PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERM (6, 7, 10, 14, 12)
repression
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, _________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.
10 to 12 seconds
In short-term memory an image tends to fade after _____ if it is not repeated or rehearsed.
make huge contributions to charity.
In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may:
Inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so; also termed childhood amnesia
Infantile amnesia
Which of the following is a feature of the Thematic Apperception Test?
It contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations.
The Electra complex involves:
It is unreasonable to expect complete competence at everything we do.
true
Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.
Enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation.
Long-term potentiation
_________ is a state of deprivation.
Need
priming
Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
true
People are more likely to act on their attitudes when they have a vested interest in the outcome.
bipolar disorder
People with _________ have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression.
experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal.
People with depersonalization-derealization disorder:
In behavioral terms, which of the following is true of prejudice?
Prejudice is connected with avoidance, aggression, and discrimination.
The activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access memory
Priming
Memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.
Prospective memory
________ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.
Prospective memory
Which of the following statements best describes psychodynamic therapies?
Psychodynamic therapies, based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud, assume that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts.
_________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.
Reflexes
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, the ejection of anxiety evoking ideas from conscious awareness
Repression
naturalist intelligence
Susan has the ability to look at the moon and the stars at night and to develop insights into the laws that govern their behavior. In this context, Susan has _____.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
The ----_____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.
determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.
Which of the following tests is an example of an objective personality test?
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Which of the following tests is an example of an objective test?
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
biopsychosocial perspective
The _____ of conversion disorders holds that it is a form of self-hypnosis.
Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?
The age of possibilities
false
The central symptom of generalized anxiety disorder is persistent anxiety that can be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.
In the context of the experimental research by Neal E. Miller, which of the following types of conflicts is the most complex?
The multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?
They are dependent on their primary caregivers.
holophrases
When a child utters "baba," it may mean, "I want my bottle," or "Where is my bottle?" or "that's my bottle." These single words used by children to express many things are known as _____.
It is dependent on brain maturation of the child.
Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?
Social relationships
Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory?
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory B. The Rorschach Inkblot Test
Which of the following tests is an example of an objective test?
Stupor
_______ is a condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled.
For a patient suffering with painful arthritis the doctor may prescribe
a daily dose of the Comedy Hour.
dispositional attribution
an assumption that a persons behavior is determined by internal causes such as personal traits
intimacy
close acquaintance and familiarity; a characteristic of a relationship in which partners share their innermost feelings
Behaviors suggest Psychological disorders
1. They are unusual 2. They suggest faulty perception 3. They suggest severe personal distress 4. They are self-defeating 5. They are dangerous 6. The individual's behavior is socially unacceptable
Dissociative Fugue
A person abruptly leaves his or her home or place of work and travels to another place, having lost all memory of his or her past life. (Refuge) The person either does not think about the past or reports a past filled with invented memories. The new personality is often more outgoing and less inhibited than the "real" identity.
Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?
Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.
there is an overproduction of dopamine.
According to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
conscientiousness
According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.
A man cancels an important business trip to a mountainous country because he is afraid of the steep roads and hill climbs. He is also terrified of the cable car ride that he must take to get to his hotel. He goes to a doctor to discuss this problem. In the context of anxiety disorders, which of the following diagnoses is the doctor likely to make?
Acrophobia
Steve's physician has prescribed medication that belongs to a class of chemicals known as benzodiazepines. Steve is most likely to be treated for _____.
Anxiety
_________ is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax.
Anxiety
Psychological Disorders
Behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or significant impairment in functioning. They are not predictable responses to specific events. Some are characterized by anxiety, but many people are anxious now without being considered disordered.
true
In cases of domestic violence, it is usually the partner with less power in a relationship that is the violent one.
_________ tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.
Individualists
features of understanding a problem
1. the parts of our mental representation of the problem relate to one another in a meaningful way 2. the elements of our mental representation of the problem correspond to the elements of the problem in the outer world. 3. background knowledge to apply to the problem
reality principle
According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.
children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to:
Which of the following therapies focuses on changing the beliefs and attitudes that create and compound people's problems?
Cognitive Therapy
Modifies information so that it can be placed in memory, encoding is the first stage of information processing
Encode
Which of the following is true of cognitive therapy?
It focuses directly on thoughts and encourages ideas that help individuals solve problems.
What is true about explicit memory?
It is memory that clearly and distinctly expresses specific information.
Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?
It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips
Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?
It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.
Which of the following is true of satiety?
We get signals of satiety from the digestive tract.
Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?
We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.
begin to eat uncontrollably.
When a rat's ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is destroyed, the rat will:
Somatoform Disorders
When people complain of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease. Yet no evidence of a physical abnormality can be found.
become aphagic.
