Psychology Exam Four
Who will get depressed?
*Becks' automatic interpretations (pessimistic) Beck argued that negative automatic thoughts, generated by dysfunctional beliefs, were the cause of depressive symptoms, and not vice versa during beck's time most researchers were interested in behavioral psychology, so this theory was a breakthrough in cognitive psychology
Delusions and Hallucinations, Types of Delusions and hallucinations.
A delusion is a false belief that persists despite compelling contradictory evidence Delusions of reference reflect the person's false conviction that other people's behavior and ordinary events are somehow personally related to her delusions of grandeur involve the belief that the person is extremely powerful, important, or wealthy. delusions of persecution, the basic theme is that others are plotting against or trying to harm the person or someone close to her. Delusions of being controlled involve the belief that outside forces—aliens, the government, or random people, for example—are trying to exert control on the individual. Hallucinations--which are false or distorted perceptions--usually voices or visual stimuli--that seem vividly real
Major Depression
A disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness, causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning Some depressed people experience a sense of physical restlessness or nervousness, demonstrated by fidgeting or aimless pacing. pervasive negativity and pessimism are often manifested in suicidal thoughts or a preoccupation with death Abnormal sleep patterns are another hallmark of major depressive disorder. The amount of time spent in non dreaming, deeply relaxed sleep is greatly reduced or absent To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, a person must display most of the symptoms described for two weeks or longer if a person's ability to function after the death of a loved one is still seriously impaired after two months, major depressive disorder is suspected ****neurotransmitters and depression "catecholamine hypothesis" was a popular explanation for why people developed depression. This hypothesis suggested that a deficiency of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) in certain areas of the brain was responsible for creating depressed mood. More recent research suggests that there is indeed a subset of depressed people who have low levels of norepinephrine. For example, autopsy studies show that people who have experienced multiple depressive episodes have fewer norepinephrinergic neurons than people who have no depressive history. However, research results also tell us that not all people experience mood changes in response to decreased norepinephrine levels. Some people who are depressed actually show hyperactivity within the neurons that produce norepinephrine. More current studies suggest that in some people, low levels of serotonin trigger a drop in norepinephrine levels, which then leads to depression
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A disorder in which episodes of depression typically occur during the fall and winter and subside during the spring and summer. more common among women and among people who live in the northern latitudes
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymic Disorder) - symptoms and differences from Major Depression
A disorder involving chronic, low-grade feelings of depression that produce subjective discomfort but do not seriously impair the ability to function Rather than improving over time, however, the negative mood persists indefinitely Major depressive disorder requires symptoms to be present for at least two weeks, while persistent depressive disorder requires two years.
Bipolar Disorder and Related Disorders
A disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria (excitement); formerly called manic depression. manic episode: A sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, and rapid thoughts and speech Categories—Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic Disorder, and Disruptive Mood Bipolar 1—has one or more episodes of Major Depression and at least one Manic Episode Bipolar 2—has one or more episodes of Major Depression and at least one Hypomanic (mild mania) Episodes Cyclothymic Disorder—mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder people with cyclothymic disorder are perceived as being extremely moody, unpredictable, and inconsistent. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: is a new DSM-5 diagnosis for children "who exhibit persistent irritability and frequent episodes of behavior outbursts three or more times a week for more than a year." This diagnosis will reduce the number of children given the Bipolar label.
What is a psychological disorder?
A pattern of behavior and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more areas of life or both.
