psychology learning

Based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a

instinct.

When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a

neutral stimulus.

Janelle gets a dollar from her mom every time she learns a song on the piano. This increases her desire to practice the piano and is an example of

positive reinforcement.

Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?

primary

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Shelter, sex, and touch are examples of

primary reinforcers.

Reinforcement differs from punishment in that ________.

reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior

Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? What might he do that using the concept of shaping?

reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command

Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?

secondary

According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she

sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character.

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.

unconditioned stimulus.

Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot

Before Bandura proposed his Bobo doll experiment, most learning specialists believed that learning only occurred ________.

when an individual did something and discovered the consequences directly

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Iliana taking her dog to the vet once a year

Janet goes to the casino and plays the slot machines for hours. She never knows how many times she needs to pull down the lever before she gets a pay-off. What type of reinforcement schedule is most likely being used here?

Variable-ratio

Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________.

a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior

Positive Reinforcement refers to a situation where ________.

a behavior is increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

a newborn baby knowing how to nurse

Which is an example of negative reinforcement?

buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin

________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli

Latent learning; behaviorism

What was the most important takeaway from Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

"Eyeblink conditioning" can be used to demonstrate classical conditioning safely with a human volunteer. A puff of air aimed at your eye will naturally produce a blinking response. Using this reflex, what could we do to create a complete classical conditioning demonstration?

Ring a bell just before the puff of air, until the person blinks to bell alone.

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character.

In classical conditioning, organisms learn to

associate events that repeatedly happen together.

Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Which is an example of a positive reinforcer?

being told "nice work!" after completing your homework

Ivan Pavlov

established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.

Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called

latent learning

Jimmy rides home from karate practice with his friend and his friend's mom each Tuesday night. One night, his friend's mom can't come, and he needs to get a ride from someone else. He's never driven the route before, but he's able to explain exactly where to turn to get home. This is an example of

latent learning.

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.

learning

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen and he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies

learning.

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?

nausea

Doing something and then being influenced by what happens as a consequence of the thing you did is the basic idea behind ________.

operant conditioning

Gillian's kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill they chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of ________.

operant conditioning

Richard is teaching his son, Cody, to throw darts. At first, he gives Cody a piece of candy each time the dart hits the dartboard. As time progresses, Richard starts only rewarding Cody when the dart hits one of the inner rings of the dartboard. Finally, Richard only rewards Cody when he hits the bullseye. This example best illustrates the concept of ________.

shaping

Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of

shaping.

Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as

shaping.

According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely

to be repeated.