When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely:
Hypothalamus
Which brain structure is associated with aggression in nonhumans?
The age of possibilities
Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?
social shyness
Which of the following factors increases the tendency to conform?
Socially acceptable behavior
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychological disorders?
sunbathing
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for coronary heart disease?
_________ refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.
Personality
Extreme, irrational fears of objects and situations, such as hypodermic needles and public speaking are examples of _____.
Phobias
_________ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.
Rooting
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychological disorders?
Socially acceptable behavior
a complaint of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that one has a serious disease when it does not exist.
Somatoform disorders are characterized by:
Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?
The Id (Birth)
false
The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause behavioral responses to events.
attitude
an enduring mental representation of a person place or thing that typically evokes an emotional response and related behavior
romantic love
an intense , positive emotion that involves sexual attraction feelings of caring and the belief that one is in love
People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.
Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?
genital stage
Which of the following is the final stage in Freud's stages of psychosexual development?
It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
It focuses directly on thoughts and encourages ideas that help individuals solve problems.
Which of the following is true of cognitive therapy?
They dominate group discussions.
Which of the following is true of people with Type A behavior pattern?
It influences clients' thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Which of the following is true of psychotherapy?
It holds that the innate factors of children cause them to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.
Which of the following statements is true about the nativist theory of language development?
tendencies toward perfectionism and rumination, which are found among many people with somatoform disorders, are thought to be at least partly heritable
Which of the following statements is true of somatoform disorders? a. Schizophrenia is a type of somatoform disorder. b. Tendencies toward perfectionism and rumination, which are found among many people with somatoform disorders, are thought to be at least partly heritable. c. Somatoform disorders are characterized by the separation of mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, identity, memory, or consciousness. d. Somatoform disorders are characterized by the presence of two or more personalities in one person.
It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.
Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
Delusions of reference
While in a bus, a man overhears a discussion about a person who is about to be terminated from his job. The man believes that the people on the bus are talking about him and that he has been targeted. Which of the following delusions does the man demonstrate?
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, toddlers through about the age of three are said to be in the stage of:
autonomy versus shame and doubt.
Kathy hurt her back. She is afraid to go to the doctor because she is worried it is serious, but she is also concerned that it will only worsen without treatment. This is
avoidance-avoidance conflict
People with _____ alternate between extremes of adulation in their relationships when their needs are met and loathing when they feel scorned.
borderline personality disorder
According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall,__________is a source of prejudice.
social conflict
While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____.
state-dependent memory
delusions of reference
While in a bus, a man overhears a discussion about a person who is about to be terminated from his job. The man believes that the people on the bus are talking about him and that he has been targeted. Which of the following delusions does the man demonstrate?
state-dependent memory
While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____.
Intelligence
_________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.
neuroticism
_________ is a personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety.
According to Noam Chomsky,__________is an underlying set of rules for turning ideas into sentences.
a universal grammar
Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____.
a visual code
Jason, while standing on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____.
a visual code
The__________is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.
sympathetic nervous system
The ----_____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of _____.
trust versus mistrust
telegraphic speech
two word speech (mommy go)
Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them _________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.
unconditional positive
The _________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.
unconscious
A(n) _________ is a fertilized egg cell.
zygote
_________ are the arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior.
Activating effects
The _____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
false
According to Jeffrey Arnett, the age of self-focus is characterized by adults experimenting with careers and romantic possibilities.
Conversion Disorder
Characterized by a major change in, or loss of, physical functioning, although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning. The behaviors are not intentional. This converts stress into a physical difficulty.
According to the Greek physician Hippocrates, yellow bile is associated with _____ disposition
Choleric
_____ is a type of somatoform disorder.
Conversion disorder
semantic memory
General knowledge is referred to as _________.
false
Girls can become pregnant immediately after menarche.
_________ is a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality.
Hallucination
self-actualization
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.
reinforcement
Skinner believed that the effects of _________ on behavior should be emphasized.
_________is a subfield of social psychology that studies the ways in which we form and modify impressions of others.
Social perception
_________ is the state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something.
Motivation
Which of the following represents the correct developmental sequence of Sigmund Freud's stages of psychosexual development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
In the context of Long-term memory, which of the following statements is true of flashbulb memory?
Stimuli that stand out are preserved in detail in a person's long-term memory.
priming
Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.
_________ refers to Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation.
Systematic desensitization
lowering LDL serum cholesterol.
The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) can be reduced by:
Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?
The serial-position effect
false
The umbilical cord is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall.
Which of the following is a feature of the germinal stage of prenatal development?
The zygote divides repeatedly while moving to the uterus
Attitudes with a strong emotional impact are more accessible.
