Psychology Exam 1
Brazelton
Third day after birth. 27 categories. Extremely unresponsive may indicate brain damage. Good getting-to-know baby session.
Brofenbrenner's ecological theory
a contextual theory of development: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
sensitive period
a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences ex: infant attachment
Id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Freud's Psychosexual Development
a series of stages children pass through in which pleasure focuses on a specific biological function or body part
Critical period
a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism associates environmental stimuli with physiological responses ex: pavlov & salivating dogs
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
APGAR
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration scored 1-10
phsyiological measures
assess biological mechanisms of behaviors and emotions ex: cortisol testing, EEG
Hearing
babies develop this in the womb, prefer mothers voice
history-graded influences
biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment
age-graded influences
biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised
Sight
certain innate preferences: patterns, curved lines, 3D>2D, preference for human faces, least developed sense at birth
Proximal distal principle
children develop their motor skills from the center of their bodies outward
cross-sectional design
comparing groups of people at different ages at a single time point
cosleeping
cultural practice in which infants and sometimes older children sleep with one or both parents. US is against co sleeping
Taste and Smell
developing in womb, recognizing aspects of amniotic fluid at birth, plus pleasure to sweet tastes and not to sour or bitter tastes
discontinuous change
development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages ex: Piagets theory of development
touch
earliest sense to develop
Nurture
environmental factors, emphasis of study on environmental influences that affect a persons development
sensiromotor stage
first two years, change from reflexes to intentional action
dizygotic twins
fraternal twins
Nature
genetic factors, places emphasis of study on inherited genetic traits/ abilities
continuous change
gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
monozygotic twins
identical twins
recirpocal determinism
individuals and environment interact & influence each other
3 stages of birth
labor, delivery, expulsion of placenta and umbilical cord
observational learning
learning by observing others
twilight birth
mothers were given morphine to reduce pain, lower inhibitions, relax muscles.
brain plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight, ages 8-12 months
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
longitudianal research
studied at multiple timepoints to infer age changes.
case study
study of one individual in great detail
SIDS
sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep. Infants at 2-4 months at highest risk
structured observation
technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest
cephalocaudal principle
the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body
sociocultural-graded influences
the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership
Life Span Development
the study of ways people grow and change across the lifespan; includes peoples biological, psychological, cognitive, and social functioning
social leaning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Nonnomative Influences
traumatic experiences, events occurring at an atypical point in the lifespan ex: death of parent, chronic disease
exuberance, myelination
two processes responsible for brain growth in infantsy
lotus birth
umbilical non severance
Delayed cord clamping
waiting 60 seconds or until placenta stops pulsing, Reduction in need for blood transfusion and a lower risk of complications after birth
Immediate cord clamping
wishing 30 seconds after delivery
experimental design
A design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect relationship
Teratogens
A factor that causes damage to prenatal development such as drugs and alcohol
correlation research design
A research design that measures relationships among participants' measured characteristics, behaviors, and development.
How are schemes of Piagets modified?
Assimilation and accommodation
Sequential research design
Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
self-report measures
open ended interviews, questionnaires, structured interviews