins

identical twins

recirpocal determinism

individuals and environment interact & influence each other

3 stages of birth

labor, delivery, expulsion of placenta and umbilical cord

observational learning

learning by observing others

twilight birth

mothers were given morphine to reduce pain, lower inhibitions, relax muscles.

brain plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

object permanence

the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight, ages 8-12 months

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

longitudianal research

studied at multiple timepoints to infer age changes.

case study

study of one individual in great detail

SIDS

sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep. Infants at 2-4 months at highest risk

structured observation

technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest

cephalocaudal principle

the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body

sociocultural-graded influences

the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership

Life Span Development

the study of ways people grow and change across the lifespan; includes peoples biological, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning

social leaning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Nonnomative Influences

traumatic experiences, events occurring at an atypical point in the lifespan ex: death of parent, chronic disease

exuberance, myelination

two processes responsible for brain growth in infantsy

lotus birth

umbilical non severance

Delayed cord clamping

waiting 60 seconds or until placenta stops pulsing, Reduction in need for blood transfusion and a lower risk of complications after birth

Immediate cord clamping

wishing 30 seconds after delivery

experimental design

A design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect relationship

Teratogens

A factor that causes damage to prenatal development such as drugs and alcohol

correlation research design

A research design that measures relationships among participants' measured characteristics, behaviors, and development.

How are schemes of Piagets modified?

Assimilation and accommodation

Sequential research design

Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

self-report measures

open ended interviews, questionnaires, structured interviews