psychology final

The saying is "Money can buy happiness," but research finds that in the United States those who earn more than ________ per year are not measurably happier than those who earn below that amount.

$75000

Establishing better social connections that increase one's own positive qualities, that in turn attracts others to build more social connections with that person underlies which of the following:

Broaden-and-build theory

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

Which theory of dreams suggested that they do not, in fact, have any meaning at all but rather are simply the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing that occurs while we sleep?

The activation-synthesis model

According to research by Gilbert et al. (1998), professors are afraid that if they fail to get tenure and lose their university jobs, they will be depressed for an extended period of time. When some of these faculty actually fail to get tenure, within a few weeks they feel perfectly normal about their different and less busy lives. This outcome could reflect all of the following phenomena EXCEPT:

The value of savoring

The bystander effects that people are more likely to receive help from others when:

There are fewer people around them

Which of the following is NOT true about people's ability to detect liars?

There are no differences as a function of race in detecting liars

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

active listening

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.

companionate

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Which of the following conditions has the greatest impact on dying earlier in one's life?

loneliness

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________ waves of light.

longer wavelengths

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.

milestones

Which of the following affective states is relatively more moderate in intensity and can last for a relatively long period of time:

mood

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has trouble seeing in dim light. This is called ________ blindness

night

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

Halima is excellent at organizing events, but she is weak in delivering the opening address. She decides to focus on what she is good at and delegate the opening address to her immediate subordinate who excels in public speaking. Halima is practicing ________.

strengths-based management

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing

temperature, touch, and pain

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception.

temporal

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

the availability heuristic

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

the scientific method

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Lucia is optimistic about goal achievement, and she encourages her team to think critically and solve problems. She is also considerate of their needs. What type of leader is Lucia?

transformational

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking are called ________.

safety behaviors

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus?

smell

One of the ways that gratitude increases happiness is by improving ______ :

social capital

A television advertisement says that Ford Trucks have sold more pickups in the United States than any other type of truck. This advertisement is relying on:

social validation

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes?

2

Research finds that when receiving treatment for a substance use problem, the treatment has to last for at least ________ month(s) before a positive outcome is likely to be achieved.

3

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

A negative correlation means ________

one variable decreases as the other increases

To improve her studying, Sarah enjoys a yummy desert after she reads each chapter of her Psychology textbook. Sarah is making good use of:

operant conditioning

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

orbitofrontal cortex

Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.

over justification

Controlled processes (compared to automatic processes) affect behavior:

When one has the motivation and opportunity to use them

A study by Kushlev et al. (2017) had college students find an obscure building on campus. They found that people ______ ended up happier at the end of the study because they ______ .

Without their cell phones; Had more social interactions with strangers

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives rather than focusing on pathology, faults and problems?

positive psychology

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy

At the most basic level, schizophrenia is best conceptualized as a(n) ________ disorder.

psychotic

"Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences." This is the foundation of the ________ model.

range of reaction

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Client-centered therapy is most strongly related to which of the following big themes in psychology?

humanism

The perspective that positive emotions attract more social relationships that, in turn, promote more positive emotions is the cornerstone of:

Broaden and build

What is the primary distinction between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder?

Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not.

Which concept describes traits that are fundamental to one's personal identity (e.g., skin color and hair texture) that an employer cannot use to discriminate in hiring job applicants?

immutable characteristic

Theresa feels like she doesn't need a romantic relationship in her life, and she strongly values her sense of self-sufficiency. In all likelihood, Theresa has a ______ attachment style.

Dismissive

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.

Dispositionism

Diana is assessing applicants for a pilot job at a regional airfield. She wrote the description of the ideal candidate, and now she is reviewing the personality profiles of the applicants to screen those who do not fit the profile. Diana is working in the specialty area of industrial-organizational psychology called ________ psychology.

industrial

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do, even though she receives no material rewards for doing so. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

intrinsic

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

People's romantic attachment styles are most influenced by:

Early childhood experiences with caregivers

People lower in self-complexity tend to ______:

Experience stronger mood swings

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

The Robbers Cave Study showed all of the following EXCEPT:

Group bias cannot be overcome quickly

Which of the follow statements is NOT true of the case of Phineas Gage:

He was in a coma for several days after the accident before he awoke

According to research presented in class, walking in nature has all of the following effects EXCEPT:

Helping people feel larger and more unique in the world

Most Miami undergraduates can judge words (e.g., names, adjectives) faster when Black names and negativity are paired on the same button than when Black names and positivity are paired on the same button. This is demonstrated through ________, which shows the effect of ______

Implicit Association Test; exposure to life-long association experiences

An awareness of one's own bodily sensations and internal states is known as ______, and deficits in this ability are related to ______:

Interoception; Greater likelihood to attempting suicide

The smoky room study demonstrates which of the following steps in the Latane and Darley's (1978) Bystander Effect model?

Interpret the situation as a problem

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"?

It would be unethical by today's research standards.

According to the ________ theory of emotions, one's physiological arousal precedes the cognitive experience of a feeling.

James-Lange

Miami's Dr. Magee discussed research on obsessive compulsive disorders. He noted that ______ people have unwanted thoughts such as wanting to hurt a friend during their lives.

More than 90%

A clothing store places a reasonably nice but very expensive sweater for $150 next to a ridiculously ugly fleece that costs $300, leading to increased sales of the sweater. This store is using which of the following principles:

Perceptual contrast

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

The Rope Bridge study illustrates the power of ______ in attraction:

Physiological arousal

Cindy wants to be involved in intimate romantic relationships, and typically, more so than the people to whom she is attracted. For example, she often has sex with people on the first date in the hope that they will fall in love with her. Cindy most likely has a ______ attachment style.

