Psychology Final
what is white matter?
"axons" or nerve fibers that transmit information between neurons to distant regions of the brain
more on Turman's study
- none of his samples grew up to be Einsteins, and those w/ the highest IQ's became no more illustrious than those who were only moderately gifted -Terman's findings have been confirmed by other studies also
oral language skills
- part 1 of pre-reading skills, deals with: -vocab -syntax -narrative structure -the understanding that language is used to communicate
resilient children depends on
- temperament - compensating experiences ( supportive school/home environment) -reduced risk (have only been exposed to one of a number of risk factors)
permissive parent
- value self expression and self regulation -make few demands and allow children to monitor their own activities -rarely punish -warm and non controlling -children tend to be immature, the least self controlled, and the least exploratory
Diana Baumrind study
-103 preschool children -measure how children were functioning -identified 3 parenting styles -described typical behavior patterns of children raised according to each parenting style -established strong associations between each parenting style and a particular set of child behaviors
galloping
-Children begin at age 4 -get better by age 5 -quite skillfull by age 6 1/2
Theory of sexual selection
-Darwin's theory -children develop gender roles in preparation for adult mating and reproductive behaviors -men tend to seek as many partners as possible-- b/c it enables them to compete for mates and for control of resources and social statue
profoundly gifted children
-IQ of 180 or higher, are more likely to have social and emotional difficulties than less highly gifted - feeling different and socially isolated, they may try to hide their gifts
cultural influences
-TV is a major transmission of cult. attitudes toward gender -social cog. theory predicts children who watch a lot of tv will become more gender typed by imitating the models they see on screen -childrens books are a source of stereotypes
Social Learning Approach
-Walter Mischel -children acquire gender roles by imitating models and being rewarded for gender appropriate behavior -behavioral feedback paired with direct teaching by parents and other adults, reinforces gender typing
night terror
-a child screams -child can't remember it the next day -occurs towards beginning of sleep cycles -due to child eating/watching something PERHAPS -mostly occur between ages 3-13 -affect boys more than girls
what are some other options for challenging students?
-ability grouping w/i classroom -dual enrollment (high schoolers taking classes @ college) -magnet schools -specialized schools for the gifted
unpopular children...
-aggressive -hyperactive -inattentive -withdrawn -insensitive to other people's feelings -want to be with the opposite sex
children with sleep problems often have...
-allergies -ear infections -hearing problems
what is fast mapping?
-an immediate connection with words and their meanings -some children w/ language delays may have problems w/ this and need to have new words repeated more often than other kids before they can work it into their daily vocab
parenting and popularity
-authoritative parents tend to have more popular than authoritarian -children of authoritarian parents are likely to threaten or act mean towards other children
what are the positives of intelligence tests?
-because IQ tests have been standardized and widely used, there is extensive information about their norms, validity, and reliability -fairly good predictors of school achievement -IQ at age 11 has been able to predict length of life
what did the study of boys and girls age 6-17 show?
-boys have a greater loss in gray matter and growth in white matter and corpus callosum fibers -Girls showed these changes also, but at a slower rate
How can adjustments to kindergarten be eased?
-by allowing preschoolers and parents to visit before start of kindergarten -shortening school days earlier in the school year - having teachers make home visits -holding parent orientation sessions - keeping parents informed on what is going on
How are children's food choice influenced?
-by the media -by being so busy you only have time to order a pizza -by buying stuff from the school vending machine, which is often unhealthy
what might environmental contaminants play a role in?
-certain childhood cancers -neurological disorders -ADD -mental retardation
impact of a mother's work depends on these factors
-child's age -sex -temperament -personality -full time/part time job -supportive/unsupportive partner -SES -after school care the child receives
ways to conceive if you are gay/lesbian
-children from previous heterosexual marriages -artificial means -sperm donor -adopt -surrogate
what happens when self esteem is contingent on success?
-children may view failure or criticism as an indictment of their worth and may feel helpless to do better -tend to be demoralized when they fail
what are some environ. factors that might influence a LD?
-complications of pregnancy -injuries post birth -nutritional deprivation -exposure to lead
by interacting with peers, children ...
-develop skills needed for sociability and intimacy and gain a sense of belonging -motivated to achieve -attain a sense of identity -leadership and communication skills -understand rules -frees them to make independent judgements -helps them learn how to get along in society (how to adjust their needs to the needs of others)
perceived popular children
-dominant -arrogant -aggressive -physically attractive -athletic -good academic ability
Single Representations
-first stage of the shift in thinking from age 5-7 -statements about oneself are one-dimensional -thinking jumps from particular to particular w/o logical connections -cannot decenter - cannot acknowledge real self vs ideal self
Preschool in China
-focuses on academics
what did the national survey of US 9-13 year olds and their parents find?
-found that 38.5% reported participation in an organized sport outside of school hours -about twice as many children participated in unorganized activity like biking and shooting baskets
girls differences from boys
-from infancy on girls are better able to pay attention to inhibit inappropriate behavior -tend to use more responsive language like praise, agreement, acknowledgement, and elaboration
what are some known causes of mental retardation?
-genetic disorders -traumatic accidents -prenatal exposure to infection/alc -environ. exposure to lead/mercury
In regards to forming relationships/friendships...
-groups naturally form within children who live near each other or go to the same school -often consists of children of the same sex , age, race, SES
characteristics of gifted children
-grow up in rich families -very intellectually/artistically stimulated -parents devote themselves to nurturing child's gifts while also allowing independence
skipping
-harder than galloping -most kids can't until 6 yrs old
Preschool in USA
-have followed a child-centered philosophy stressing social and emotional growth, in line with children's developmental needs -some based on Piagetian or Montessori methods
sociometrically popular children
-have good cognitive abilities -high achievers good at solving social problems -help other children -provide emotional support -others enjoy being with them
characteristics of children living with married parents
-have more daily interaction with parents -are read to more often -progress more steadily in school -participate more in extra currics
some factors that may be associated with speech and language delays are...
-hearing problems -head and facial abnormalities -pre mature birth -SES -family history
From an evolutionary standpoint, what are some adaptive benefits of rough and tumble play?
-hones skeletal and muscle development -offers safe practice for hunting and fighting skills -channels aggression and competition -by age 11 it often becomes a way to est. dominance within the peer group
play
-important to healthy development of body and brain -enables children to engage w/ world around them -contributes to all domains of development
How do Euro-Am children usually describe themselves?
-in terms of personal attributes and beliefs -in terms of personality traits and tendencies -tend to put themselves in an unqualifiedly positive light
What are children exposed to parental smoke at risk of?
-increased risk of respiratory infections -ear problems -worsened asthma -slowed lung growth -second hand smoke can lead to pre mature death
girls play...
-intimate conversations characterized by prosocial interactions and shared confidences -engage in cross gender identities (team sports)
enuresis
-involuntary urination - often done during the night by children -affects boys more than girls -more than 1/2 outgrow this by age 8 w/ no help -< 1% of bed wetters have physical disorders -runs in families -identical twins more likely to have it than fraternal twins -75% of bedwetters have close family who also wets bed -usually lacking hormone that concentrates urine during sleep
where can children get elevated concentrations of lead from?
-lead-contaminated food -airborne industrial wastes -putting contaminated fingers in their mouth -inhaling dust -playing with paint chips
homeschooling
-legal in all 50 states -main reasons parents gave in a study about why they homeschool their kids is b/c of unsafe learning environment in the local schools and the desire to provide religious or moral instruction
girls in school
-less likely to repeat grades -have fewer school problems -outperform boys in national reading and writing assessments
characteristics of children w/ LD's
-less task oriented -more easily distracted -disorganized -less likely to use memory strategies
what are characteristics of good after school programs for children?
-low enrollment -low ratios -educated staff
Peer influences
-major influence on gender-typing -influence increases w/ age -peers show more disapproval to boys who act like girls than girls who are tomboys -generally peer and parental attitudes reinforce each other
Kindergarten in US today
-more like first grade used to be -children spend less time on self-chosen activities and more time on worksheets and preparing to read
What do the most successful Head Start programs consist of?
-most parental participation -best-trained teachers -lowest staff-child ratios -longest school days/weeks -most extensive services
piaget says that the shift from rigid illogical thinking of younger children to the flexible logical thinking of older children depends on both __________
-neurological development -experience in adapting to the environment
self esteem before the 5-7 shift?
-not necessarily based on reality -children of this age tend to accept judgements of adults -tends to be all or none
Goals of Project Head Start
-not only to enhance cognitive skills, but also to improve physical health and to foster self-confidence, relationships with others, social responsibilities, and a sense of dignity self-worth for the child and the family
what kind of changes are being proposed to make sure kids are eating healthier?
-nutrition education in schools (when combined w/ parental education) -changes in school lunch menus -changes in food-labeling -taxes on unhealthy foods -restrictions on foods provided by govt. supported school lunch programs -regulation of food advertising directed toward children -requiring restaurants to list nutrition info on menus
Montessori Preschools
-part of a worldwide movement -method enables children to learn indep.. and at their own pace -they work with self-chosen tasks -teachers serve as guides -older children help younger ones
David Elkind's "hurried child"
-pressure of modern life forces children to grow up too soon and are making their childhood too stressful
What are some details about Synthetic Growth Hormone Therapy?
-purpose has been controversial -approved by Food and Drug Administration in 2003 for healthy children whose projected growth rate is too slow to reach a normal adult height
testosterone
-related to aggressiveness in adult animals - relationship to aggressiveness in humans is less clear -hormonal influences are hard to disentangle from genetic or later environmental influences -testosterone levels do NOT appear to be related to aggression in childhood
what kind of sleep problems are common during these years?
-resistance going to bed -insomnia -daytime sleepiness
Girls and weight gain
-retain more fatty tissue than boys **this will continue into adulthood
children look for friends who are.....
-same age, sex, ethnicity, and interests -unpopular children find friends among younger children , other unpopular children, or children of a different school
what did the national survey on physical play find?
-school age children spend less time each week on sports and outdoor activities than in the early 1980s -they spend more time on HW -on avg. they spend 12-14 hours a week watching TV and playing computer activities
Biological Approach
-scientists have identified more than 50 genes that may explain differences in anatomy and function between the brains of female and male mice -if similar genetic differences exist in humans than sexual identity may be hardwired into the brain even before sexual organs form and hormonal activity begins
representational mapping
-second stage of the shift in thinking from age 5-7 -begin to make logical connections between one aspect of himself and another -image of himself is still expressed in completely positive, all or nothing terms -can't see how one might be good at some things and bad at others
Evolutionary Developmental Approach
-sees gendered behavior as biologically based w/ a purpose -children's gender roles underlie the evolved mating and strategies of males and females
what do the temporal and parietal lobes deal with?
-sensory functions -language -spatial understanding
characteristics of parents who have achieving children
-set bed times -provide a blasé to study -monitor TV -set meal times -show interest by asking how their day was -monitoring what the child is doing after school
influences of psychosexual behavior
-sex chromosome genes -brain structure -family dynamics -social circumstances -prenatal androgen (male sex hormones) exposure
Mildred Parton study
-she identified 6 types of play ranging from least-most social -found that as children get older, their play tends to become more social -today many researchers view Parten's study as too simplistic b/c children of all ages engage in all of Parten's categories of play
psychoanalytic approach
-sigmund freud -gender identity occurs when child identifies with same-sex parent
What did the study of sleep patterns of 7-12 year olds find?
-significant gender and age differences -older children went to sleep later and slept less (1 hour less for 12 yr olds than 7 yr olds) -older children reported more morning drowsiness and were more likely to fall asleep during the day -girls slept longer and more soundly than boys
Gender-Schema Theory
-similar to cognitive development theory -views children as actively extracting knowledge about their gender before engaging in gender-typed behavior -places more emphasis on the influence of culture **once children KNOW what sex they are, they begin to develop a concept of what it's like to be male or female in their culture
what do learning disabilities interfere with?
-speaking -reading -listening -writing -math
through play children...
-stimulate senses -exercise muscles -coordinate sight w/ movement -gain mastery over their bodies -make decisions -acquire new skills (negotiation and conflict resolution)
Boys differences from girls
-superior motor performance (especially after puberty) - more physically aggressive after age 2 - more active and take more intense pleasure in physical activity
characteristics of children living with single parents
-tend to be economically disadvantaged -often receive poorer parenting (b/c parents are struggling to maintain the household) -have emotional insecurity due to witnessing parents fight
Charter schools
-tend to be smaller than regular public schools -unique philosophy, curriculum, structure, or organizational style
what are the negatives of IQ tests?