True
From the behavioral perspective, organisms that are reinforced for aggressive behavior are more likely to behave aggressively in situations similar to those in which reinforcement occurs.
True
Hippocrates suggested that psychological disorders are caused by brain abnormalities.
True
elaborative rehearsal
Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.
Eustress
What is Hans Selye's term for strain that is healthful?
The far-reaching effects of childhood events
Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?
Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.
Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?
We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.
Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?
Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow
Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?
The serial-position effect
ana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?
According to psycholinguistic theory, _____.
environmental influences affect language acquisition
Sarah can recite her speech for her speech contest perfectly when she is alone. However, when she is in front of the jury she often loses her "train of thought" because of her concern that they are assessing her performance. In this case,Sarah's performance is influenced by _____.
evaluation apprehension
When Alex learned that the local supermarket sells chemically grown vegetables, he started buying vegetables that were sold at the organic farmers' market. In the context of changing attitudes through persuasion, Alex was influenced by _____.
fear appeal
Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:
feelings of inferiority and the creative self.
A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's _____.
fixation time
divergent thinking
freely associate to elements of a problem, best used in measuring creativity
In__________, people forget their entire lives.
generalized dissociative amnesia
Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:
humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.
The drive-reduction theory of Hull states that:
hunger and pain trigger arousal and activate behavior.
An intelligence quotient (IQ) is
not independent of his or her chronological age (CA).
Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.
priming
Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.
priming
Which hormone is associated with the tendency to dominate and control others?
testosterone
Striving to become what you are capable of being is termed as _____.
self-actualization
_________ is the issue of how well one can predict behavior on the basis of attitudes
A-B problem
_________ is a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine.
Adaptive thermogenesis
Agoraphobia
Amanda can't stand to be in a crowded room, get on an elevator, or sit in the middle of a row. It interferes with her job performance and prevents her from enjoying leisure activities. Which anxiety disorder does Amanda exhibit?
An assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponds to a memory trace
Engram
The __ is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace.
Engram
Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?
He is extraverted and unstable.
are best described as people who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements in stressful situations as being largely outside themselves.
Externals
Cross-cultural studies on mate selection find that men tend to place relatively greater emphasis on professional status, consideration, dependability, kindness, and fondness for children.
False
Event-based tasks are to be performed at a certain time or after a certain amount of time has elapsed between occurrences.
False
Boris has been under a great deal of stress. Which of the following is most likely true?
His immune system is weakened.
false
In aversive conditioning, an aversive stimuli is paired with a painful behavior in order to increase that behavior.
_________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.
Infantile amnesia
Which of the following is a feature of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
It contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations.
Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?
It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.
Which of the following statements is true of social facilitation?
It is the process by which a person's performance is increased when other members of a group engage in similar behavior.
Which of the following is true about the serial position effect?
It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.
Which of the following is true about the serial-position effect?
It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.
Which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective of motivation?
It states that instinctive behaviors are genetically transmitted.
Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis?
It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction.
Kim has a poor appetite and has experienced a severe weight loss. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She often has feelings of unworthiness and guilt for things she has not done. She no longer cares about life and talks about death, and how she would welcome it. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with _____.
Major Depressive Disorder
Which of the following statements is true of somatoform disorders?
. Tendencies toward perfectionism and rumination, which are found among many people with somatoform disorders, are thought to be at least partly heritable.
_____ is the erroneous belief that one is being victimized or made to suffer. A. Ideas of persecution B. Dissociative amnesia C. Psychomotor retardation D. Learned helplessness
A
false
A child points to a cat and says, "Cat." He then points to a dog and then a rabbit and calls them cats as well. In this context, the child is overregulating.
Object permanence
A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places an object in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son begins to look for the object. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?
episodic memories
Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _____ of the event.
Approach-approach conflict
According to Neal E. Miller, which of the following is the least stressful type of conflict?
the ability to hypothesize.
According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:
feelings of inferiority and the creative self.
Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:
dissociative disorders
Amnesia is frequently associated with _____.
_________ enables us to solve problems and acquire new knowledge, and it is the type of intelligence measured by standard intelligence tests.
Analytical intelligence
_________ means responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.
Assimilation
In the selection of a romantic partner, women tend to place greater emphasis on traits such as: A. cooking ability. B. professional status C. physical allure D. thrift
B
Kyle is possessed by the thought that he is an evil person who will murder somebody, even though he is not capable of the heinous act. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates: A. illness anxiety disorder. B. obsessive-complusive disorder C. dissociative identity disorder D. posttraumatic stress disorder
B
People with _________ do not show the grossly disorganized thinking of paranoid schizophrenia. A. catatonic schizophrenia B. paranoid personality disorder C. dissociative amnesia D. dissociative identity disorder
B
Psychological disorders are: A. predictable responses to specific events. B. sometimes characterized by anxiety. C. considered socially appropriate behavior. D. considered normal and do not cause personal distress.