Schizophrenia
A psychological disorder in which the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes. (p. 592) They become engulfed in an entirely different inner world, one that is often characterized by mental chaos, disorientation, and frustration. Positive & Negative symptoms (alternative classification) Positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning. Positive symptoms include o (1) delusions, or false beliefs; o (2) hallucinations, or false perceptions; o (3) severely disorganized thought processes and speech; o (4) severely disorganized behavior. ii. In contrast, negative symptoms: reflect an absence or reduction of normal functions, such as greatly reduced motivation, emotional expressiveness, or speech. flat affect: Regardless of the situation, the person responds in an emotionally "flat" way, showing a dramatic reduction in emotional responsiveness and facial expressions. Speech is slow and monotonous, lacking normal vocal inflections. alogia: verbal responses are limited to brief, empty comments avolition: refers to the inability to initiate or persist in even simple forms of goal-directed behaviors, such as dressing, bathing, or engaging in social activities
Panic attacks, Panic Disorder
A sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity. Panic attack symptoms are pounding heart, rapid breathing, breathlessness, and a choking sensation. The person may also sweat, tremble, and experience light-headedness, chills, or hot flashes. Accompanying the intense, escalating surge of physical arousal are feelings of terror and the belief that one is about to die, go crazy, or completely lose control. Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder in which the person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks. Sometimes panic attacks occur during stressful experience or during a stressful period of life. Catastrophic cognitions Theory- people with panic disorder are not only over sensitive to physical sensations, they also tend to catastrophize the meaning of their experience.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Model of Development of GA
An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety; also called free-floating anxiety. They feel constantly tense and anxious, and their anxiety is pervasive. They feel anxious about a wide range of life circumstances, sometimes with little or no apparent justification. Development can involve environmental, psychological, genetics, as well as biological factors. For example a brain that is wired for Anxiety can give a person a head start on developing GAD in later life, but problematic relationships and stressful experiences can make the possibility more likely. Importance of childhood experiences and life stress as trigger i. signs of problematic anxiety can be evident from a young age, such as in the example of a child with a very shy temperament who consistently feels overwhelming anxiety in new situations or when separated from his parents. In some cases, such children develop anxiety disorders such as GAD in adulthood. page 568 ii. usually first appears in childhood or adolescence
Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)
An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations paralyzed by fear of social situations in which she may be judged or evaluated by others
Specific Phobia-
An excessive, intense, and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is actively avoided or endured with marked anxiety.
Learning Perspective
Anxiety disorders are a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, and observational learning.
Biological perspective:
Anxiety disorders are explained by natural selection and adaptation, genetic inheritance of high levels of emotional reactivity, and abnormal responses in the brain's fear circuits.
Binge Eating Disorder
Binge eating disorder (BED) is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating without subsequent purging episodes.
Explaining & understanding mood disorders—biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences
Biological Influences: Genetic predispositions Changes in brain chemistry Brain damage due to stress and other factors Psychological Influences: Negative explanatory style Learned helplessness Gender differences Social-cultural influences: Traumatic/ negative events Cultural expectations Depression-evoked responses
Depressive Disorders
DSM-5 describes it as a serious, persistent disturbance in a persons emotions that causes psychological discomfort or impairs the ability to function, or both
Social Cognition in Schizophrenia
Emotion processing refers broadly to perceiving and using emotions adaptively. identifying emotions, facilitating emotions, understanding emotions, and managing emotions. Tests of social perception assess an individual's ability to identify social roles, societal rules, and social context. Attributions are causal statements that either include or imply the word ''because.'' Attribution bias or style reflects how people typically infer the causes of particular positive and negative events. Theory of mind refers to the ability to infer the intentions, dispositions, and beliefs of others. Common to test in children. The magnitude of the differences between patients and controls on social cognitive tasks is substantial. The distinction between neurocognition and social cognition depends mainly on the types of stimuli and the types of judgments being made. Social cognition in schizophrenia explains heterogeneity of functional outcome. Levels of social cognitive impairment is a key determinant of daily functioning in people with schizophrenia. Social cognition has significant relationships to both neurocognition and to community functioning. The modifiability of social cognitive impairments has been studied with two distinct approaches: pharmacological interventions and psychosocial interventions.
Type A Personality
Exaggerated sense of time urgency, trying do more and more in less time General sense of hostility, displaying anger and irritation Intense ambition and competitiveness Hostility component associated with heart disease Hostile Types A's react more intensely to a stressor than other people do Experience greater increases in blood pressure and heart rate
External locus of control, Internal locus of control (from lecture)
External Locus of control is one believes that they have little control over what happens to them-believe in luck or fate. Internal locus of control- one believes that they have control over what happens to them. Luck or fate has little to do with it. Sense of control decreases stress, anxiety, and depression. Perceptions of control must be realistic to be adaptive
(Psychology in the Real World) Positive Illusions: How Ordinary People Become Extraordinary: (Shelley E. Taylor)
In 1980, Taylor and a few other colleagues conducted an experiment with breast cancer patients, looking to understand what factors helped them cope with stress of the illness. Initial thoughts were that stress temporarily disturbs psychological functioning, which is then restored by coping efforts that help people return to their previous psychological state. Realized after many accounts of women's lives changing for the better, experience forced them to draw on strengths they did not know they had, identified with what was truly important. Women often developed positive illusions. In 1983, Taylor published a paper suggesting that "the ability to successfully cope with cancer depended heavily on restoring a sense of mastery, gaining a sense of meaning, and restoring self-enhancing self-perceptions. In 1988, Taylor, with another colleague, posited that positive illusions could be identified in ordinary people not going through as intense health problems, answer was yes. "Positive illusions typically stay within quite modest bounds largely because the feedback of the world is corrective" Origins of positive illusions are genetic factors and early family environment.