-tests underestimate the intelligence of children who are in ill health or do not do well on tests -because tests are times, they equate intelligence with speed and penalize a child who works slowly and deliberately - do not measure native ability
Factors that influence child development in middle childhood
-the atmosphere within the home (loving?) -how to parents handle children's need to make decisions? -Family economic situation -Parent careers
What happens if the initiative vs guilt stage and purpose isn't achieved?
-the child might grow into an adult who is constantly striving for success or showing off -is inhibited and unspontaneous -self righteous and intolerant -suffers from impotence or psychosomatic illness
what have studies found about boys?
-they benefit from having a step father -they don't adjust to divorce/separation as well as girls
what have studies found about girls?
-they see a step father/boyfriend as a threat to close relationship with the mother
How do Chinese children usually describe themselves?
-they talk more about social categories and relationships -describe specific, overt behaviors -tend to describe themselves more neutrally
representational systems
-third stage of the shift in thinking from age 5-7 -takes place middle childhood -begin to integrate specific features of the self into a general. multidimensional concept -self descriptions become more balanced and realistic
nightmare
-towards end of sleep cycle -child can remember dream -often occur after staying up too late -seeing scary movies/hearing scary stories -consistent nightmares may signal excessive stress in child
authoriative parent
-value a childs individuality but also stress social constraints -have confidence in their ability to guide children but they also respect the childs independent decisions, interests, opinions, and personality -loving and accepting but demand good behavior -impose punishment when necessary -children feel secure in knowing both that they are loved and what is expected of them -kids tend to be the self-reliant, self controlled ,self assertive, exploratory, and content
authoritarian parenting
-value control and unquestioning obedience - try to make children conform rigidly to a set standard of conduct and punishing them for violating it -children tend to be more discontented , withdrawn, and distrustful
what long term health benefits does regular physical activity have?
-weight control -lower blood pressure -improved cardiorespiratory functions -enhanced self esteem and well being
parents self efficacy...
...affects their success in raising children
children adopted in infancy...
...are least likely to have adjustment problems
students who are high in self efficacy...
...are more likely to succeed than students who do not believe in their own abilities
children are more likely to bicker with...
...same sex siblings
children who are close to their divorced, authoritative fathers...
...tend to do better in school and are less likely to have behavior problem,s
the more time children spend watching TV at bedtime...
...the more likely they are to: -resist going to bed - be slow in falling asleep - be anxious around bedtime - wake up early
openly gay or lesbian parents...
...usually have positive relationships with their children
advocates of English immersion claim that...
..the sooner the children are exposed to english and the more time they spend speaking it, the better they learn it
1 in ____ children in adolescence has a diagnosed mental illness severe enough to cause some impairment
1 in 10
as children get older, about ___ in ____ get less sleep on weekends
1 in 4
if symptoms of traumatic events last more than ____ month(s) the child should recieve counseling
1 month
<___% of US children are mentally retarded
1%
2 ways to classify play
1) cognitive complexity 2) social dimension
4 levels of pretend play
1) functional play 2) constructive play 3) dramatic play 4) games w/ rules
what would a pk-3 program offer?
1) offer pre-k to all 3 & 4 year olds 2) require full-day kindergarten 3) coordinate and align educational experiences and expectations from pre-k thru 3rd grade this would be done by a curriculum based on children's developmental needs and abilities
what happens in the initiative vs guilt stage?
1. The conflict arises from the growing sense of purpose 2. This spurs a child to plan and carry out activities 3. From this, we observe the growing pangs of conscience the child may have about such plans 4.. Helps teach young children that some of the things they want to do don't always meet social approval 5. Children who learn how to regulate these opposing drives develop the virtue of purpose
children's response to a traumatic event occurs in two stages ...
1. fright . disbelief, denial, grief 2. anxiety , fear, withdraw
popularity can be measured in two ways...
1. sociometric popularity (asking which peers you like most and least) 2. perceived popularity (asking which children are best liked by their peers)
about _____ of preschoolers resist going to bed at night
1/3
about how many preschoolers wake up at least once during the night?
1/3
many older school-aged children get at least ____ of their calories from snacks
1/3
about ______ of preschoolers-first graders show signs of the "helpless" pattern
1/3-1/2
6 out of _____ us tv program portray violence, usually glamorized
10
9 year olds usually sleep_______ a day
10 hours
about ____% of schoolchildren's free play in early grades consists of rough and tumble play
10%
what is the recommended number of hours of sleep a first-fifth grader should be getting?
10-11
children spend _____% of time playing w/ objects
10-15
5 year olds usually sleep ______ a day
11 hours
by age 5 how long is a child averaged to sleep for?
11 hrs
today, the average 10 year old weight about ______ pounds more than the average 10 year old 40 years ago
11 pounds
in the US, only ___% of parents of school-aged children think their child has a sleep problem
11%
in 2000, ____% of students in US were receiving special edu. services
13.3%
traditional IQ score for giftedness
130 or higher
_____% of children awaken during the night in need of help
14%
____% of children live in blended (step) families
15%
6-19 years old
15% of ____-____ year olds , predominantly boys, have some hearing loss
gender differences increase from ages 6-_______
17 ( peaking between 11-17)
about ____% of adoptions are transracial
17%
in 2004, ___% of US children were living in poverty
17%
_____% of children snore
18%
In US in 2004, ______% of children lived in food-insecure households
19
in 2004 more than _____% of US children spoke a language other than English at home
19%
what age do children begin to jump with both feet?
2 1/2
According to studies, at ages ___ and ____ participants scored higher on standardized developmental/vocab tests and were at less risk go slow development than children not in a compensatory program
2 and 3
what combo is most likely to quarrel?
2 brothers
Scribble stage
2 years old, the scribbles aren't random but rather identified as the 20 basic scribbles (zig zags, vertical lines etc)
Children grow about _____ inches per year between ages 6-11
2-3
With each year during early childhood, how many inches does a child usually grow?
2-3
more than _____ of children in poor urban areas enter school unprepared to learn
2/3
in 2001, ____% of US children live in households w/ no father
20
Worldwide, an estimated _________ children are considered obese
22 million
none
22.6 % of 9-13 year olds engage in _____ free time physical activity
about ____% of adolescents report to be in self care
23%
how many calories on average do schoolchildren need per day?
2400 (more for older, less for younger)
____% of children of divorce reach adulthood with serious social, emotional or psychological problems
25%
______% of children worldwide are moderately or severely underweight
27
In 2004, _____% of Hispanic children were living in poverty
29%
____% of children have difficulty getting up in the morning
29%
at age _____ children were less aggressive, more attentive to play things, and more positively engaged with their parents
3
egocentric
3 years olds failure to recognize false beliefs may stem from _____ thinking
according to a sampling in Scotland, many _______ have mostly sedentary lifestyles
3-5 year olds
to avoid overweight and prevent cardiac problems, young kids should only get about ______ of their total calories from fat
30%
to avoid overweight and prevent cardiac problems, children should get only about _____% of their total calories from fat and <10% of the total calories from saturated fat
30% from fat 10% from saturated fat
in _________% of cases the cause of mental retardation is unknown
30-50%
In 2004, ___% of black children were living in poverty
33%
on average, children spend about _____ hours a day watching TV
4
when is thumb-sucking an ignorable habit?
4 yrs and below
With each year during early childhood, how many pounds does an average child gain?
4-6
-doing things together, liking and caring for each other, sharing and helping one another, and living nearby or going to the same school
4-7 year olds rated the most important features of friendships as ______
>____% of US children have a TV in their bedroom
40%
only ___% of 4 year olds can throw a ball well only ___% of 4 year olds can catch well
40% 30%
_______% of kids w/ untreated language delays may experience long term cognitive, social, and emotional troubles
40-60%
_____% of children regularly stall going to bed
42%
about ____% of children repeat kindergarten
5
malnutrition is the underlying cause in more than half of all deaths before the age of_______
5
children whose schooling is delayed lose ____ IQ points a year
5 IQ points
Children living with single mothers were nearly ____times more likely to be poor than children living with married couples
5 times
children as young as ___ or ____ can accurately report depressed moods and feelings that forecast last trouble
5-6
about _____% of preschool children show speech and language delays
5-8%
two specific genes related to depression..
5-HHT: helps to control the brain chemical serotonin and affects mood SERT-s: controls serotonin and is associated with enlargement of the pulling (negative emotions)
What is a normal adult height for a woman?
59 inches
in 2003 ____% of children used the internet
59%
from kindergarten through ________ grade, children advance steadily in understanding memory
5th grade
grammar is complex by age _____
6
between ages _____, striking growth takes place in connections between the temporal and parietal lobes
6 and 13
after age ___ or ___, most children become less aggressive as they grow less egocentric, more empathetic, cooperative and communicative
6 or 7
___ to_____ year olds need more flexible rules, shorter instruction time, and more free time for practice than older children
6 to 9
at ages ___ to ____ girls and boys are pretty equal in weight, height, endurance, and motor skills development
6 to 9
about ____% of student population are considered gifted
6%
by age __or___ kids can count in their heads
6-7
almost _______% of US children aged 3-11 are exposed to second hand smoke
60
_____% of children go to full day kindergarten
60%
What is a normal adult height for a man?
63
Results from a National Survey of 10,445 US parents found that...
65% of children ages 6-17 have dinner each night w/ at least 1 parent AND 75% talk to a parent at least once a day
in 2004, ___% of children lived with two married parents (whether biological or adoptive or step)
67%
in 2002 about ____% of public elementary and secondary schools had special programs for gifted children
68%
by age ___or____ children typically are aware of feeling shame and pride (and they know the difference between guilt and shame)
7 or 8
when do children reach the third Piagetian stage of self concept?
7 or 8
___% of public school population are defined as ESL learners
7%
not until age ____ did children say that they would feel ashamed or proud of themselves even if no one saw them
7-8
what IQ indicates mental retardation?
70 or less, coupled w/ a deficiency in age-appropriate behavior appearing before 18 yrs old
what is the IQ of a borderline mentally retarded person?
70-85
in 2005, _____% of US moms with kids under 18 were in the workforce
70.5%
fully ______% of gender differences are small and some change with age
78
_____% of children from 2 right handed parents are left handed
8%
fruit, juice, sweetened beverages should be limited to ____ oz per day
8-10
____% of the population is right handed
82
Average weight for a boy at age 10
85 pounds
according to US govt. report, ____ of girls and ____ of boys are read to at home @ least 3x per week
86% of girls 82% of boys
in 1970, ____% of children lived with two married parents
87%
Average weight for a girl at age 10
88 pounds
by age ___, children can count up from a smaller number or down from the larger number to get the answer
9
first-fifth graders average _______ hours a day
9 1/2
13 year olds usually sleep_______ a day
9 hours
___% of US single parent households are led by father
9%
about ____% of school age children report to be in self care
9%
in 2003 ____% of US children used computers at home/school
91%
-individuality -choice -freedom
American parents value ___
study found that the lowest achieving children had what kind of parents?
Authoritarian, these are the parents who kept after children to do HW, supervised closely, and relied on extrinsic motivation
(boys, girls)have more friendships but they tend to be less intimate and affectionate
BOYS
fewer _____, ________, ________ children used computers than white and Asian children
Black, Hispanic, American Indian
who is most at risk for accidental injuries?
Black/Latino families who might have poorer health care
English Immersion Approach
ESL, language minority children are immersed in English from the beginning, in special classes.
neglectful/uninvolved -parents who , because of stress or depression, focus on their own needs rather than the child's
Eleanor Maccoby and John Martin added a fourth parenting style....____
Dual Language Learning Approach
English speaking and foreign speaking children learn together in their own and each other's languages.
