psychology exam 3
Dissociation
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
circadian rhythm
alertness patterns over the day -governed by suprachiasmatic nucleus -body temper fluctuation -clock reset by light (keeps to 24) -no light cues 25 hour cycle
insight problems
answer occurs suddenly "aha" or not at all
interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schema is called
assimilation
Narcolepsy
associated with upset or excitement. may be inappropriate muscle suppression
Representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
cognitive functions
loss of NREM has little effect loss of REM leads to a) impaired concentration b) moodiness c) health problems
THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.
marijuana, hallucinogen
Electroenceohalogram (EEG)
measures electrical activity
long term effects of secure children
more sociable better problem solving skills more adaptive to new situations fewer behavior problems better adult relationships
During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from
narcolepsy
Morphine and heroin are
opiates
what is the fundamental attribution error
other people-due to dispositional factors 1) more common in western that East Asian cultures 2) less with people we know well 3) more when the behavior is bad
Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because
he is un motivated to to do well in school
why is attachment important?
helps development of: first schema of social relationships self schema general schema of the world
Sleep reactivates recent experiences stored in the ________ and shifts them for permanent storage in the cortex
hippocampus
Melatonin
hormone released by the pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark
framing effect
how an issue is presented, or formed, can significantly affect thought process, judgement, and decision making
attribution theory was designed to account for
how people explain others' behavior
Most college students are "owls," with performance ________ across the day. Most older adults are "larks," with performance ________ as the day progresses.
improving, declining
Hypersomnia
inability to stay awake
REM sleep is
inhibited by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills
sleep apnea
intermittent stoppage of breathing
conformation bias
people often look for evidence that confirms what they are trying to prove, and neglect looking for counter evidence
What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?
physical attrativeness
Exposer to bright light causes the
pineal gland to decreases the production of melatonin
the organ that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo is called the
placenta
Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.
post-conventional
According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.
preconventional
social facilitation refers to the tendency to
preform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others
Hallucinogens
psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called......drugs
psychoactive
Insominia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?
sensorimotor
Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage.
sensorimotor
Dr. Yen is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers given by a confederate of the researcher. How can Dr. Yen increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience
she can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph D from a prestigious university
hypnagogic hallucinations
side effect if slowing brain waves when falling asleep
which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink
"We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."
activation-synthesis theory
-Random firing of neurons -production of random thoughts -we try to make sense of them Evidence: dreams can be bizarre
people who are overconfident tend to be:
1) happier 2) make tough decisions easier 3) appear more credible
what happens when hypnotized
1) increased absorption 2)focused attention 3) disattention to extraneous stimuli 4) reduction in spontaneous thought
What functions dose sleep serve?
1) protection 2) health and growth
What are the decision making models?
1) single factor model- choose the one that relates closest to school 2) additive model- make a pro & con list 3) elimination by aspects- eliminate those that are: too far away and too expensive
what are the three problem solving techniques, and what do they entail?
1) trial and error- high effort, no guarantee of solution 2) algorithm- high effort, guaranteed solution 3) heuristic- lower effort, no guarantee solution (rule of thumb, short cut)
alpha waves
Big loopy waves
what are the different types of frug influences?
Biological influence- heredity influences some aspects of alcohol abuse problems, especially those appearing by early adulthood psychological and social-culture influence
Stimulants
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
What is the difference between manifest content and latent content?
Manifest content- what it appears to be in the surface Latent content- the hidden meaning
hypnotic pain relief in two parts
Physical (parietal) response- no change Emotional ( frontal) response- decreased ( can be shut off)
At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of
REM sleep
REM
Rapid eye movement
When working an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of
The circadian rythem
an impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with
autism spectrum disorder
Why cant one move during sleep?
brain stem blocks motor messages this muscle activities do not happen they have been suppressed
Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates
central route persuasion
scaffolding
child is unable to complete a task by themselves, so a caregiver helps until they can do it on their own
readiness
children only learn when they are ready. research shows that interaction and experiences can speed up learning
belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
the discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
cognitive dissonance
Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of
conservation
intuition
decision making that comes to an effortless conclusion or making judgement without conscious awareness of a thought process
Erickson-psychosocial development
development changes in our basic schema for thinking about ourselves(basic trust vs mistrust)
piaget was convinced that the mind of a child
develops through stages
Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of
dispositional attribution
Depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a birthday present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of
egocentrism
the bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the
emergency is being observed by a number of other people
According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction
newborns have been observed to show greatest visual interest in a
face-like image
somnambulism (sleep walking)
failure of the muscle suppression mechanism to fully activate
Sleep deprivation increases levels of the hunger-arousing hormone _______ and decreases levels of the hunger-suppressing hormone ________.
ghrelin, leptin
Background firing rate
goes back to the original cycle
Drew is working on a class project in which he needs a high grade because the class is required for his major. The others in his group are aware of that and also know that Drew is an excellent student. Drew finds that the others are depending on him to do the vast majority of the work. The others in Drew's group are demonstrating
social loafing
A child's temperament is likely to be
stable over time
what are the four stages of Piaget's development system?
stage 1 (sensorimotor)-object permanence stage 2 (pre-operational stage)-symbolic thought stage 3 (concrete operations)-concrete reasoning stage 4 (formal operations)- can think abstractly and beyond their own experiences
Psychoanalytic view
symbolic messages from repressed areas of our minds
Melissa suffered a severe viral infection during her fourth month of pregnancy that caused her baby to be born with an abnormal heart valve. In this instance, the virus was clearly a(n)
teratogen
tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
Jackson agreed to Stanley's suggestion that they shoplift some video games. Later in the week, Jackson agreed to go along with Stanley's suggestion to steal a neighbor's expensive racing bike. Reflecting on what he had done, Jackson was surprised by his willingness to comply with Stanley's request. Jackson's experience illustrates
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of
the mere exposure effect
incubation effect
the tendency to arrive at a solution after a period of time away from the problem
Overconfidence bias
the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
stoop effect
the tendency to read the words instead of saying the color of ink
social influence theory
theory that powerful social influences can produce a state of hypnosis
availability heuristic
things that come to mind more easily are thought to be more likely
Cognative View
thoughts involve current experiences and concerns "day baggage"
beta waves
wakefulness, choppy and short waves
the discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior is called
withdrawal
Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably
would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep
vygotsk
zone of proximal development
during the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a
zygote and then develops into a fetus