psychology final

Define personality

Aspect of personality that is stable across time and across many situations

What is the main principle of cognitive therapy?

Combination of cognitive and behavioral approaches

Dialectical behavior therapy

Common for treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder

What characterizes people with generalized anxiety?

Persistent worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities Individual finds it difficult to control the worry (uncontrollable!) Worry is associated with three or more of the following symptoms: • Restlessness• Fatigue• Difficulty concentrating • Irritability • Muscle tension • Sleep disturbance Anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause significant distress or impairment

halo effect, be able to recognize examples

The tendency to let the overall impression of an individual color the way in which we feel about their character.• We use a global characteristic (such as attractive or likable) to determine specific traits (such as outgoing or kind

Which type of drugs could be used to treat delusions and hallucinations?

Antipsychotics

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Define interpersonal therapy

Focus on patterns of interpersonal functioning Focuses on how early childhood experiences played a role in the development of interpersonal patterns. Focus on the therapist-client relationship

Define delusions

Ideas that an individual believes to be true but that are highly unlikely or impossible

Which of the following is the best example of a compulsion?

Jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked.

Confidentiality

Means the therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so

Which of the following is NOT one of the modules included in Dialectical Behavior Therapy?

Medication management

Antianxiety

Reduce symptoms of anxiety

what is groupthink?

The modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus.

Diffusion of responsibility is a phenomenon that occurs when:

There are several witnesses to an event and nobody takes action, believing another witness will take action

Define obsessions

Thoughts, urges, or images that are persistent and intrusive

Foot-in-the-door example

You convince a friend to let you borrow $100 dollars after the friend has already loaned you $20. A friend asks you to borrow a sweater, to which you agree. The next week she asks to borrow an entire outfit and shoes, to which you also agree.

If Kelly has bipolar disorder, then she ____.

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Schizophrenia is a _________ disorder.

psychotic

The self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to our internal or personal factors and negative outcomes to _.

situational or external factors

Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or gets someone to speak for her. Once, Anna had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. Anna is most likely exhibiting symptoms of:

social anxiety disorder

Define prejudice

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one's membership in a particular social group.

What is a confederate?

A researcher who pretends to be a participant

Cluster A Personality Disorders

Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders People with an odd-eccentric personality disorder may exhibit mild signs

Cluster B Personality Disorders

Cluster B Personality Disorders: Dramatic-Emotional People with dramatic-emotional personality disorders tend to have unstable emotions and to engage in dramatic and impulsive behavior.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful Personality Disorders People with the anxious-fearful personality disorders are often anxious or fearful.

Asch experiment what did the study illustrate

Conformity occurs for two main reasons: Normative Influence: We want to fit it ("I just did not want to be ridiculed") Informational Influence: We believe the group must be more informed or understand better than we do ("I thought they were right.")

____ are ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely and often simply impossible.

Delusions

A situational attribution looks at external factors, while a __________ attribution looks at __________ factors.

Fundamental; internal

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

Group polarization

How did Sherif resolve the intergroup conflict in his Robbers Cave experiment

He had the boys solve problems together.

Broad categories for symptoms of PTSD

R is for reexperiencing A is for avoidance N is for negative cognitions A is for arousal

Three essential features of anorexia nervosa

Restriction of energy intake Fear of gaining weight or behavior to prevent weight gain Disturbance in self-perceived weight or shapeDisturbance in self-perceived weight o

What is comorbidity?

co-occurrence of two disorders

Roscoe suffers from cocaine use disorder as well as bipolar disorder. The fact that he has two psychiatric diagnoses at once would make his a ________ situation.

comorbid

Marty is worried that she is going to get sick and die. So, to get rid of these thoughts, she washes her hands dozens of times a day to get rid of germs that might make her ill. Her hand-washing is known as

compulsion

A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

In addition to treating anxiety, benzodiazapines are commonly used to help people

feel relief from depression.

Example of individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures

individualist culture are more likely to value their own well-being over the good of the group. contrast this with a collectivist culture where people might sacrifice their own comfort for the greater good of everyone else.

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Martha and Mikey go to meet with a psychotherapist and other parents to learn about their adult son's symptoms of schizophrenia. They spend time discussing the illness, learning to understand his challenges, and getting information about how to most effectively help him recover. This approach is called a ________ group.

psychoeducational

Some people with eating disorders eat a large amount of food and then _______ to rid themselves of whatever they have just eaten.

purging

People who have such a severe fear of being embarrassed in public that they avoid situations in which they would have to interact with others would most likely be diagnosed with___________.

social anxiety disorder

What are the four D's of abnormality?