Initiative vs Guilt
Erik son's third stage of psychosocial development
t/f negative outcomes for children in one parent families are absolutely inevitable
FALE, far from inevitable
t/f studies have found MANY negative effects on height, weight, body-mass, or neurological development from a low-fat diet
FALSE
t/f the US has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world
FALSE we have one of the highest
t/f parental intolerance of negative emotion DOESN'T relate to parent child conflict
FALSE, it does
T O F: home environment does not contribute to the development of executive skills
FALSE, it does contribute
T O F: there are no gender differences in pragmatics
FALSE, there are gender differences
T O F half of all cases of mental disorders begin by age 10
FALSE- AGE 14
T O F boys are more susceptible to depression
FALSE- girls
identifies 7 different types of intelligence -conventional intelligence tests only tap three intelligences ( linguistic, logical-mathematic, and spatial) -there are 4 more.... musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist) -high intelligence in one area does not mean high intelligence in another
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
Wechler
IQ test used for special education children; fairly good predictor
convergent thinking
IQ tests measure this, it seeks a single, correct answer
evaluation of Montessori Preschools found that...
In an urban setting where the children were randomly picked for enrollment, 5 yr old Montessori students were better prepared for elementary school in reading and math than children who attended other schools
What kinds of attitudes are positively associated with test scores?
Interest, attention, and active participation
plants to the qualities of living things
Israel children were less likely than US and Japanese children to attribute _________, due to their culture
individual test for ages 3-18 -designed to evaluate diverse cognitive needs and abilities in children with autism, hearing impairment, and language disorders from various cultures and backgrounds
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
moral wrongness of behavior that hurts other people
Kindergarteners whose mothers report using reasoning are more likely to see the ____
dramatic play @ age 2
LARGELY imitative, often initiated by caregiver
who is most likely to repeat kindergarten?
LOW SES kids, those who didn't attend preschool, hose with developmental delays
Better
Low SES children did (better or worse) than high SES children if they outgoing temperament, warm mothering, and a stimulating home
What ethnicity is especially prone to overweight?
Mexican-American boys
150 minutes
National association of state boards of education recommends ___ minutes of physical education each week for elementary schools
intelligence test that has levels for kindergarten through 12th grade -children are asked to classify items , show an understanding for verbal and numerical concepts , display general information, and follow directions
Ottis-Lennon School Ability Test
_______ suggested that a child's application of a concept or scheme becomes more automatic
Robbie Case
what is the primary language these 19% speak?
Spanish
TRUE
T O F: asthma is the third leading cause of hospitalization of children under 18 in the US following pneumonia and injuries
FALSE
T O F: girls are more likely to be injured than boys
false: brief
T O F: illness in middle childhood tends to be long
TRUE
T O F: lack of access to insurance and health care accounts for only o\part of the disparity in disadvantaged children health
TRUE
T O F: most children have keener vision in middle childhood than when they were younger
TRUE
T O F: there is virtually no risk of infecting classmates
FALSE
T O F: treating obesity is easier and less costly than prevention of weight gain
TRUE
T O False: childhood obesity is a stronger predictor of some diseases than adult obesity
true
T OR F : passing fears are common in early childhood
TRUE
T OR F, only children perform slightly better than children with siblings and are more motivated to achieve
TRUE
T OR F: 3-4 understand that people are alive and rocks and dolls are not
True
T OR F: Three years olds are not as ecocentric as new borns
FALSE : Piaget
T OR F: Vygotsky followed the question/ answer approach
true
T OR F: boys are more likely than girls to have language delays and have trouble with fast mapping
False: children under 6
T OR F: children under 10 can not distinguish between thoughts or dreams and real physical entities
FALSE -causes are uncertain but a genetic predisposition is likely to be involved
T OR F: genetics have nothing to do with asthma
TRUE
T OR F: in all cultures , boys are more physically and verbally aggressive than girls
TRUE
T OR F: magical thinking in children age 3 and older does not seem to stem from confusion between fantasy and reality
True
T OR F: most 5 years olds can adapt what they say to what the listener knows ; can use polite speech when talking to adults
TRUE
T OR F: most kids who are infected with HIV who reach school age function normally their their quality of life may be effected
true
T OR F: obese children tend to become obese adults
TRUE
T OR F: preschoolers usually like to play with kids their own age and sex
FALSE -also has genetic and environment sources
T OR F: temperament plays the only role in aggression
FALSE; the children who try to lose weight are not always the ones who need to do so
T OR F: the children who try to lose weight are always the ones who need to do so
TRUE
T OR F: the choice and effectiveness of a disciplinary strategy may depend on the parents personality, the childs personality and age, and the quality of their relationship
FALSE
T OR F: the kind of talk a child hears at home will not effect the child's learning of mental states
FALSE: they always catch up
T OR F: those who speak late never catch up
TRUE
T OR F; preschool children prefer prosocial playmates
FALSE
T OR FALSE; preschoolers act the same with people who are their friends and those who are not
FALSE, preschoolers think that thinking starts and stops
T or F: preschoolers thing that thinking always continues
T O F about half of bullies say they are victims as well
TRUE
T O F anxiety disorders run in families
TRUE
T O F anxiety disorders tend to run in families and are twice as common in girls than among boys
TRUE
T O F anxiety in children has increased greatly
TRUE
T O F biases diminish with age
TRUE
T O F both bullies and victims exhibit pyschological problems and both tend to be disliked
TRUE
T O F children imitate filmed models even more than live ones
TRUE
T O F highly aggressive children are more effected by media violence than are less aggressive children
TRUE
T O F lower SES children have greater and more fears than higher SESS children
TRUE
T O F many children with separation anxiety also show symptoms of depression
TRUE
T O F risk factors for victimization seem to be similar across cultures
TRUE
T O F some degree of conformity to group standards is healthy
TRUE
T O F temper tantrums and defiant behavior typically are outgrown
TRUE
T O F: amount of gray matter is largely inherited
TRUE
T O F: boys are more aggressive than girls
TRUE
T O F: children concepts of friendship and the ways they act with their friends change with age
TRUE
T O F: children learn to add and subtract through concrete experience in a cultural context
TRUE
T O F: children's communication was more collaborative when working with a partner of their own sex
TRUE
T O F: high SES strengthens genetic influence
TRUE
T O F: peer rejection and friendlessness in middle childhood have long term affects
TRUE
T O F: school age children care less about having many friendships than about having a few close friends they can rely on
TRUE
T O F: there is a direct correlation between gray matter in the brain and intelligence
TRUE
T O R :today, school children may not be advancing as rapidly through page's stages as their parents did
TRUE
T OR F more than half of the people in the US have tv sets
TRUE
T o F: experience takes a role in the development of space and causality
TRUE
t/f children who have early reading difficulties are NOT necessarily condemned to failure
TRUE
t/f heredity plays a major role in language development/speech problems
TRUE
t/f scientists have identified significant linkage between levels of gender constancy and various aspects of gender development
TRUE
in 2002 the federal Bilingual Education Act was eliminated because of?
The No Child Left Behind Act
What is the whole language approach based on?
The belief that children can learn to read and write naturally
What happened between 1971-1974 and then 1988-1994?
The number of US children ages 6-18 w/ untreated cavities dropped almost 80%
what is the most effective way to ensure that gains achieved in early intervention and compensatory education programs are maintained?
Through a PK-3 approach
the specific causes of childhood depression are ....
UNKNOWN
what is the most widely used individualized test of intelligence?
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children -for ages 6-16 -measure verbal and performance abilities -pin points a child's strength and diagnoses problems
Vygotsky
Who believes that IQ tests aren't an accurate representation of intelligence ; not in favor or traditional IQ tests; wants to help the child in order for them to get to the next level
2-3 year olds
__-__ year olds know when two words refer to the same object
5-8%
__-__% of preschool children have language delays
12.7%
___ % of US children up to age 17 had been diagnosed with asthma at some time
ethnic minority
___ is not a risk factor in health but is associated with low income
3 out of 4
___ out of ____ preschoolers have mutual friendships
60%
___% of all children experience coverage gaps of at least 4 months
13%
___% of children under 18 are estimated to be blind or to have impaired vision
33%
___% of children with chronic health problems are underinsured
5-7 year olds
___-___ year olds: more adult like in language; declarative sentences; rarely use passive voice; conjunction; don't know all points of a language
40-60%
___-___% of children with early language delays if left untreated may experience far reaching developmental problems
black
____ children are 20% more likely to be diagnosed with asthma
weight reduction through dietary modification and regular exercise
____ is the primary treatment for overweight related hypertension
Stanley Hall
_____ claimed that being an only child is damaging
aggression
_____ is an acceptation to the generalization that boys and girls are more similar than different
2.2 million
_____ million children under age 15 are living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); these children are at high risk for developing AIDS
50%
_____% of the children in North and South America are overweight
Freud
_______ claims that only children were at risk for problems of sexual identity
what happens when self esteem is high?
a child is motivated to achieve
play therapy
a child plays freely while being observed by a therapist and is occasionally suggested things or asked questions
what type of child makes the most academic progress?
a child who is involved with what is going on in class
studies have shown that...
a coherent philosophy of education may work better than attempt to blend diverse approaches and that a child-initiated approach seems more effective than an academic approach
Project Head Start
a compensatory preschool program, federally funded program launched in the 60's
what do some evolutionary theorists see the evolution of gender roles as?
a dynamic process
nightmares
a frightening or unpleasant dream - not as severe
fast mapping
a new concept is learned based on only a single exposure to a given unit of information; hearing a word once and understanding or beginning to recognize the word
PK-3 Approach
a systematic program extending from pre-k-3rd grade
What kind of diet do nutritionists recommend?
a varied diet including plenty of -grains -fruits -veggies -high levels of complex carbs **can be found in potatoes, pasta, bread, cereal
competence
a view of the self as able to master skills and complete tasks
according to sternberg, everyone has three kinds of______
abilities
symbolic function
ability to use symbols or mental representations ; without symbols, people could not communicate verbally
When is hopping officially mastered?
about 4
19%
about _____% of school age children in 2003-4 were overweight
what is the leading cause of death after infancy?
accidents
centration
according to Piaget , what is one of the main characteristics of preoperational thought
does SES make a difference in spatial ability?
according to a study of urban children, yes
Prosocial Children
act appropriately in social situations, are relatively free from negative emotion, and cope with problems constructively
hostile aggression
action intended to hurt another person
cooperative parenting
active consultation between a mother and a nonresident father on parenting decisions
children living with divorced mothers....
adjust better when the father pays child support
when do some gender differences become more pronounced?
after age 3
What age does a healthy diet for a child become the same as an adult's?
age 2
at what age are all primary teeth in place?
age 3
when do children feel comfortable alternating feet going up the steps?
age 3 1/2 **until about 5 years, they don't feel comfortable going downstairs this way
Design stage
age 3, right after shape stage, kids combine two basic shapes into more complex patterns
Shape Stage
age 3, when the child draws the six basic shapes
at what age do children usually stop using a full car seat?
age 4 (then booster seats are used)
when do daytime naps usually stop?
age 5
when do permanent teeth start to appear?
age 6
when do primary teeth begin to fall out?
age 6
at what age will children begin to describe themselves in generalized traits, recognize he can have conflicting emotions, and be self-critical?
age 7
factors that make a difference for children living w/ single parents
age, development, financial status, father involvement
when do children begin to show a hand preference?
ages 3-6
instrumental aggression
aggression aimed at achieving an objective
50-60%
aggression is __%-____% heritable
20%
aggression is ____% genetic
instrumental aggression
aggression used as an instrument to reach a goal (most common type)
disruptive conduct disorders
aggression, defiance, antisocial behavior
what environmental aspect is associated with increased risks of death and of chronic respiratory disease?
air pollution
pretend play
also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginary play; children may make an object represent or symbolize something else, such as a person
constructive play
also called object play, is the use of objects or materials to make something like a house of blocks
Dramatic play
also called pretend play, fantasy play, or imaginative play, involves make believe objects or roles, it rests on symbolic function which develops during end of 2nd year
What do these brain development changes result in?
an increase in the speed and efficiency of the brain processes
transitional objects
an object that proves comfort for a child - when they go to bed they take a blanket to help them go to sleep
what are the three aspects of intelligence?
analytic, creative, practical
What happens when parents respond with disapproval to their children?
anger and fear may become more intense and may impair social adjustment, or the child may become anxious about their feelings
drug therapy
anti depressants/ stimulants -very controversal -suicidal results from the medication especially in the early months of treatment
victims tend to be...
anxious, depressed, cautious, quiet, argumentative, provocative
What does the Dual Language Approach avoid?
any need to place minority children in separate classes
children show biases toward children who...