Panic Disorder—cognitive and biological (false-alarm theory) explanations
Klein proposed a "false suffocation alarm" theory of panic attacks, claiming that many spontaneous panic attacks are due to a "suffocation monitor" in the brain erroneously signaling a lack of useful air, and triggering an evolved "suffocation alarm system". He proposed that carbon dioxide acts as a panic stimulus because rising arterial CO2 suggests suffocation may be imminent."
Link between learned helplessness and depression
Learned helpless is a condition where a person has learned to act helpless. This motivational problem causes an individual who has failed over and over in the past to believe that he/she is incapable of doing better. This feeling of inadequacy and perceived loss of control can lead to depression.
Type B Personality
More easygoing, relaxed, laid back Not associated with heart problems. Believe in cooperative success. Most people fall in between Type A and Type B.
1. Define stress-
Negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope. Stressors; different types of stressors- events that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging and thus trigger stress response. different types- daily hassles, catastrophes, events/changes, social / cultural stressors like poverty, low social status, and discrimination
Personal control, Rodin & Ellen Langer study-
Nursing home residents who had opportunities to make choice (high control) were more active, alert, and healthier than those who did not (low control) Twice as many low control residents passed away
Seligman's Explanatory Styles (optimistic & pessimistic -from lecture)
Optimistic Explanatory Style Uses external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events Predicts better health outcomes—strong immune system Pessimistic Explanatory Style Use internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events Predicts worse health outcome Explanatory style is relatively stable, especially for negative events.
Trauma and Stressor related disorders: 2 types post traumatic stress disorders and traumatic stress disorders
PTSD: an anxiety disorder in which persistent symptoms of anxiety develop in response to an extreme physical psychological trauma symptoms of PTSD: frequent recollection of traumatic event avoidance of stimuli or situations that trigger recall of the event may feel alienated from others, blame himself or others for traumatic event, feel a persistent sense of guilt, fear, or anger increased physical arousal associated with anxiety
Body dysmorphic disorder
People with BDD can dislike any part of their body, although they often find fault with their hair, skin, nose, chest, or stomach. In reality, a perceived defect may be only a slight imperfection or nonexistent. But for someone with BDD, the flaw is significant and prominent, often causing severe emotional distress and difficulties in daily functioning. BDD most often develops in adolescents and teens, and research shows that it affects men and women almost equally
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), problems with the SRRS
Problems with the SRRS Early stress researchers (Holmes and Rahe,1967) believed any change that required you to adjust your behavior would cause stress. Developed the SRRS. is link between SRRS and physical and psychological problems is weak. Assumes that a given life event will have the same impact on everyone. Assumes that change in itself, whether good or bad, produces stress. Most researchers agree that undesirable events are significant sources of stress but that change in itself is not necessarily stressful.
Fight-or-flight response Stage
Rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people to either fight or take flight from an immediate threat. First described by Walter Cannon
Bulimia Nervosa
Recurring episodes of binge eating which is excessive intake of calories within a two hour period inability to control or stop the excessive eating behavior Recurrent episodes of purging: using laxatives, diuretics, self induced vomiting, or other methods to prevent gaining weight. stay within a normal body weight, and they recognize they have an eating disorder co-morbid with major depression Key Features Fear gaining weight Stay within in a normal weight range Recognize that they have an eating disorder Binges typically occur twice a week After bingeing, self-induced vomiting or by misuses of laxatives or enemas Repeated purging disrupts the body electrolyte balance, which is potentially fatal Self-induced vomiting erodes tooth enamel Co-morbid with major depression
Biological events that occur during anxiety
Role of GABA, emotional regions in the brain (amygdala and hypothalamus) Unlike other neurotransmitters, GABA has an inhibitory function - it tends to slow down neuron firing. Other neurotransmitters - adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate - have an excitatory function if a person is GABA deficient, their neurons are overly active which can cause anxiety
How do delusional disorders differ from schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality (psychosis), hallucinations (usually, hearing voices), firmly held false beliefs (delusions), abnormal thinking and behavior, reduced expression of emotions, diminished motivation, and problems in daily functioning, including work, social relationships, and self-care. While delusion disorder is having one or more false beliefs that last for at least one month. They can be ordinary things (such as being deceived by a wife) or unlikely things (such as having internal organs removed without leaving a scar).
Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, Brief Psychotic Disorder, Delusional Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa-
Severe/extreme disturbance in eating habits/caloric intake body weight that is 85% of what would be considered normal for the person's age,height, and gender and refusal to maintain a normal body weight intense fear of gaining weight/ becoming fat. A distorted perception about severity of weight loss/distorted self image such that skinny girl thinks she is morbidly obese Hormone levels drop, including levels of reproductive hormones→ reduced estrogen results in menstrual cycle stopping. In males decrease of testosterone disrupts sex drive and sexual function Develop a soft fine hair called Lanugo to maintain body heat co-morbid with major depression. Key Features Refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight Intense fear of gaining weight and becoming fat Distorted perception about the size of their body Denies the seriousness of weight loss
Diathesis Stress Model, Biopsychosocial model
The biopsychosocial approach holds that psychological disorders are the result of the intersecting influences of genetic predispositions and physiological states, inner psychological dynamics, and social and cultural circumstances.
Hormones involved in the stress response-
The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland The pituitary gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce the hormone corticosteroid Cortisol enables the body to maintain steady supplies of blood sugar Adequate and steady blood sugar levels help person to cope with prolonged stressor, and helps the body to return to normal The adrenal cortex releases stress hormones called cortisol. This have a number of functions including releasing stored glucose from the liver (for energy) and controlling swelling after injury. The immune system is suppressed while this happens.
Anxiety Disorders
The main symptom of anxiety disorders is intense anxiety that disrupts normal functioning. Anxiety puts you on mental and physical alert. Anxiety is maladaptive meaning pathological anxiety is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive. Anxiety disorders are among the most common disorders;they affect 1 in 4 people in the United States during their lifetime. Intense apprehension and worry
Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders: Challenging Conventional Wisdom
The posttraumatic model is highly supported, most common is childhood sexual abuse. People question the link between childhood abuse and dissociation because objective corroboration is lacking, majority is self-reported trauma, and researchers rarely controlled for overlapping conditions or symptoms
Cognitive Appraisal Model
Whether we experience stress depends on our cognitive appraisal of the event and the resources we have to deal with it.
Categories of symptoms of Major Depression (cognitive, behavioral, psychological, biological), gender differences
Women are about twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder women are more vulnerable to depression because they experience a greater degree of chronic stress in daily life combined with a lesser sense of personal control than men. Women are also more prone to dwell on their problems, adding to the sense of low mastery and chronic strain in their lives
Antisocial Personality Disorder
blatantly disregards or violates the rights of others; impulsive, irresponsible, deceitful, manipulative, and lacks guilt or remorse (psychopath/sociopath; serial killers)
somatic symptom disorder
characterized by the excessive worry or distress that is out of proportion to the seriousness of physical symptoms that are present
Hoarding
characterized by the persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of the value others may attribute to these possessions; DSM-5 because research shows that it is a distinct disorder with distinct treatments. Using DSM-IV, individuals with pathological hoarding behaviors could receive a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Somatoform Disorders
conversion Disorders and Pain Disorder
Why is it important to learn how to manage stress?
developing resilience, experiencing some stress was healthier than experiencing no stress at all. People who had to cope with a moderate level of adversity develop resilience. The ability to cope with stress and adversity, to adapt to negative or unforeseen circumstances, and to rebound after negative experiences.
Dissociative Identity Disorder,
dissociative disorder involving extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities or "personalities" (formerly called multiple personality disorder)
Borderline Personality Disorder
erratic, unstable relationships, emotions, and self-image; impulsive; desperate efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment; feelings of emptiness; self-destructive tendencies (cutting)
Illness anxiety disorder
excessive preoccupation with one's health and worry about illness despite the absence of serious physical symptoms
Types of Obsessions and Compulsions Trichotillomania (hair-pulling)
excessive pulling from the scalp and other portions of the body may collect pulled hair and return to examine or count the pulled hair hair pulling is worsened when one is anxious or stressed the hair pulling seems to temporarily reduce stress, thus is reinforced usually begins in childhood individuals recognize that the behavior is irrational but are unable to stop the behavior
Conversion Disorder
formally hysteria, One or more symptoms or deficits affecting voluntary motor or sensory function that suggest a neurological or other general medical condition Psychological factors are judged to be associated with the symptoms or deficit because the deficit is preceded by conflicts or other stressors The symptoms or deficit is not intentionally produced/forged
Narcissistic PD
grandiose sense of self-importance; exaggerates abilities and accomplishments; excessive need for admiration; boastful and pretentious
*Risk factors in schizophrenias
having a genetic predisposition, having a father who was 45 or older at the time of conception, exposure to an influenza virus or other viral infection during prenatal development or shortly after birth, brain structure abnormalities, dopamine hypothesis (excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine may be related to the disorder), those who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia are more affected by disturbed family environments which may lead to manifestation of disease ****Nature vs. Nurture genetic predisposition combined with disturbed family environment are good predictors of developing schizophrenia
General Adaptation Syndrome-Hans Selye- Effects of exposure to extreme stress
in Rats. adrenal glands become enlarged, stomach ulcers and loss of weight occurred, shrinkage of the thymus gland and lymph glands which are two key components of the immune system. GAS is a 3 staged progression of physical changes that occurs when an organism is exposed to prolonged stress. stage 1: Alarm- Intense arousal, Mobilization of physical resources(release of catecholamines), Arousal remains above normal. Stage 2: Resistance- Body actively tries to resist or adjust to the continuing of stressful event. Stage 3: Exhaustion- This leads to physical exhaustion and physical disorders, Symptoms of the alarm stage reappear,only now irreversibly, Energy reserves depleted and adaption begins to break down, leading to death.
Catatonia (Catatonic Schizophrenia)
includes extremes of behavior. At one end of the extreme the patient cannot speak, move or respond - there is a dramatic reduction in activity where virtually all movement stops, as in a catatonic stupor At the other end of the extreme they are overexcited or hyperactive, sometimes mimicking sounds (echolalia) or movements (echopraxia) around them - often referred to as catatonic excitement
Agoraphobia - symptoms and causes
involves fear of suffering a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms in a place from which escape would be difficult or impossible people with agoraphobia, imprisoned by their fears, never leave their homes.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and related disorders
is a disorder in which a person's life is dominated by repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions). Many people with obsessive-compulsive disorder have the irrational belief that failure to perform the ritual action will lead to a catastrophic or disastrous outcome Obsessions and compulsions Obsessions- repeated intrusive and uncontrollable irrational thoughts or mental images that cause extreme anxiety and distress (ex fear of dirt, pathological doubts) Compulsions- Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to prevent/reduce anxiety ****Role of the brain (caudate nucleus) It has been theorized that the caudate nucleus may be dysfunctional in persons with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), in that it may perhaps be unable to properly regulate the transmission of information regarding worrying events or ideas between the thalamus and the orbitofrontal cortex How are obsessions and compulsions linked? usually both obsessions and compulsions are present and the sufferer cannot resist them even though they know they are absurd
Manic episode
manic episode: A sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, and rapid thoughts and speech Often, he has grandiose plans for obtaining wealth, power, and fame words are spoken so rapidly, they're often slurred as the person tries to keep up with his own thought processes people can also run up a mountain of bills, disappear for weeks at a time, become sexually promiscuous, or commit illegal acts. the manic and depressive episodes of bipolar disorder tend to be much shorter—lasting anywhere from a few days to a couple of months
controversy over the increase in Dissociative
not all mental health professionals are convinced this is a genuine psychological disorder
3 clusters of Personality Disorders
o Odd, eccentric o Dramatic, emotional, erratic o Anxious, fearful
Schizotypal
odd thoughts, speech, emotional reactions, mannerisms, and appearance; impaired social interpersonal functioning; often superstitious
-Delusional disorders