Dysfunction,Distress,Deviant,Dangerous

How could you increase the likelihood that you could get help in an emergency situation?

Eliminate Uncertainty Use the word "Help" Identify a specific person

What is bipolar disorder?

Experience mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Example of the self-serving bias

If you get an 'A' in the course, you are likely to explain the grade by taking credit. You might say that you are smart, that you're just a natural at the material, or that you have a disciplined character.

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?

In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.

Know the big 5. You will have a question asking you to identify which trait is being discussed.

Openness versus closedness to experience Conscientiousness versus undependability Extraversion versus introversion Agreeableness versus antagonism Negative emotionality versus emotional stability

Which of the following therapeutic techniques involves creating a hierarchy of feared situations?

Systematic desensitization

Ruth is afraid of being in large open spaces. She is especially worried that she will not be able to leave the area if she begins to panic. Ruth is most likely experiencing

agoraphobia.

People diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD):

are often excessively worried about almost all situations.

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

borderline personality disorder

The primary goal of classical psychoanalytic therapy is to

bring unconscious material into the conscious mind.

What might help prevent groupthink?

consulting a third party (outside the group) leader withholds their opinions during the brainstorming process.

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

What was the main idea of the Robbers Cave Experiment

how to resolve conflict in between two groups of boys at summer camp.

At the most basic level, schizophrenia is best conceptualized as a(n) ________ disorder.

psychotic

All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder

recurrent, distressing, intrusive memories. hypervigilance avoidance of situations associated with the traumatic event.

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

The main focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy is what?

maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.

Dissociative identity disorder was formerly known as what?

multiple personality disorder

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

confidentiality

A person filled with grandiose self-esteem, displaying rapid speech and impulsive behaviors, and showing an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week is exhibiting symptoms of

mania manic

What is the primary treatment used for biological approaches?

medication

A technique designed by Aronson and Bridgeman in an effort to increase success in desegregated classrooms. Students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different abilit

jigsaw classroom

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a mean person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.

the fundamental attribution error

Psychosis refers to knowing the difference between _________________.

what is real and what is unreal

Milgram Study

"teacher" administered what he or she thought were real shocks to a "learner" The participants were told to shock the learners if they gave a wrong answer to a test item—that the shock would help them to learn. The participants believed they gave the learners shocks, which increased in 15-volt increments, all the way up to 450 volts. The participants did not know that the learners were confederates and that the confederates did not actually receive shocks.

How many personality disorders does the DSM-5 identify? How many clusters are there?

10;3

What is the most current edition of the DSM?

5th edition

The primary goal of psychoanalytic therapy is what?

A theory of personality and psychopathology Help clients: Bring unconscious material into the conscious mind. Maladaptive coping strategies

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors.

Anxiety

Group polarization example

As they embarked upon deliberations, nine jurors were leaning towards finding a defendant guilty while three jurors thought the defendant was not guilty. It was observed that during deliberations, the nine who believed the defendant was guilty tended to confer, while the three who believed he was innocent also discussed more with each other. This resulted in the jury members each becoming more entrenched in their initial positions than they had been before.

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

Biological approaches focus on _________ imbalances.

Biochemical

Cognitive techniques are often combined with behavioral interventions to produce which treatment modality?

CBT

Define catatonia

Disorganized behavior that reflects unresponsiveness to the environment

Core characteristic of bulimia is:__________

Recurrent episodes of binge eating. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain Binging and compensatory behaviors occur on average at least once a week for 3 months Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight

Antidepressant

Reduce symptoms of depression

Lithium

Reduce symptoms of mania Usually used to treat Bipolar

Antipsychotic

Reduce symptoms of psychosis

Which of the following BEST describes the bystander effect?

The tendency for people to not help if there are other witnesses around

What is an intake?

he therapist's first meeting with the client. • The therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs, such as the presenting problem, difficulties/symptoms, the client's support system, and more

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Nathan appears to suffer from ________ personality disorder.

narcissistic

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

Identify general symptoms of a manic episode

persistently elevated mood, feelings of grandiosity, overenthusiasm, racing thought, rapid speech, and impulsive actions

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Other specified disorder and unspecified disorder What are these diagnoses?

Used when symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment but do not meet full criteria

Example of the fundamental attribution error

Your classmate failed a course that you are both enrolled in. She missed several classes due to illness and her work schedule has made it hard to catch up. You are unaware, and you explain the grade as a result of her lazy character.

Define depersonalization/derealization

Depersonalization: experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer Derealization: Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings

Symptoms/criteria for major depression

Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day Psychomotor agitation or slowing Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness and/or guilt Trouble concentratingSuicidal ideation