are like themselves
Parents who live in poverty
are likely to become anxious and depressed and irritable, they may become less affectionate and less responsive to children and may discipline harshly
when do children usually articulate a concept of self worth?
around age 8 **younger children often show by their behavior that they have one
When does white matter growth in these regions of the brain stop?
around the end of the critical period for language learning
words
as children develop more self control dn become better able to express themselves verbally, they typically shift from showing aggression with blows to showing it with _____
understanding of the causes of health and illness and of how people can promote their own health
as children's experience with illness increases, so does their ___
what happened to the social learning theory?
as cognitive explanations have come forward, the traditional social learning theory has lost favor
less physical and more verbal
as the younger sibling reaches age 5, the siblings become less _____ and more ____
30%
asthma is ____ more common in boys
4-5
at 4-5 years old, they use __-__ words sentences
4-5
at 4-5 years old, they use __-__ words sentences (declarative or imperative)
How fast are primary teeth replaced by permanent teeth?
at a rate of about 4 teeth per year for the next 5 years
900-1000
at age 3: average child can use about ___-___ words
20,000
at age 6, the child has a passive vocabulary of _____ words
2600
at age 6: a child can use about _____ words
3
at age __, they begin to use plurals, possessives, and past tense
encoding
attaches a code or label to something so you can find it easier
episodic memory
awareness of having experienced an event at a specific time and place
Metacognition
awareness of one's own thinking processes
why do men tend to seek as many partners as possible?
b/c it enables them to compete for mates and for control of resources and social status
why do most people favor their right side?
b/c left hemisphere of brain (which controls right side of body) is usually dominant
why are some people left handed?
b/c some people's brains are less asymmetrical and the right hemisphere tends to dominate...this makes them lefties
why do women not do this?
b/c they invest more time and energy into pregnancy and can bear only a limited number of children..so each child's survival is really important to her
corpus callosum
band of tissue joining the left and right hemispheres, size differences in it are correlated with verbal fluency
deferred imitation
based on having kept a mental representation of an observed action; becomes robust after 8 months
number sense
basic level of number skills includes, counting, number knowledge, number transformations, estimation, and recognition of number patterns; develop by the time they enter school
why is writing difficult for young children?
because it requires the child to judge independently whether the communicative goal has been met. Also the child must be aware of spelling, grammar, punctuation etc.
what is one reason these sleep problems may be occurring?
because many children as they get older are allowed to set their own bedtimes
why do African American girls and boys tend to grow faster than white children?
because of the loss of density grey matter, and an increase of density of white matter
what are some long term affects for synthetic growth hormone therapy?
because the treatment is relatively new, no known long term effects yet
emotional understanding...
becomes more complicated with age
functional play
begins in infancy, consists of repeated practice in large muscle movements ex: rolling a ball
behavior therapy
behavior modification -uses principles of learning theory to eliminate undesirable behaviors or to develop desirable ones -more effective than nonbehavioral ones
what are gender roles?
behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills and personality traits that a culture considers appropriate for males and females
what does development of the sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex permit?
better coordination between what children WANT to do and what they CAN do
when does the shift from socially guided to self regulation of gender behavior in socialization happen?
between 3-4 years
according to longit. studies, when are changes in relationships among siblings most likely to occur?
between 7-9
when should a child first visit the dentist?
between ages 4-7
3-5
between ages __-__, they understand that thinking goes on inside the mind
2.5 and 5
between ages ____ & ____, children commonly struggle over toys and control of space and therefore instrumental aggression surfaces mostly during social play
Which approach does the public turn against?
bilingual education
children in _________ often outperform those in all-English programs on tests of English proficiency
bilingual programs
In a long. study_______ were more likely to live with grandparents than children in other ethnic groups
black children
_______ children score about 15 points lower on IQ Tests than white children
black children
(boys, girls) tend to make more controlling statements and more negative interruptions
boys
(boys,girls) are more apt to receive less emotional support from their friends than girls do
boys
Do boys or girls have slight advantage where weight/height gain is concerned?
boys
Which gender has the most confidence in their abilities?
boys
are boys or girls more likely to be late talkers?
boys
are boys or girls more likely to be overweight?
boys
do boys or girls participate more in rough and tumble play?
boys
which gender finds it harder to adjust to divorce?
boys
which gender has an advantage in spatial skills?
boys
which gender is a reading disability more frequent in?
boys
who is more likely to be left handed?
boys
groups of (boy, girls) tend to pursue gender typed activities
boys -play in large groups with well defined leadership hierarchies and nagged in more competitive and rough and tumble play
by age 5, what does the brain look like?
boys: 10% larger b/c more of the gray matter in the cerebral cortex girls: have greater neuronal density
between ages 5-7, the ________ undergo significant development and reorganization
brains frontal lobes
Representational System
broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate various aspects of the self
Lewis M Turman
brought Binet test to US, did a longitudinal study that identified more than 1500 Cali children w/ IQ's of 135 or higher (appx. top 1% of intel. ability) and the study demolished classic nerd stereotype....these children were healthier, taller, better coordinated, better adjusted, and more popular than the avg. child and as a group their cognitive, scholastic and vocational superiority have held up into adulthood
Pictorial stage
by age 4-5, children begin to aim for realistic portrayal and lose concern with form and design
1-10
by age 5, children know the relative size of number 1-___
5
by age ___ , most kids can count to 20
6
by age ___ vision usually is more acute and because the two eyes are better coordinated so they can focus better
6
by age ___, children are more likely to be afraid of the dark
4
by age ____, they understand that people have different beliefs about the world
what is another way neuroscientists measure brain development?
by changes in the thickness of the cortex
80,000
by high school years, the child can use _____ passive words
when are children aware of their culture's rules for emotional expression?
by middle childhood
When do emotions directed towards the self (guilt, shame, pride) start to develop?
by the end of the third year
solitary play
can be a sign of shyness, anxiety, fear, social rejection
harsh punishment
can be counter productive b/c children who are punished harshly may have trouble interpreting other's actions and words
what are the main factors driving obesity?
can be hereditary, but main factors are environment
Constructive family conflict
can help kids see the need for rules and standards
illogical
centration causes the child to come to _____ conclusions
what are factors in a child's adjustment to divorce?
child's age/maturity gender temperament psychosocial adjustment before divorce
overweight parents or other relatives
children are more likely to be overweight if they have ...
Bilingual Education
children are taught in two languages, first learning in their native language w/ others who also speak it, and then switching to regular classes in english when they become more proficient
3
children begin to have friends at age ___
What happens at around age 3?
children begin to take on the slender, athletic appearance of childhood -potbelly tightens -trunk, arms, and legs grow longer -head is still large, but now more proportionate with rest of body
self efficacy
children growing sense of their ability to master challenges and achieve goals
analysis of physical and legal custody found that...
children in L/P custody were better adjusted and had better family relationships than children in sole custody
sometime between 18 months and three years
children learn to distinguish between real and imagined events at what age
Benefits of Head Start
children make gains in vocab, letter recognition, early writing and early math, tend to score better on early intelligence tests
Advocates of Bilingual Education claim that...
children progress faster academically in their native language and later make a smoother transition to all English classrooms
6
children under ___ tend to be farsighted
globally gifted
children who are gifted in every subject, some students excel in one subject but not in another, or may be great at art but have a low IQ etc.
self efficacy
children who believe that they can master schoolwork and regulate their own learning
200
children who eat out consume an estimated ____ more calories a day than when the same foods are eaten at home
sociable and competent
children who fight the most tend to be the most ______
Children who attend newer state-sponsored programs tend to show better cognitive and language skills and do better in school than...
children who needed but didn't attend compensatory programs
4.6
children who watch tv 5 hours a day are ___ times more likely to be overweight as those who watch no more than 2 hours
10 school days 20 days of limited activity
children with asthma miss an average of ___ school days each year and experience ___ days of limited activity
what is self esteem based on?
children's growing cognitive ability to describe and define themselves
Weak points of Head Start
children's readiness skills remain far below average and the advantage on scoring better on intelligence tests disappears when elementary school begins
according to Erikson, what is a major determinant for self esteem?
children's view of their capacity for productive work
asthma
chronic respiratory disease apparently allergy based and characterized by sudden attacks of coughing wheezing and difficulty breathing -narrowing of airways when a sufferer inhales certain substances such as smoke -increasing world wife
what 6 basic shapes does a child draw?
circles, squares, rectangles, triangles, crosses, X's, and odd forms
the ability to see the relationship between a whole and its parts
class inclusion
what is gray matter?
closely packed neuronal bodies
children cannot be or have true friend until they achieve _______
cognitive maturity to consider other peoples views and needs as well as their own
Gender consistency
comes about at around 3-7, it is the realization that a girl remains a girl even if she has short hair and wears pants and a boy is a boy even if he has long hair and wears earrings
divergent thinking
comes up w/ a wide array of fresh possibilities, tests of creativity call for divergent thinking
Gender stability
comes when a girl realizes she will grow up to be a woman and a boy realizes he will grow up to be a man **children @ this stage may base judgments about gender on superficial appearances and stereotyped behaviors
what is the virtue that emerges from industry vs inferiority?
competence
analytic aspect of intelligence -determines how efficiently people process information -tells people how to solve problems
competential component
the effects of persistent poverty can be_______
complex
interdependent aspects of self
compliance with authority and appropriate conduct, humility, and a sense of belonging to the community
estimating the sum in an addition problem
computational estimation
ordinality
concept of comparing qualities; infants as young as 4 1/2 months have rudimentary concept of numbers; begins at 12-18 months
at the age of 7, children enter the stage of _____
concrete operations -they can use mental operations to solve concrete problems -can now think logically because they can take in multiple aspects of a situation -thinking is still limited in the here and now
separation anxiety
condition involving excessive anxiety for at least 4 weeks concerning separation from home or from people to whom the child is attached ( only normal in infancy)- decreases with age
agency adoptions
confidential, no contact between birth mother and adoptive parents, identity of birth mother is key secret
what should a bedtime include?
consistency, 1-2 books then lights out, no stalling!!!
practical -determines how people deal with their environment -ability to size up a situation and decide what to do
contextual element
to add 5 and 3 they start counting at 5 then go on to 6,7,8 to add 3
counting on
three mountain task
created to study egocentrism; a child sits facing a table that holds three large mounds of sand, a doll is placed at the opposite side of the table and the investigator asks the child how the mountains would look to the doll
tendency to include questions that use vocabulary or call for information skills more familiar to some cultural groups than others
cultural bias
Joint custody
custody shared by both parents, can be good if both parents can cooperate
How long must the therapy be continued?
daily, for 4-7 years
what are the most consistant fears at all ages
danger and death -reflects the high rates of crime and violence in society
ability to focus on both length and width
decenter
the child sounds out the word, translating it from print to speech before retrieving it from long term memory -child must master the phonetic code that matches the printed alphabet
decoding
what are the two ways a child can identify a printed word?
decoding virtually based retrieval
______ reasoning includes... - starts with a general statement about a class and applies it to particular members of the class
deductive reasoning
Enrichment
deepens knowledge and skills through extra classroom activities, research projects, field trips, or expert coaching
Culture and its role in child development
defines rhythms of family life and roles of family members
Standford Binet test
defining words/building blocks/identifying missing parts; IQ tests at age 5 tend to be fairly reliable in predicting future success and measure intelligence; yields separate sections of verbal and non verbal
What does Head Start provide?
dental and medical and mental health care, social services, and at least one hot meal a day
those children who saw themselves as targets of discrimination tended to show ....
depressive symptoms or conduct problems during the next 5 years
body image
descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance
inductive techniques
designed to encourage desirable behavior by reasoning with a child -setting limits -demonstrating good behavior
How effective is the whole language approach?
despite popularity, research has found little support for it
what does brain imaging of dyslexic children reveal?
differences/underactivity in regions of the brain activated during the processing of spoken and written language as compared with normal readers
childhood depression
disorder of mood that goes beyond normal temporary sadness
JP Gilford
distinguished two kinds of thinking convergent and divergent
characteristics of children in single parent families
do fairly well tend to lag socially and academically behind peers w/ two parents families **true for kids born out of wedlock and those whose parents are divorced
handedness
dominance of one hand over the other
boys use bullying as a way to ....