Preoccupied

The adage that "you never get a second chance to make a good first impression" reflects an appreciation of:

Primacy effects

Craig just watched a movie where the two lead characters were lesbians, and while walking down the street afterwards, he sees two women walking side by side and he thinks, "I wonder if they are lesbians?" This outcome is best explained by:

Priming

Fine motor skills, such as an expert tennis player being able to make amazing shots while playing tennis, is located in:

Procedural long-term memory

Schemas are resistant to change for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Recency effects

Which of the following careers employs the fewest number of forensic psychologists?

Serial killer profiler

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

borderline personality disorder

When a company provides an advantage to a consumer (0% financing), knowing all along it will be taken away (only millionaires qualify for 0% financing), it is using which of the following principles:

low-balling

Hyperpolarization means that the ________.

membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential

According to Miami's Dr. Luebbe, intergenerational transmission of parenting skills relies mostly on:

social learning

Dr. Young is working with a family and determines that the parents do not make rules together and often contradict each other. This leads to confusion among the children who act out because they don't understand what is expected of them in the home. Dr. Young helps them to get "on the same page" with regard to each family member's place in the home and helps the parents work on their own relationship as co-parents. This is called ________ family therapy.

structural

According to research, what kind of job interview is most successful at predicting a candidate's later successful job performance?

structured interviews

________ are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

What was the most stressful event found on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale with a LCU score of 100?

the death of a spouse

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

vestibular

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?

Carl Jung

Research on exposure to violence and subsequent behavior shows all of the following EXCEPT:

Catharsis is effective at reducing violent behavior

Which of the following shows the strongest evidence for the operation of selective attention in information processing?

Cocktail party effect

Anne wonders if she would have been happier if only she had married her high school sweetheart rather than the guy she started dating after college. Anne is engaging in:

Counterfactual thinking

People greater in need for cognition show each of the following EXCEPT:

Less persuasion regardless of arguments presented

Investment-benefit tradeoffs are characteristics of ________ research designs:

Longitudinal, Experimental, Correlational

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

A developmental researcher observes lunchroom behavior among hundreds elementary school kids to see if students sit at separate tables in the lunchroom based on gender. This research is using which of the following approaches to research?

Naturalistic observation

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

Research conducted by Dunn et al. (2008) gave participants envelopes of money, telling them to either spend the money on themselves or on others, based on random assignment to conditions. People expected to be happier when spending the money ________ . The researchers found people were happier when spending the money ________ .

On themselves; On others

Primacy effects are more likely to be stronger when:

One has expectations about the information presented

Members of sorority ABC think that members of sorority XYZ are all alike. The members of sorority ABC are exhibiting:

Outgroup homogeneity effect

The A-B Squares illusion (checkerboard with various gray squares and an object on it) occurs because:

People have top-down knowledge about shadows

Based on research by Schkade and Kahneman (1998), which of the following is true about people living in California compared to people living in the Midwest?

People in California and the Midwest are equally happy

To help predict whether a situation reveals self-enhancement or self-verification, the most important group of people to assess would be:

People low in self-esteem

People are more likely to come up with a creative, novel solution when:

They are in a positive mood

Research by Efran and Patterson shows that politicians running for election in Canada are more than twice as likely to win if:

They are the more physically attractive candidate

According to the FBI (2008), which of the following is true of serial killers?

They typically suffer from personality disorders

Within the semantic network model of memory, what would happen to concepts that are related to (or attached) to one that is currently being activated by thinking about it?

They would also be activated, though at a lower level

A television advertisement is selling pots and pans, but near the end of the commercial, the announcer mentions that "if you buy now, we will throw in a set of steak knives for free." This is an example of ______, which reflects ______ as a form of social influence.

Token gifts; Reciprocity

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Executives in a factory wear dress suits while assembly line workers where blue jumpsuits. The executives are trying to use which of the following forms of social influence over the assembly line workers:

authority

Dr. Korkolos is a surgeon who conducts procedures that modify a patient's gastrointestinal system so that they can only eat or absorb a limited amount of food. Dr. Korkolos's expertise is in ________ surgery.

bariatric

Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide?

being a fan of violent media (music, television shows, movies, etc.)

According to the textbook, which of these events would have the highest likelihood of causing posttraumatic stress disorder?

being assaulted and robbed of your cash and credit cards

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

beta-endorphin

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna.

cardinal

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Addiction is often viewed as a(n) ________ disease that can rewire the sufferer's brain.

chronic

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

chronic

Liam likes to be up late at night and sleep in, whereas Jasper likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world

circadian

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Ravon is deaf. He was born without the ability to hear, and has never experienced an auditory stimulus. When people write using "sound" type words like "loud," "soft," and "quiet," he sometimes has difficulty understanding what they are trying to convey. Ravon has ________ deafness.

congenital

The Ebbinghaus illusion relies on:

context

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?

coping

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________.

depressing central nervous system activity

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

The Dutton and Aron (1974) rope bridge study is a demonstration of the malleability of:

emotion

Which choice is the best definition of a performance appraisal?

evaluating an employee's success at carrying out the duties of their job

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

explicit memories

If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe in the ________.

facial feedback hypothesis

Which of the following is NOT a demonstration of the effects of schemas?

flashbulb memory

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence.

fluid

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

formal operational

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional positive regard

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility