Psychology Final Review

Thorndike's law of effect states that behavior is_______.

"stamped into" an animal relative to the consequences of the behavior

Out of all cases in which an innocent person has been cleared of a crime due to DNA evidence, how many involved mistaken identification of the perpetrator by and eyewitness.?

75%

Contemporary views on human development focus on age-related changes that occur________.

Across the entire life span

Which of the following is the best definition of a concept?

An organizing principle derived from experience

A cue is__________.

Any stimulus that helps you access target information

Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as __________ learning. This type of learning does NOT involve the formation of connections between stimuli.

Associative

The emotional bonding linking an infant to a parent or caregiver is called________.

Attachment

Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior. They are, in order, _________.

Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists.

Behavior follows the same general rules across species

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" refers to the_________.

Capacity of short-term memory

The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time, is referred to as_______.

Classical conditioning

Ashley is studying a list of vocabulary words for her psychology exam. Which of the following would be most effective for recalling definitions during the exam?

Cues based on her own experiences

Teens tend to spend more time with peers and less with family. Research has indicated that teens have a lower risk for substance abuse when they_______ (Fulkerson et al., 2006).

Eat dinners regularly with family

If people are continuously exposed to an unchanging stimulus that they know will not cause them harm, they will be most likely to________.

Habituate to the stimulus

Any scholars, including linguists Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker, belive that human beings________.

Have an inborn capacity for learning language

According to Erikson, one key to successful intimacy in adulthood is to _______.

Have established a solid identity in adolescence

What is true of operant conditioning?

It generally involves voluntary behaviors

People with very high maximizer scores tend to be________.

Less happy and more prone to depression

Because babies cannot talk, researchers must rely on which of the following to asses their sensory capabilities?

Measures of heart rate, facial expressions, and head movements

Memory aids that link new information to well-known information are called________.

Mnemonics

Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and___________.

Observational

Behaviorists, including B. F Skinner, argues that children learn languagte through__________.

Operant conditioning

The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as_________.

Operant conditioning

Careful formulation of a problem may help to avoid distractions from________.

Personal biases

Which of the following is likely to provide the most powerful method for managing behavior?

Positive reinforcement

Chunking is the________.

Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together

In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through_________.

Rehearsal

Teens begin to form an identity by asking "who am I?" and "what kind of person do I want to be?" according to Erikson, failure to achieve a stable identity leads to_________.

Role confusion and problems with subsequent stages

The primary intention of an IQ test is to predict_________.

School performances

According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What illustrates the correct flow of information in the model?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Understanding a problem should_______.

Should include data collection, analysis, and organization

Three conditions must be met for punishment to have any observable effects on behavior:

Significance, immediacy, and consistency

A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is referred to as _________.

Skinner box

The major themes of physical and cognitive development in midlife is_______.

Stability

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the relationship between negative emotions and memory?

Such emotions can enhance or impair memories

Which of the following is one of the most important schemas we have for organizing and remembering what we study?

The self

What is a token economy?

Tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase that frequency of a desired behavior

Parenting styles can be divided into four categories, which vary along_______ (Baumrind, 1975; Maccoby & Martin, 1983)

Two dimensions: parental support and behavioral regulation

What are the four steps of problem solving?

Understand the problem, make a plan, carry out the plan, and look back

Which of the following reflects the view of contemporary developmental psychologists and is in contrast to Piaget's analysis?

Very young children seem to understand a great deal about objects and hoe the work, even before they have had much experience interacting with them