dominate in peer groups
children ________ their weight during the period of 6-11 years old
double
shape and color
due to understanding of identities, the child can now make distinction between 2 criteria: _____ & _____
according to evolutionary theory, when do male aggressiveness and female nurturant develop?
during childhood as preparation for their adult roles
when do most children acquire a more sophisticated understanding of conflicting emotions?
during middle childhood
When does a synthetic growth hormone produce the most rapid growth in height?
during the first two year of life
based on Vygotskys theories emphasize potential rather than present achievement -see to capture the dynamic nature of intelligence, offer and alternative to traditional static tests that measure a child's current abilities -contain items up to 2 years above child's current level of competence
dynamic tests
what is the most common learning disability?
dyslexia
when do most adult teeth arrive?
early in middle childhood
- efforts of parents, schools, physicians, communities, and the larger culture
effective weight management programs should include:
children associate items with something else like a story
elaboration
what affects readiness for kindergarten and strongly predicts school success?
emotional and social adjustment
Individuals w/ Disabilities Education Act
ensures a free, individualized public education for all children w/ disabilities
ethnic differences in IQ are largely associated with _______
environment
IQ
environment, maturity, temperament, pre literacy skills, SES, ease in testing, and culture are all influences on ____
what is the third stage of moral reasoning?
equity -become capable of formal reasoning -everyone should be treated alike -takes specific circumstances into account -2 year old who spilled must be help of lower consequences than a 10 year old
persistant developmental stuttering (PDS)
especially noticeable at the beginning of a word or phrase or in a long complex sentences -70% for monozygotic twins and 30% for dizygotic twins and 18% percent for same sex siblings GENETIC COMPONENT
obesity & antibiotics
evidence points to an association between ________&______ and asthma
the conscious control of thoughts , emotions, and actions to accomplish h goals or solve problems
executive function
insightful and creative element -determines how people approach novel or familiar tasks -allows people to compare new info with what they already know and to come up with new ways of putting facts together
experiential element
what is the most common mnemonic strategy among both children and adults?
external memory aids -prompts by something outside the person
what are the 4 types of mnemonic strategies?
external memory aids, rehearsal, elaboration, & organization
social phobia
extreme fear and avoidance of social situations (GENETIC)- increases with age
irreversibility
failure to understand that a operation or action can go in two or more directions
t/f SES is the only factor in school achievement
false
t/f high creativity and high intelligence go hand in hand
false
t/f sleep problems are NOT highly correlated with psychological and behavioral problems
false, they ARE
t/f active children DON'T tend to become active adults
false, they DO
what factor is associated with sleep quality?
family stress
anxiety or odd disorders
feeling sad , depressed, unloved, nervous, fearful, or lonely
night terrors
feelings of great fear experienced on suddenly waking in the night.
Estrogens
female hormones, they tend to have less of an effect on boys' gender typed behavior
what has dramatically reduced incidence of tooth decay since the 70's?
fluoride and improved dental care
longitudinal Iowa study
followed children from age 1-5, found that consumption of regular soda pop, powdered beverages and 100% juice increased risk of tooth decay
Finland Longitudinal Study
followed kindergarteners until second grade, found that those who had mothers who said things like "I am soo disappointed in you" but were also highly affectionate towards their children, tended to have more behavior problems Why? prob because their emotional self worth was based off of maternal approval
art therapy
for kids who have had emotional trauma or have limited verbal or conceptual skills, this helps them express their feelings without using words
what are the primary elements of art?
form and design
egocentrism
form of concentration where they believe everything revolves around them
Longitudinal Tennessee Study
found lasting academic benefits for students randomly assigned to classes of about 15 kids in grades k-3rd and a greater likelihood of finishing HS
summer school study w/ first graders
found that first graders who attended summer instruction in reading and writing @ least 75% of the time outscored 64% of their peers who did not participate
Longitudinal study of 152 single African American mom headed families
found that mothers who, despite economic stress, were emotionally healthy and had relatively high self esteem tended to have academically and socially competent children who reinforced the mothers' positive parenting
Longitudinal study of 1364 families of mixed SES
found that transitory poverty during child's first four years was less damaging to long term cognitive and social development than later or chronic poverty
Julian Stanley
founded the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth
cognitive development - as they mature, their explanation for disease change - before middle school children are egocentric and they believe that illness is magically produced by human actions, often their own - later they explain disease as the doing of all powerful germs -as they approach adolescence, they realize there are multiple causes of disease and that people can do a lot to stay healthy
from a piagetian perspective, childrens understanding of health and illness is tied to...
social speech
gearing speech to be heard by a listener
what is one factor of a LD?
genetics
extrinsic motivation
get money or treats for good grades and punishment for bad ones
(boys, girls) phrase their marks in a more tentative , conciliatory way
girls
which gender develops more effective strategies for learning?
girls
which gender has better classroom behavior?
girls
which gender tends to do better in school?
girls
which gender tends to do better on timed tests?
girls
relational /social -damaging or interfering with relationships , reputation, or psychological well being
girls are more likely to engage in ______ aggression
girls and socialization
girls have more freedom than boys in their clothes, games, and choice of playmates
7.7
girls who are overweight before puberty are ___ times more likely than their peers to be overweight as an adult
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
girls with this have high prenatal levels of male sex hormones and although they are raised as girls, they tend to develop into tomboys
what do recess games promote?
growth in agility and social competence and foster adjustment to school
SMPY men...
had gone in to more math and science careers than SMPY women
Mexican American girls at age 6...
have a higher percentage of body fat than white girls that are the same size
open adoptions (independent adoptions)
have become more common, parents share info about child or have direct contact
African American girls at age 6....
have more muscle and bone mass than white or Mexican American girls
Children from Head Start and other compensatory programs are less likely to....
have to repeat a grade, be placed in special ed classrooms, and are more likely to finish High school than low-income children who didn't attend a program
what can enhance reading comprehension?
having students recall and summarize and ask questions about what they read
What does Kohlberg say about gender constancy?
he says the acquisition of gender roles hinges on gender constancy (also called sex-category constancy), which is a child's realization that his or her sex will always be the same
what would a defender of traditional development approach to preschool say about his case?
he would say academically oriented programs neglect young children's need for exploration and free play and that too much teacher-centered instruction may stifle kids interest and interfere w/ self initiated learning
very high levels of blood lead contamination may lead to...
headaches, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, lethargy, agitation etc.
specific language skills
help in decoding the printed word
what does metacognition monitor?
helps children monitor their understanding of what they read and enables them to develop strategies to clear up any problems
how does emotional regulation help children?
helps them guide their behavior and contributes to their ability to get along with others
what are some roles that come into play where illnesses are concerned?
heredity, environmental factors
hypertension
high blood pressure is also called; termed an "evolving epidemic"
what causes giftedness?
high levels of performance require strong intrinsic motivation and years of rigorous training **motivation and training will NOT produce giftedness unless the child is endowed with unusual ability
the_____ a family's SES the ______ a child is going to be for school
higher more ready
biosocial theory
holds that psychological aspects of gender arise from interaction between physical characteristics of the sexes, their development, and that societies in which they live
inconsistency in the development of different types of conservation
horizontal décalage
45-60 min
how long does the standford binet test take
23000
how many children suffer each year to serious brain injuries from bicycle accidents? -88% of these can be prevented by wearing helmets
body image
how one believes one looks
some children are ___ but not____
hyperactive but not inattentive
what do many say is the only real solution to a high failure rate?
identify at-risk students early and intervene before they fail
clay is the same clay even though it has a different shape
identity
drug treatment can be considered
if blood pressure does not come down after the primary treatments, what can you do?
when might children be better off with a divorce?
if parental conflict is overt or destructive
How can a growth disorder arise?
if the body fails to produce enough growth hormone
________ may contribute to the mastery of conservation tasks
improvements in memory
Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Theory
in Kohler's theory, GENDER KNOWLEDGE PRECEDES GENDERED BEHAVIOR, and children actively search for cues about gender in their social world
what is some evidence in support of the evolutionary theory?
in all cultures, women tend to be children's primary caregivers
what is one reason that grandparents are playing a bigger role in child raising?
in developing countries, rural parents migrate to find work and children need to be taken care of, also AIDS wipes out parents all over the world, leaving the children up to the grandparents
children tend to best in which kind of household?
in families with two continuously married parents rather than cohabiting, divorced, single parent or step families
when does socialization begin?
in infancy
when do problems sometimes surface for adopted children?
in middle childhood when kids become more aware, affects more boys
in which model does gendered behavior PRECEDE gender knowledge?
in the Social Learning Approach
21%
in the US , ___% of children under 18 have no siblings in the home
what is some evidence against the evolutionary theory?
in the US and other Western societies today, men have greater involvement in child raising than in the past
where do most accidental injuries occur?
in the home
longitudinal TV study
in this study, it was found that the content of tv shows viewed @ age 2-4 predicted academic skills 3 yrs later
How does gender constancy seem to develop?
in three stages 1) Gender identity 2) Gender stability 3) Gender consistency
some children are _____ but not ______
inattentive but not hyperactive
withdrawal of love
includes ignoring , oscillating, or showing dislike for the child
what is the second stage of moral reasoning?
increasing flexibility -ages 7-11 -as children interact with more people and come into contact with a wider range of viewpoints, they begin to discard the idea that there is a single standard of right and wrong -develop their own sense of justice based on fairness or equal treatment for all -can make more subtle moral judgments
systems of action
increasingly complex combinations of motor skills that permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment
What kind of aspect do European Parents usually advocate for?
independent aspects of the self
independent aspects of the self
individuality, self-expression, and self-esteem
what kind of techniques (inductive/deductive) are parents of school age children likely to use?
inductive
______ reasoning includes.. -observations about particular members of a class or people or things -draw generic conclusions about the class as a whole
inductive reasoning
What is the central issue of middle childhood?
industry vs inferiority
what are the characteristics of games played at recess?
informal and spontaneous
voluntary suppression of unwanted responses
inhibitory control
Do children learn more in full day kindergarten?
initially yes, but by the end of third grade the amount of time spent in kindergarten makes no big academic difference
aggression
insecure attachment and lack of maternal warmth and affection in infancy predict _____
Robert Sternberg maintains that ______ and _______ are inextricable linked
intelligence and culture
power assertion
intended to stop or discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parent control -includes demands , threats, withdraw of priveliges , spanking
what kind of aspect do Chinese parents usually advocate for?
interdependent aspects of self
which seems more effective, intrinsic or extrinsic?
intrinsic
stuttering
involuntary audible or silent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables - usually begins at ages 2-5 - by fifth grade, it is 4 times more common in boys than in girls -5% of children stutter for a period of 6 months or more but 3/4 of these children recover by late childhood - only 1% of these kids have this long term problem -regarded as a neurological condition -no cure
what does Emotional Self Regulation entail?
involves voluntary control of emotions, attention and behavior
what was the SMPY?
it allowed highly motivated 12 and 13 year olds who qualified to take AP summer courses @ universities and can apply for very early college entrance, Stanley looked for the top .001% of students and rather than measure it off of IQ, he had the kids take the SAT to identify smart math ppl. later the program was extended to gifted verbal kids
when divorced parents re marry other people...
it can increase stress on children
what can lead poisoning lead to?
it can seriously affect cognitive development and can lead to neurological and behavioral problems
divorce and adolescents
it increases the risk of antisocial behavior and dropping out of school in teens
What is the newer social cognitive theory all about?
it is an expansion of the social learning theory except it incorporates some cognitive elements
how is this loss of density of gray matter balanced?
it is balanced by a steady increase in white matter
aggression becomes bullying when...
it is deliberately, persistently directed towards a target
what does a successful kindergarten transition do?
it lays the foundation for future academic achievement
What happens if the therapy is unsuccessful?
it may do psychological harm by creating unfulfilled expectations or by giving short children the feeling that something is wrong with them
What does the case of the 2 month old baby say about assignment of gender early in infancy?
it may have some flexibility after all
how does media violence lead to long term aggressiveness?
it provides visceral thrills without showing the human cost and leads children to view aggression as acceptable
what does social cognitive theory recognize?
it recognizes that children select or create their environments through their choice of playmates and activities
most bullies target...
kids of their own sex
patterns of bullying and victimization may become established as early as ....
kindergarten
in regards to the Weschler test.... a child who does well on performance tests but poorly on verbal tests may have a ______________ problem
language
what factors help to explain the disparities for Latinos and health care?
language and cultural barriers, and the need for more Latino care providers
dyslexia
language processing disorder which reading is substantially below the level predicted by IQ or age
do children with TV in their rooms get more or less sleep than other children?
less
Joint PHYSICAL custody
less common than joint legal custody, involves child living part time with both parents
the ability to categorize helps children to think ____
logically
-children classified as overweight or obese fell behind their class mates in physical and social functioning by age 10 -when they were asked to rate their health related quality of life , they said they were impaired as compared with healthy peers
longitudinal study of 1456 primary students in Australia
four aspects of early supportive parenting predicted possible behavioral, social, and academic outcomes -warmth -use of inductive discipline, -interest and involvement in children contact with peers -proactive teaching and social skills -suggested there is one right way to parent a child
longitudinal study of 585 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse families in tennessee and indiana with children pre-6th grade
what do many children say that the most painful part of divorce is?
losing contact with the father
Who is the greatest increase in prevalence of overweight children among?
low-income families
why do children segregate themselves by sex and engage in such different activities?
males and females differ in body size, strength, and energy -boys need more space and more physical exercise -same sex peer groups help them identify their genders
2-4
many ___-___ year olds are afraid of animals
Voluntary (effortful) control...
may be temperamentally based but generally increases with age
Low effortful control...
may predict later behavior problems
at this stage in their development, children don't have to _____ to weigh objects
measure
estimating the length of a line
measurement estimation
autobiographical memory
memory of your own life; form of episodic memory that refers to the thing that form your history
generic memory
memory that starts at age 2 ; script
transduction
mentally link to events that are close in time ; view relationships as predictable
transduction
mentally linking two events whether or not there is logical a causal relationship ; young children grasp cause and effect
awareness of ones own thinking processes -helps children monitor their understanding of what they read and enables them to develop strategies to clear up any problems
metacognition
knowledge about the process of memory
metamemory
when does popularity become important
middle childhood
when does self esteem become more realistic?
middle childhood
bullying and aggression peak during the transition to .....
middle school
studies of charter school effects on student outcomes have...
mixed results
devices to aid memory
mnemonic strategies
do young children sleep more deeply/lightly than they will later in life?
more deeply
firstborn children
more influenced by parents
stats on families of undernourished kids
more likely to do poorly on math tests, have to repeat grades, have to see psychologists, and have difficulty getting along with children
characteristics of children w/ poor parents
more likely to experience negative home and school atmospheres, stressful events, and unstable, chaotic households
Characteristics of poor children
more likely to than other children to have emotional and behavioral problems, and their cognitive potential and school performance suffer
30%
more than ___% of nationally representative sample of 6121 children reported eating fast foods
5 year olds will eat....
more when a larger portion is put in front of them
parentese
most 4 year olds use ____ when talking to 2 year olds
ADHD
most common MENTAL disorder in childhood, a chronic condition marked by persistent inattention, distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of activity at the wrong time in the wrong place
parallel constructive play
most common among children who were good problem solvers, were popular with other kids, and were seen by teachers as socially skilled
powerlessness
most fears pass when they grow older and lose their sense of______
altruism
motivation to help another person with no expectation of reward
Children with LD's often have....
near avg to higher intelligence and normal vision and hearing, but seem to have troubles processing sensory info
what determines whether a particular child with antisocial tendencies will become severely and chronically antisocial?
neurobiological deficits such as weak stress, stress regulating mechanisms , may fail to warn children to restrain themselves form dangerous or risky behavior ; GENETICALLY INFLUENCED AND ENVIRONMENTAL
the increasing capacity for selective attention is believed to be due to ..... and is one of the reasons memory....
neurological maturation and is one of the reasons memory improves during middle childhood
can parenting create giftedness?
no
do all children who struggle in school have LD's?
no
do motor skills develop in isolation?
no
does moderate acceleration hurt social adjustment?
no
is cooperative parenting really common?
no
is it easy to predict if a late talker needs help?
no
what is the likelihood of a child of a gay parent to be gay?
no more likely than any other child's chances
Where do children learn gender roles and gender stereotypes?
no specific answer, there are 5 theoretical perspectives on gender development
is rough and tumble play only a thing in the US?
no, the places like India, Mexico, the Phillipines, Okinawa, England, and Africa are familiar with it too
was every one in Stanley's group a high achiever?
no, this emphasizes the need for motivation and effort
is there a consistent difference between gay and heterosexual parents?
nope, but when there are differences...they tend to favor gay
generalized anxiety disorder
not focused on any specific aspect of their lives - worry about everything - self conscious , self doubting, excessively concerned with getting expectations , seek approval
can profoundly retarded people function?
not really, they usually need constant care and are often in institutions
can we predict whether an individual boy or girl will be faster, stronger, smarter etc.?
np, the gender differences are valid for large groups but not always individuals
what kinds of things determine siblings roles and relationships?
number of siblings, age spacing, birth order, and gender
estimating the number of candies in a jar
numerosity estimation
Proper growth and health depend on ________ and ______
nutrition and sleep
mexican boys and non hispanic black girls
obesity is most prevalent among ______
hypertension
obesity is the leading factor of..
high blood pressure high cholesteral high insulin levels
obesity leads to the following medical conditions:
too little exercise and too much of the wrong kinds of food
obesity often results from an inherited tendency aggravated by ....
according to social cognitive theory....
observation enables children to learn much about gender-typed behaviors before performing them
obsessive compulsive disorder
obsessed with repetitive , intrusive thoughts , images , or impulses
acute medical conditions
occasional, short term conditions such as infections and warts (common)
retrieval
occurs when the info is needed
how is ADHD managed?
often w/ drugs, sometimes combined w/ behavioral therapy, counseling, training in social skills, and special classroom placement
do older children or younger children adapt quicker to divorce?
often younger children
gender similarities hypothesis
on average, boys and girls remain more alike than different
reduce have the number of overweight girls that age
one additional hour of exercise per week in kindergarten and first grade could....
more than _____ US children attend charter schools
one million
theories on right handedness
one theory proposes the existence of a single gene for right handedness, according to this theory people who inherit this gene from either/both parents are right handed **those who DON'T inherit this gene still have 50-50 chance of being right handed **this could explain why some monozygotic twins have different hand preferences
3 year olds will eat.....
only until they are full
mentally placing information into categories to make it easier to recall
organization
formal games w/ rules
organized games w/ known procedures and penalties ex: hopscotch
what factor is attributed to the change in relationships among siblings?
outside friendships, which can lead to jealousy and competition for attention among siblings
what does tooth decay in early childhood often stem from?
overconsumption of sweetened milk and juices in infancy along with lack of regular dental care
what is the worst offender of environmental contamination?
ozone levels
a sense of trust and normal caution without being too protective
parents can allay a child's fear by instilling ______
Joint LEGAL custody
parents share the right and responsibility to make decisions regarding the child's welfare
Parents role in Prosocial Behavior
parents who acknowledge children's feelings of distress and help them deal with the source of their distress foster empathy and social skills
specific skills
part 2 of pre-reading skills, deals with: -specific skills that help in decoding the printed word -phonological skills
children in early years rarely the use __________ voice
passive voice
opposition defiant disorder
pattern of defiance disobediance, and hostility toward adult authority figures lasting at least 6 months and going beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior
when does rough and tumble play peak? when does it drop?
peaks: in middle childhood drops: to about 5% at age 11
aggression is associate with _______
peer rejection and adjustment problems
why do boys play more rough and tumble?
perhaps b/c of hormonal differences and socialization ** this may be one of the reasons for sex segregation during play
Permissive parents and school achievement...
permissive parents tend to have lower achieving children, these parents don't seem to care how their children do in school
conduct disorder
persistent, repetitive pattern beginning at an early age of aggressive antisocial acts such as truancy , setting fire, habitual lying, fighting, bullying, theft
real self
person one actually is
ideal self
person one would like to be
emphasizes decoding
phonetic/code emphasis approach
chronic medical conditions
physical , developmental ,behavioral , or emotional conditions requiring special health services - 12.8% of US children have or are at risk for this
gross motor skills
physical skills that involve the larger muscles
fine motor skills
physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination
Social Promotion
policy of automatically promoting children even if they do not meet academic standards
fewer _____ than non poor children use computers
poor
enuresis that persists past age 10 may be a sign of...
poor self concept
what are the 5 peer status groups...
popular: kids who receive positive nominations rejected: negative nominations neglected: few nominations controversial: many positive and negative nominations average: don't receive an unusual number of nominations of either kind
pragmatics
practical knowledge of how to use language to commmunicate
the practical use of language to communicate -includes conversational and narrative skills
pragmatics
intrinsic motivation
praise given for ability and hard work
What predicts reading achievement in first grade?
pre literacy skills and the richness of a home literacy environment
Brofenbrenner's Theory
predict that influences like parents' work schedules, SES, societal trends, divorce, etc. help shape the family environment and children's development
studies show that children's positive or negative self perceptions at age 5 tended to...
predict their self-perceptiosns and socioemotional functioning at age 8
the region of the brain that enables planning, judgement, and decision making
prefrontal cortex
unfavorable attitudes toward the outsiders especially member of certain racial or ethnic groups
prejudice
transduction
preoperational children can't reason logically about cause and effect, they reason by ______
symbolic function
preschool children show ______ through deferred imitation, pretend play, and language
decenter (think about several aspects of a situation at one time)
preschoolers come to illogical conclusions because they cannot _____
emergent literacy
preschoolers' development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing
what is the strongest single correlate of violent behavior
previous exposure to violence
What does a healthy diet for an average human consist of?
primarily fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat and nondairy products, beans, fish, and lean meats
Steps to Respect
program for ages 3-6 -aims to prevent bullying and youth violence -increase staff awareness and responsivness to bullying -teach students emotional skills
What kind of activities do the whole language programs feature?
programs feature real literature and open ended, student initiated activities
inclusion programs
programs integrated with non disabled children for all or part of the day
compensatory preschool programs
programs that help kids who have low SES, bad home life become ready for school
gender differences
psychological or behavioral differences between males and females
What is the virtue that develops from initiative vs guilt?
purpose
storage memory
putting files away
- use of internet education of patients and their families in symptom monitoring and medication led to improved compliance and reduced symptoms
randomized controlled study of 134 asthmatic inner city children ages 8-16 showed...
learning to _______&________ frees children from the constraints of face to face communication
read & write
what is one of the most effective paths to literacy?
reading to children moderate exposure to educational tv
phenomic awareness
realization that words are composed of sounds
recognition memory
recognizing something is / was there
Acceleration
recommended for highly gifted children, speeds up their education through early school entrance, grade skipping, placement in fast-paced classes, or advanced courses
childhood depression may signal the beginning of a ____
recurrent problem that is likely to persist into adulthood
discipline
refers to methods of molding character and of teaching self-control and acceptable behavior
psychological aggression
refers to verbal attacks that may result in psychological harm Ex: yelling, screaming, threatenig to spank, swearing at child, calling child dumb
parten and nonsocial play
regarded it as less mature than social play, suggested young children who play alone may develop social, psychological or educational probs **certain types of nonsocial play MAY foster cognitive, physical and social devel.
self care
regularly caring for themselves at home without adult supervision
conscious repetition
rehearsal
categorization/ classification
requires a child to identify similarities and differences ; cognitive ability with psychosocial implications
What does research say about Kohlberg's view?
research challenges this view, because long before children attain the final stage of gender constancy, they show gender-typed preferences **however, this research doesn't CHALLENGE Kohlberg's original insight
-no significant differences
research in china looking at how people were limited to only one child stated that...