one or more non bizarre or bizarre delusions that last for a month or longer. Functioning is not markedly impaired is not obviously bizarre or odd. If hallucinations are present they only correspond with the delusion and are not prominent erotomanic type: delusions that a prominent person, acquaintance or stranger is in love with them (claim the person needs to be rescued and they will send them gifts) grandiose type: delusions of inflated self worth ( likely to start cults if person is charismatic) jealous type: delusions that all of their romantic partners, past and present are unfaithful persecutory type: delusions that one is being mistreated in someway or plotted against (involved in political conspiracies) mixed type: mixture of any of the above
Pain Disorder-
pain in one or more anatomical site(s) is the predominant focus of the clinical presentation and is of sufficient severity to warrant clinical attention the pain causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social occupational or other important areas of functioning Psychological factors are judged to have an important role in the onset, severity exacerbation or maintenance of the pain normally caused by stress/stressor take them away and the pain goes away
Phobia
persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity Causes—biological preparedness, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and observational learning · Biological preparation—certain fears, such as to spiders or heights, have an evolutionary history; may represent a fear of contamination: spoiled foods, infection, parasites · Classical Conditioning—as seen in the Watson and Rayner demonstrations with Little Albert · Operant Conditioning—we are rewarded by reducing our conditioned fear by avoidance of the conditioned stimulus, an example of reinforcement · Observational Learning—we model and imitate the fears we see in others
Paranoid Personality Disorder
pervasive but unwarranted distrust and suspiciousness; assumes that other people intend to deceive, exploit, or harm them
Dissociative amnesia
refers to partial or total inability to recall important information that is not due to a medical condition - forgets personal info rather than general knowledge
Obsessive Compulsive
rigid preoccupation with orderliness, personal control, rules, or schedules that interferes with completing tasks; unreasonable perfectionism
Hormonal response to short term and long term stress
short term stress- increases respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, digestion is inhibited, pupils dilate. long term stress -increases release of stored energy, reduces inflammation and immune system response
DSM-5—positive & negative views-Criticisms
some conditions are too "normal" to be considered disorders (ect. Extreme sadness), use of arbitrary cutoffs to draw the line between people with and without a particular disorder, gender bias, oversimplification in that some groups of disorders have been collapsed into a single disorder, possible bias resulting from financial ties
Effects of stress on health
stress can indirectly affect health by promoting behaviors that jeopardize well-being; stress can also affect attention, concentration, memory, and decision making (resulting in increased chances of accident or injury) stress can directly affect health by altering body functions - leading to physical symptoms, illness, and disease
Walter Cannon
stress induces fight-or-flight response which activates sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system; because the stress response takes your body's energy reserves, you are less able to fight infection sympathetic nervous system secretes catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) which activates FOF response
Dissociative fugue
suddenly and inexplicably travels away from home, wandering to other cities or even countries
Biopsychosocial Model of Health
the belief that physical health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
Health Psychology
the study of how psychological factors influence health, illness, and health-related behaviors.Seery- high and low levels of cumulative adversity were associated with poor health outcomes. People who live under difficult conditions experience chronic stress. Also important to manage stress so burnout is less likely. Stress can indirectly affect a person's health by promoting behaviors that jeopardize physical well-being, such as not eating or sleeping properly. Stress can directly affect physical health by altering body functions, leading to symptoms of illness or disease.
Munchausen Syndrome
those affected feign disease, illness, or psychological trauma to draw attention,sympathy, or reassurance to themselves. It is also sometimes known as hospital addiction syndrome, thick chart syndrome, or hospital hopper syndrome Munchausen syndrome by proxy, which refers to the abuse of another person, typically a child, in order to seek attention or sympathy for the abuser. It is an obsessive want to create symptoms for the victim in order to obtain repeated medication or even operations
Cognitive appraisals of stressful events, effects on stress-
whether we experience stress depends largely on our cognitive appraisal of an event and the resources we have to deal with the event If we think that we have adequate resources to deal with a situation, it will probably create little or no stress in our lives. if we perceive our resources as being inadequate to deal with a situation we see as threatening, challenging, or even harmful, we'll experience the effects of stress.
Feeding and Eating Disorders
·Involve serious and maladaptive disturbances in eating behavior, including reducing food intake, severe overeating, obsessive concerns about body shape and weight Ninety to 95 percent of the people who experience an eating disorder are female Includes Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa