psychology exam 3

Dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

circadian rhythm

alertness patterns over the day -governed by suprachiasmatic nucleus -body temper fluctuation -clock reset by light (keeps to 24) -no light cues 25 hour cycle

insight problems

answer occurs suddenly "aha" or not at all

interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schema is called

assimilation

Narcolepsy

associated with upset or excitement. may be inappropriate muscle suppression

Representative heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

cognitive functions

loss of NREM has little effect loss of REM leads to a) impaired concentration b) moodiness c) health problems

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.

marijuana, hallucinogen

Electroenceohalogram (EEG)

measures electrical activity

long term effects of secure children

more sociable better problem solving skills more adaptive to new situations fewer behavior problems better adult relationships

During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from

narcolepsy

Morphine and heroin are

opiates

what is the fundamental attribution error

other people-due to dispositional factors 1) more common in western that East Asian cultures 2) less with people we know well 3) more when the behavior is bad

Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because

he is un motivated to to do well in school

why is attachment important?

helps development of: first schema of social relationships self schema general schema of the world

Sleep reactivates recent experiences stored in the ________ and shifts them for permanent storage in the cortex

hippocampus

Melatonin

hormone released by the pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark

framing effect

how an issue is presented, or formed, can significantly affect thought process, judgement, and decision making

attribution theory was designed to account for

how people explain others' behavior

Most college students are "owls," with performance ________ across the day. Most older adults are "larks," with performance ________ as the day progresses.

improving, declining

Hypersomnia

inability to stay awake

REM sleep is

inhibited by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills

sleep apnea

intermittent stoppage of breathing

conformation bias

people often look for evidence that confirms what they are trying to prove, and neglect looking for counter evidence

What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?

physical attrativeness

Exposer to bright light causes the

pineal gland to decreases the production of melatonin

the organ that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo is called the

placenta

Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.

post-conventional

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.

preconventional

social facilitation refers to the tendency to

preform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others

Hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called......drugs

psychoactive

Insominia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?

sensorimotor

Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage.

sensorimotor

Dr. Yen is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers given by a confederate of the researcher. How can Dr. Yen increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience

she can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph D from a prestigious university

hypnagogic hallucinations

side effect if slowing brain waves when falling asleep

which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink

"We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."

activation-synthesis theory

-Random firing of neurons -production of random thoughts -we try to make sense of them Evidence: dreams can be bizarre

people who are overconfident tend to be:

1) happier 2) make tough decisions easier 3) appear more credible

what happens when hypnotized

1) increased absorption 2)focused attention 3) disattention to extraneous stimuli 4) reduction in spontaneous thought

What functions dose sleep serve?

1) protection 2) health and growth

What are the decision making models?

1) single factor model- choose the one that relates closest to school 2) additive model- make a pro & con list 3) elimination by aspects- eliminate those that are: too far away and too expensive

what are the three problem solving techniques, and what do they entail?

1) trial and error- high effort, no guarantee of solution 2) algorithm- high effort, guaranteed solution 3) heuristic- lower effort, no guarantee solution (rule of thumb, short cut)

alpha waves

Big loopy waves

what are the different types of frug influences?

Biological influence- heredity influences some aspects of alcohol abuse problems, especially those appearing by early adulthood psychological and social-culture influence

Stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

What is the difference between manifest content and latent content?

Manifest content- what it appears to be in the surface Latent content- the hidden meaning

hypnotic pain relief in two parts

Physical (parietal) response- no change Emotional ( frontal) response- decreased ( can be shut off)

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

REM sleep

REM

Rapid eye movement

When working an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of

The circadian rythem

an impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with

autism spectrum disorder

Why cant one move during sleep?

brain stem blocks motor messages this muscle activities do not happen they have been suppressed

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates

central route persuasion

scaffolding

child is unable to complete a task by themselves, so a caregiver helps until they can do it on their own

readiness

children only learn when they are ready. research shows that interaction and experiences can speed up learning

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

the discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

cognitive dissonance

Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of

conservation

intuition

decision making that comes to an effortless conclusion or making judgement without conscious awareness of a thought process

Erickson-psychosocial development

development changes in our basic schema for thinking about ourselves(basic trust vs mistrust)

piaget was convinced that the mind of a child

develops through stages

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

dispositional attribution

Depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a birthday present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

egocentrism

the bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the

emergency is being observed by a number of other people

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that

even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction

newborns have been observed to show greatest visual interest in a

face-like image

somnambulism (sleep walking)

failure of the muscle suppression mechanism to fully activate

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the hunger-arousing hormone _______ and decreases levels of the hunger-suppressing hormone ________.

ghrelin, leptin

Background firing rate

goes back to the original cycle

Drew is working on a class project in which he needs a high grade because the class is required for his major. The others in his group are aware of that and also know that Drew is an excellent student. Drew finds that the others are depending on him to do the vast majority of the work. The others in Drew's group are demonstrating

social loafing

A child's temperament is likely to be

stable over time

what are the four stages of Piaget's development system?

stage 1 (sensorimotor)-object permanence stage 2 (pre-operational stage)-symbolic thought stage 3 (concrete operations)-concrete reasoning stage 4 (formal operations)- can think abstractly and beyond their own experiences

Psychoanalytic view

symbolic messages from repressed areas of our minds

Melissa suffered a severe viral infection during her fourth month of pregnancy that caused her baby to be born with an abnormal heart valve. In this instance, the virus was clearly a(n)

teratogen

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Jackson agreed to Stanley's suggestion that they shoplift some video games. Later in the week, Jackson agreed to go along with Stanley's suggestion to steal a neighbor's expensive racing bike. Reflecting on what he had done, Jackson was surprised by his willingness to comply with Stanley's request. Jackson's experience illustrates

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of

the mere exposure effect

incubation effect

the tendency to arrive at a solution after a period of time away from the problem

Overconfidence bias

the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

stoop effect

the tendency to read the words instead of saying the color of ink

social influence theory

theory that powerful social influences can produce a state of hypnosis

availability heuristic

things that come to mind more easily are thought to be more likely

Cognative View

thoughts involve current experiences and concerns "day baggage"

beta waves

wakefulness, choppy and short waves

the discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior is called

withdrawal

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably

would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep

vygotsk

zone of proximal development

during the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a

zygote and then develops into a fetus