U of Chicago studies
researchers found that Chicago's retention policy did not improve third graders' test scores, it hurt sixth graders' test scores, and greatly increased eighth grade and high school
can change a sausage back into a ball
reversibility
blicket detector
rigged to light up and play music only when certain objects were placed on it; used to see if kids could grasp cause and effect
children w/ math, musical and art gifts tend to have more activity in ____ hemisphere
right **also more likely to be lefties
What is the first stage or moral reasoning?
rigid obedience to authority -begins at ages 2-7 -because children are egocentric, they can not imagine more than one way of looking at a moral issue -rules cannot be bent or changed and behavior is right or wrong
one criticism of IQ tests is that they focus almost entirely on abilities used in _________
school
Siblings and gender
secondborns tend to be more like first borns in attitudes and firstborns are more influenced by their parents
siblings are motivated to make up after quarrels since they know they will _______
see each other every day
father's role in gender socialization
seems especially important, in a study, boys and girls whose fathers did more housework and childcare were less aware of gender stereotypes and engaged in less gender-typed play
the ability to deliberately direct ones attention and shut out distractions -hinges on inhibitory control
selective attention
what is one gender difference that can change with age?
self esteem
School age children and divorce
sensitive to parental pressures, may fear abandonment and rejection
arranging objects in a series acquiring to one or more dimensions such as length or color
seriation
categorization includes __________ __________ _________
seriation transitive inference class inclusion
stuff homeless children often suffer from
sever hunger iron deficiency obesity tooth decay asthma respiratory, skin and eye infections lice elevated levels of lead trauma-related injuries learning difficulties behavioral problems visual/neurological deficits developmental delays more likely to repeat a grade depression
working memory
short term store house for incoming sensory info
working memory
short term; person is actively engaged; limited by capacity; stored in frontal lobe or cortex
what should organized, athletic organizations for children focus on?
should focus on including as many children as possible, rather than concentrating on a few natural athletes, and should concentrate on building skills not winning games
results of Stanley's findings...
showed that by early adulthood, his samples had already won awards and had notable literary, scientific, or tech. accomplishments
Mental Retardation
significantly subnormal cognitive functioning
increased
since 1980, the prevalence of childhood obesity has ______ in almost all countries
who do many homeless families consist of?
single mothers in their 20s usually fleeing due to domestic violence
does growth slow down or speed up during middle childhood?
slows down considerably
(small, large) amount of kids do not learn to control physical aggression
small ( these kids have psychological problems)
what is a key factor for learning in a healthful school environment?
small class sizes, especially in early grades **research on this point is mixed,
what can promote emergent literacy?
social interaction
what's one important factor that may contribute to gender development?
socialization
What happened when Chicago public schools ended the practice of social promotion?
some celebrated, others warned that although grade retention can be a wakeup call, it can also lead to lowered expectations and poor performance and eventually dropping out of school
what could be a negative factor of the English only approach?
some educators maintain that this approach stunts children's cognitive growth; because foreign speaking children can only understand simple english @ first the curriculum must be watered down and children then become less prepared to handle harder curriculum later in life
recall memory
something from the past that you are giving/ telling back to someone
Effects of malnutrition
sometimes hard to determine, but we do know that deprivations may negatively affect growth, physical well beings, cognitive, and psycho social development -poorer verbal and spatial aptitudes -poorer reading skills -poorer scholastic ability -poorer neuropsychological performance than peers @ age 11
When do gender stereotypes usually appear?
sometimes in children as young as 2-3 but they reach a peak at 5 years old
Synthetic Growth Hormone Therapy
sometimes used for children who are much shorter than other children their age, but whose bodies are producing normal quantities of the hormone
real vs imagined
somewhere between 18 months and three years, they can determine ____vs____ events
social speech
speech meant to be understood by a listener
what are gross motor skills the basis for?
sports, dancing and other activities that begin now and continue during life
long term memory
store house of virtually unlimited capacity that hold info for ling periods of time
British longitudinal study
studied British schoolchildren and found that development of word recognition appeared critically dependent on phonological skills, and oral language skills and grammar skills were more important predictors of reading comprehension
what results come from a moderately low-fat diet for schoolchildren?
studies have found NO negative affects on height, weight, body mass, or neurological development from a moderately low-fat diet
what type of preschool is best for children?
studies in US support a child-centered, developmental approach
-parents who showed affection and followed positive disciplinary strategies tended to encourage their children natural tendency to prosocial behavior -parents of prosocial children are normally prosocial themselves -motives for prosocial behavior may change -preschoolers tend to have egocentric motives -cultures vary in dire in which they foster prosocial behavior
study of twin pairs whose prosocial behavior was rated by parents at ages 3,4, and 7
the skills and knowledge needed for success within a particular social and cultural context
successful intelligence
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
suggests that students learn better when taught in a variety of ways, emphasizing creative and practical skills as well as memorization and critical thinking
school bullying has been associated with....
suicidal thoughts and actions
what is an effective form of early intervention for at risk students?
summer school
how words are organized into phrases and sentences
syntax
TRUE
t or f; long term drug use for children with obesity has unknown side effects and long term effects
info gleaned informally not explicitly taught
tacit knowledge
Hereditary
takes a major role in late speech
private speech
talking aloud to ones self
private speech
talking to yourself
permanent teeth
teeth that grow in after the primary teeth are ejected
sensory memory
temporary store house/fades
deciduous teeth
temporary teeth - "baby" teeth; primary teeth
what do children with non-contingent self esteem tend to do when they fail?
tend to attribute failure or disappointment to factors outside themselves or to the need to try harder
siblings and industrialized societies
tend to be fewer and farther apart in age, enabling parents to focus more on each child, often in US parents trie not to burden older children with caring for younger ones regularly
young children and divorce
tend to be more anxious and have less realistic perceptions of what caused it ***are more likely to blame themselves
parents in cohabiting relationships
tend to be more disadvantaged have less income more mental health problems less education report poorer relationships
boys and socialization
tend to be more gender socialized concerning play preferences, fathers usually show more discomfort if a boy plays with a doll than if a girl plays with a football
secondborn children
tend to be more like older siblings in gender attitudes, personality, activities
Characteristics of children who have low voluntary control
tend to become visibly angry when interrupted from doing something they wanted to do
girls and test taking
tend to do better on verbal fluency tests, math computation, and memory for locations of objects
boys and test taking
tend to excel in verbal analogies, math word probs, and memory for spatial configurations
adults whose parents are divorced
tend to have lower SES lower well being greater chance of having birth outside of marriage greater chance of having unstable marriages themselves
children and effects of long term divorce
tend to have slightly lower levels of cognitive, social and emotional well being than children who have married parents
centration
tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others
t/f girls tend to spend less time than boys on sports and more time on housework, studying, and personal care
textbook answer: true my answer: FALSE
what did the majority of Stanley's students say about their experience?
that accelerating their education had promoted their academic progress and social emotional development
What did the comparative study of Euro-Am and Chinese kids show?
that children absorb different cultural sales of self-definition as early as age 3 or 4 and these differences increase w/ age
children who see both heroes and villains achieving their aims through violence are likely to conclude_________
that force is an effective way to resolve conflicts
what do doctors say about ADHD?
that it may be over diagnosed
what do researchers say about ADHD?
that it may be under diagnosed
what do the studies on cooperative parenting show?
that this style increases child-father contact and therefore in creases the father-child relationship
30 year study of AP students found,...
that young people who took APs in HS found that they were more satisfied with their school experience and ultimately achieved more than equally gifted students who didn't take APs
recognition
the ability to identify something encountered before
phoneme-grapheme correspondance
the ability to link sounds with the corresponding letters or combinations of letters
what is one key to the advances of early childhood?
the ability to understand and regulate one's feelings
What is Gender typing?
the acquisition of a gender role, this takes place in early childhood, and children vary GREATLY in the degree to which they become gender-typed
identification
the adoption of characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex
85-98
the average school offers physical education only ___ minutes a week
Gender Identity
the awareness of one's own gender and that of others, typically occurs between ages 2 and 3
theory of mind
the awareness of their own mental processes and those of other people
middle and high SES boys vs middle and high SES girls...
the boys did better on spatial tasks
What happens as muscular and skeletal growth progresses in children?
the child gets stronger, cartilage turns to bone at a faster rate and the bones then become harder, giving the child a firmer shape and protecting the internal organs **these changes, along with the still-maturing brain and nervous system, promotes the development of a wide range of motor skills
Class room observations of first graders found that..
the classes w/ 25 students or less tended to be more social and interactive but also with more disruptive behavior **Students in these classes tended to score higher on standardized tests and reading skills
ordinality
the concept of comparing quantities (more or less/bigger or smaller); beings around 12-18 months ; at first is limited to comparisons of very few objects
indentities
the concept that people and many things are basically the same even if they change form
younger children who have experienced a traumatic event and do not understand why the event occured, tend to focus on ....
the consequences
What is Purpose?
the courage to envision and pursue goals without being unduly inhibited by guilts or fear of punishment
deception
the deliberate effort to plant a false belief in someones mind; requires the child to suppress the impulse to be truthful ; children become capable of this as early as age 2-3
emergent literacy
the development of preceding skills: oral language skills and specific skills
property rights
the earliest disputes among siblings are over ___
the potential damage caused by exposure to tobacco is greatest during ___________
the early years of life
how well the child understand and accepts the parents message cognitively and emotionally
the effectiveness of parental discipline may hinge on .....
self esteem
the evaluative part of the self-concept, the judgement that children make about their overall self-worth
conservation
the fact that two things that are equal remain so even if their appearance is altered so long as nothing is added or taken away
irreversibility
the failure to understand that an operation or action can go in two or more directions
What characteristics of poverty seem the MOST damaging to children?
the family characteristics that accompany poverty
low SES boys vs low SES girls...
the girls did better on spatial tasks (Probably because higher SES boys are more likely to engage in spatially oriented play such as Legos and video games)
study of fifth graders found that...
the highest achieving fifth graders has authoritative parents **these children were curious about learning and liked challenging tasks and enjoyed solving problems
What do study findings highlight?
the importance of the preparation a child receives BEFORE kindergarten
What progression of a child's body system builds physical stamina?
the increasing capacities of the respiratory and circulatory systems during early childhood
what happened in the study with the school who added 30 days to their school year?
the kids who completed kindergarten outperformed their counterparts who were in a traditional 180-day program
siblings and non industrialized societies
the larger the number helps the family carry on work and provide for aging members
the more satisfied a mother is with her employment status...
the more effective she us likely to be as a parent
social capital
the networks of community resources low SES children and families can draw on to help improve their condition in life and do better in school
what is more important than marital status for children's development ?
the parents' ability to create a favorable family atmosphere
what is more important than the frequency of contact with the father (or non residential parent)
the quality of the father child relationship and the level of parental conflict
phonemic awareness
the realization that words are composed of distinct "phonemes" or sounds
social cognition
the recognition that others have mental states
2 and up
the standford binet is for ages __ and up
animism
the tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive
older children who have experienced a traumatic event are more aware of and worried about ...
the underlying forces that caused the event
oral language skills
the understanding that language is used to communicate
what is the improvement in children's dental health attributed to?
the use of adhesive sealants
self definition
the way children describe themselves
what might be more important than the outcome of a conflict?
the way the parents and kids solve the conflict
what might be a reason for girls getting better grades than boys?
their approach to schoolwork, girls tend to aim for mastery in the subject while boys are more interested in looking smart in front of the class
theory of mind
their awareness of their own mental processes and those of other people
self efficacy for parents
their belief in their ability to promote their children's academic growth
systematic desensitization
therapeutic technique in which a child is exposed in gradually increasing amount to a feared object or situation
individual psychotherapy
therapist sees a child one on one to help the child gain insights into his or her personality and relationships and to interpret feelings and behavior -more effective when combined with counseling for the parents as well
family therapy
therapist sees the family together , observes how members interact , and points out both growth producing and growth inhibiting , or destructive, patterns of family functioning -first step to solving the child's problems
what is one important change that does occur in brain development during childhood?
there is a "loss of density of gray matter" in certain regions of the cerebral cortex
how is the loss of gray matter and increase in white matter connected?
these connections thicken and become insulated, beginning with the frontal lobes and moving to the rear of the brain
What happens as children become more aware of which gender they belong to?
they adopt the behaviors they perceive as consistent with being male or female
what can children who understand their emotions do better?
they are better able to control the way they show them and to be sensitive to how others feel
what happens to children emotions as they grow older?
they are better regulated and they can respond to others' emotional distress
boys tend to be extra aggressive when a group is forming because ______
they are competing for dominance
What are Gender Stereotypes?
they are over-generalizations about male or female behavior
kindergarteners' views on emotions
they believe things like: -parents telling a child to stop crying will make them less sad -parents telling a child there is nothing to be afraid of will make them less afraid of the dog
diagnosis of mental disorders in children is important because ...
they can lead to psychiatric disorders in adulthood
Characteristics of children who have high voluntary control
they can stifle the impulse to show negative emotion at inappropriate times
what does the national education association say about the NCLB Act?
they claim that NCLB Act emphasizes: 1) punishment rather than assistance for failing schools 2) Rigid, largely unfunded mandates rather than support for proven practices 3) standardized testing rather than teacher-led, classroom focused learning
how have cognitive approaches to gender development made an important contribution to these studies?
they explore how children think about gender and what they know about it at various ages
what's up with the girls corpus callosum?
they have a larger corpus callous so they have better coordination between the two hemispheres...this may help explain girls' superior verbal abilities
Sixth graders' views on emotions
they know that emotions may be suppressed but they still exist
what happens when children realize their behavior or dress will not affect their sex?
they may become less rigid in their adherence to gender norms
what happens if children become too industrious?
they may neglect social relationships and turn into workaholics
what happens if children feel inadequate in comparison with their peers?
they may retreat to the protective embrace of the family
what happens after children outgrow rough and tumble play?
they often begin to play games with rules and join organized, adult led sports
boys and recess
they play more physically active games
girls and recess
they prefer games that include verbal expression or counting aloud ex: hopscotch and jumprope
what approach is recommended by researchers in regards to learning how to read?
they recommend a blend of both approaches
what do stages in early drawing reflect?
they reflect the maturation of the brain as well as of the muscles
what do experts say is a good idea so schools don't miss those who are gifted in unusual ways?
they say it makes more sense to put children in special programs tailored to their particular gifts, including arts + academics
what do critics say about the social cognitive theory?
they say that it does not explain how children differentiate between boys and girls before they have a concept of gender, or what initially motivates children to acquire gender knowledge, OR how gender norms become internalized
hostile attribution bias
they see other children as trying to hurt them and they strike out in retaliation or self defense -sets in motion a cycle of aggression -can be stopped by teaching the children how to control and stop anger
today, what do theorists suggest about gender typing ?
they suggest that gender typing may be heightened by the more sophisticated understanding that gender constancy brings
what do critics of the evolutionary theory suggest?
they suggest that society and culture are as important as biology in determining gender roles
what do many schools do now to decide who is gifted?
they use multiple criteria for admission like test scores, grades, class performance, creative production, parent/teacher nominations, and student interviews **IQ still is often the determining factor
decenter
think about several different aspects of a situation at a time
what does the case of the 7 month old baby say about gender identity?
this case seems to suggest that gender identity may ne rooted in chromosomal structure or prenatal development and CANNOT be changed easily
What is a gender schema?
this is a KEY concept of the gender schema theory, gender schema is a mentally organized network of info about gender that influences behavior, they usually develop with age
No Child Left Behind Act
this is a sweeping educational reform emphasizing accountability, parental options, and expanded local control and flexibility.
Whole language approach
this is the more recent approach which emphasizes visual retrieval and the use of contextual cues
Phonetic/Code emphasis approach
this is the traditional approach which emphasizes decoding
Second parent adoption
this is when one gay/lesbian parent has a child from a previous relationship, and their new partner/married husband or wife is now allowed to adopt that child as their own. THIS DOES NOT take away the rights of the original birth parent who is no longer in the relationship though. So essentially, the child could have 3 parents.
what kinds of kids tend to adjust better to kindergarten?
this w/ extensive preschool experience
what does the gifted IQ tend to exclude?
those children who are highly creative, who put unusual answers on tests and get marked off for them, minority children, and children w/ specific aptitudes
what kind of children make for the best readers?
those who can summon both visually based and phonetic strategies
resilient children
those who weather circumstances that might bligh others, who maintain their composure and competence under challenge or threat , who bounce back from traumatic events -likely to have strong bonds with at least one supportive parent -high IQs -
overt/direct
though girls are more aggressive than they seem, boys engage in more ____ physical or verbal aggression
how do siblings affect each other directly?
through actions
how do parents transmit cultural ideas and beliefs about how to define yourself?
through everyday conversations
how can mental retardation be prevented?
through genetic counseling, prenatal care, amniocentesis, and routine screening/healthcare for new borns + nutritional services for moms
how do siblings indirectly affect each other?
through their impact on each other's relationship with the parents
what is a typical gender role men are expected to fulfill?
to be protecters and providers, to be active and competitive
What is the intent of the NCLB Act?
to funnel federal funding to research based programs and practices, with special emphasis on reading and math. Students in grades 3-8 are tested annually to see if they are meeting statewide progress objectives and children in schools that fail to meet state standards can transfer to another school
a key to preventing childhood obesity may be...
to make sure older preschoolers are served appropriate portions without making them finish their plates
longitudinal TV study
took place during 1970, appx. 40% watched 3+ hours of TV daily @ age 5, each additional hour of TV watching above 2 hrs increased the likelihood of obesity at age 30 by 7%
-respect for elders -stresses adults responsibility to maintain the social order by teaching children socially proper behavior
traditional chinese culture emphazises _____
Coregulation
transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment to moment self regulation
the ability to infer a relationship between two objects from the relationship between each of them and a third object
transitive inference
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
treat obsessive compulsive depressive and anxiety disorders
stern bergs theory identifies three elements , aspects, of intelligence: componential, experimental, and contextual
triarchic theory of intelligence
number of single parents households in US has _____ since 1970
tripled
t/f African American girls and boys tend to grow faster than white children
true
t/f Chinese children use different parts of the brain in reading than English speakers, and because of that, different parts of the brain were affected by dyslexia
true
t/f a father's frequent and positive involvement with his child is directly related to the child's well being
true
t/f adoptive children in two parent families are equally advantaged as biological children in two parent families
true
t/f as children grow older, pressures and opportunities for unhealthy eating increase
true
t/f at as young as age 5, overweight is associated with behavioral problems
true
t/f boys and girls do equally as well on tasks involving basic math
true
t/f boys are more affected by obesity than girls
true
t/f brain development during childhood is less dramatic than during infancy, but important changes do still occur
true
t/f children w/ innate gifts are unlikely to show exceptional achievement w/o motivation and hard work
true
t/f children whose parents are involved in their schools do better in school
true
t/f children with high self esteem tend to have parents and teachers who give specific, focused feedback rather than criticize the child as a person
true
t/f children's emotional or behavioral problems may reflect the level of parental conflict before the divorce
true
t/f cognitive gender differences are few and small
true
t/f disadvantaged children have more untreated cavities than other children
true
t/f do siblings influence each others gender development?
true
t/f earlier sleep problems tend to predict later sleep problems
true
t/f girls and boys spend about the same time using computers
true
t/f girls engage in more dramatic play than boys
true
t/f is adoption usually beneficial?
true
t/f many children who speak late eventually catch up
true
t/f more than half of all black children live with a single parent
true
t/f most children of divorce adjust well
true
t/f most mental retarded kids can benefit from schooling
true
t/f noncustodial mothers tend to stay more in touch than noncustodial fathers
true
t/f parenting styles may affect motivation
true
t/f parents strongly influence competence
true
t/f rates of death due to accidental injury are lower for kids than adults
true
t/f sex differences HAVE been found in these patterns of brain development
true
t/f some children show no response to the Synthetic Growth Therapy
true
t/f studies show that joint custody children were as well adjusted as children in non divorced families
true
t/f the majority of cases of ADHD the two symptoms go together
true
t/f the prevalence of sleep problems declines between preschool and school age
true
t/f there is a definite correlation between SES and risk of illnesses, injuries, and death
true
t/f today theorists no longer claim that gender constancy must precede gender-typing
true
t/f: children with poor self esteem often attribute poor performance or social rejection to their personality deficiencies
true
protective factors
two most important protective factors that help children and adolescents over come stress and contribute to resilience are ... 1. good family relationships 2. cognitive functioning
examples of fine motor skills
tying shoelaces, cutting with scissors
irreversibility
understanding conservation is limited by ____
school phobia
unrealistic fear of going to school
3
until at least age ___, most children do not reliably grasp the relationships between pictures, or scale models and the larger or smaller objects or spaces they represent
When does the boys' slight edge over girls where growth is concerned generally wear off?
until puberty
Is going upstairs or downstairs easier for a child?
upstairs
corporal punishment
use of physical force w/ intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior **spanking, sapping, pinching, shaking popularly believed to be more effective than other remedies and to be harmless if done in moderation by loving parents (now this is being proven false)
by how many inches does hormone therapy typically increase adult height?
usually 1-2 1/2 inches
family influences
usually experience in the family seems to reinforce gender typical behavior
"parents by default"
usually grandparents, who step in if birth parents aren't fit to raise child alone (often a result of teenage pregnancy, drugs, illness, divorce, early death)
handedness
usually prevalent by age 3
what medicine development for major childhood illnesses has made middle childhood a pretty safe time of life?
vaccines
instrumental/ proactive aggressors...
view force and cohesion as effective ways to get what they want -act deliberately and not out of anger -expect to be rewarded -stops if not rewarded
rough and tumble play
vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming
the child simply looks at the word and ten retrieves it
virtually based retrieval
white and latino
vision problems are reported more often for ____ and ____ kids than for african americans
prosocial behavior
voluntary activity intended to benefit another -usually before their 2nd birthday, children often help others -girls tend to be more prosocial than boys but the differences are small -there is a prosocial personality/disposition
is handedness genetic or learned?
we still don't know
SMPY women...
went into mostly law and medicine careers
power assertion, induction, and temporary withdrawal of love
what are the three categories of discipline?
young children usually could not answer the question correctly and they described the mountains from their own perspective: evidence that preoperational children cannot imagine a point of view different from their own
what did Piaget find from the three mountain task experiment
- no trampolines
what does the AAP committee suggest to parents?
early detection
what is important in regards to aids or hiv
accidental injuries
what is the leading cause of death among school age US children
genetic factors
what may effect the ammonia systems response to HIV and AIDS?
decoding
when a child downed out a word trying to identify it, translating it from print to speech before retrieving it from long-term memory
visually based retrieval
when a child simply looks at the word and then retrieves it
cardinality principle in counting
when asked to count six items, children under 3 1/2 tend to recite the number names but not say how many items there are all together
3 years old
when does a child begin to use and understand pronouns
When are outcomes with compensatory programs the best?
when started as early as possible and last as long as possible
critics think IQ tests are centered around the style and language of ______________________ , putting minority children at a disadvantage
white people of European ancestry
Piaget
who determined that younger children vs older children vary in results
Karen Wynn
who suggests that infants as young as 4 1/2 months have a rudimentary concept of number?
Piaget
who was the first scholar to investigate children's theory of mind
emphasized visual retrieval and the use of context clues -based on the belief that children can learnt to read and write naturally -little support for its claims -encourages children to skim through a text
whole language approach
because children this age are not yet ready to engage in logical mental operations
why did piaget call early childhood the preoperational stage of cognitive development
-authoritative parents set sensible expectations and realistic standards -when a problem arises, an authoritative parent leads them to how to deal with the situation in a socially acceptable manner
why does authoritative parenting tend to enhance children's social competance?
they learn from their parents and any adults so when they witness an adult doing an violent act , they think it is okay for them to do it
why does witnessing violence lead to aggression?
what's a typical gender role women are expected to fulfill in most cultures?
women have been expected to spend most of time caring for household and children, to be compliant and nurturant
Do all societies have gender roles?
yes
Is excess body mass a threat to health?
yes
are cohabiting families more likely to break up than married families?
yes
can the patterns of poverty be prevented?
yes
does heredity influence literacy development?
yes
does that % of fat correlate to adult diets too?
yes
has it been suggested that gender schemas promote fender stereotypes by leading children to over generalize?
yes
is there evidence that low dose pesticide exposure might affect the developing brain?
yes some, but not a lot
can early education possibly help counter the effects of undernourishment?
yes!
can these borderline people function?
yes! they can usually hold a job, live in a community, and function in society
do children vary on adeptness?
yes, adeptness depends on genetic endowment and opportunities to learn and practice motor skills
can dyslexia causes vary? how?
yes, by culture
do ADHD diagnosis rates vary?
yes, by gender, ethnicity, race, and geographic area
does SES have an influence on educational achievement?
yes, through its influence on the following factors -family atmosphere -choice of neighborhood -parenting practices
can effects of malnutrition be reversed?
yes, with an improved diet **most treatments go beyond physical care
fantasy life and their tendency to confused appearance with reality
young children fears stem largely from their ______