B
A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that both:
Both are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.
Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?
Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable
Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary has:
Both positive and negative symptoms
Alina thinks that she is overweight even if she is not. She often indulges in binge eating and later vomits the food out forcefully. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?
Bulimia nervosa
Alina thinks that she is overweight. She often indulges in binge eating and later forcibly vomits the food. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?
Bulimia nervosa
A young man is having trouble getting along with his roommate. Sometimes, his roommate does not speak for days. On other days, he speaks rapidly and nonstop, and is often abrasive and aggressive. The roommate is showing symptoms suggesting: A. delusional disorder. B. somatoform disorder C. bipolar disorder D. anxiety disorder
C
Jane has episodes where she can't remember what she did or where she was. She has found clothing in her closet that she does not wear and doesn't know how it got there. When she goes to see the doctor, she introduces herself as Suzy. Jane seems to be exhibiting: A. depersonalization disorder. B. schizotypal C. dissociative identity disorder D. illness anxiety disorder
C
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychological disorders? A. A faulty perception or interpretation of reality B. Personal distress C. Socially acceptable behavior D. Self-defeating behavior
C
_________ is a personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety. A. Insanity B. psychomotor retardation C. neuroticism D. dissociative amnesia
C
Jim overhears a classmate explaining to a friend that people are free to do what they choose with their lives and that the meaning of their lives is what they give to it. He further explains that people have unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____.
Carl Rogers
Jim overhears a classmate explaining toa friend that peopleare free to do what theychoose with theirlives and that the meaning of theirlives is whattheygive to it. He further explains that peoplehave unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____.
Carl Rogers
In the context of schizophrenia, people with the condition termed _____ show striking impairment in motor activity.
Catatonia
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Characterized by a rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic experience. May occur months or years after event. Event is revisited in the form of intrusive memories, recurrent dreams, and flashbacks. People find it difficult to get sleep.
Mood Disorders
Characterized by disturbance in expressed emotions. The disruption generally involves sadness or elation.
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is the ideal form of love?
Consummate love
A man witnessed an explosion in which a coworker died, and soon after, he lost his vision. Despite many neurological tests, doctors could find no organic basis for the man's loss of eyesight. A psychological explanation for this incident is:
Conversion Disorder
Levels of _____, a stress hormone, in the saliva are elevated during a severe panic attack.
Cortisol
dissociative amnesia.
Cory was driving when an accident killed his best friend who was sitting in the car with him. However, Cory escaped uninjured. When he woke up the next morning, he couldn't remember where he was or what had happened the previous night. He is most likely exhibiting:
_________ is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.
Creativity
. Fran describes herself as complicated. Since she hates being alone, she is always looking for companionship and often gets involved in stormy relationships. Mostly, she gets into disagreements with people over her divided loyalties—she just cannot make up her mind to stand by one person. She has been hopping from job to job because she is not sure about what she likes to do. Her attitude is typical of a person with _____. A. schizotypal personality disorder B. antisocial personality disorder C. schizoid personality disorder D. borderline personality disorder
D
In _________ terms, prejudice is connected with avoidance and aggression. A. cognitive B. social conflict C. emotional D. behavioral
D
The difference between major depressive disorder and run-of-the-mill depression is that: A. people with run-of-the-mill depression suffer from psychomotor retardation. B. the depression is less severe in people with major depressive disorder. C. the depression lasts longer in people with run-of-the-mill depression. D. the feeling of lack of energy, low self-esteem, loss of interest in activities is more intense in people with major depressive disorder.
D
_______ is a condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled. A. Insanity B. Neuroticism C. Hallucination D. Stupor
D
_______ is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax. A. Psychomotor retardation B. Dissociative amnesia C. Dissociative disorder D. Anxiety disorder
D
post traumatic stress disorder
Disaster victims may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual disaster. These patients are diagnosed with: a. illness anxiety disorder. b. dissociative identity disorder. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. post traumatic stress disorder
In memory theory, to cause information to be lost from short term memory by adding new information
Displace
false
Emotions do not involve behavioral tendencies.
The maintenance of information over time; the second stage of information processing
Encode
_________ is the first stage of information processing.
Encoding
Acute Stress Disorder
Feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event. Occurs within a month of the event and lasts from two days to four weeks.
false
Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively because males empathize with the victim.
phallic stage
Feud believed that the Electra complex develops in the__________of psychosexual development. a. anal stage b. genital stage c. oral stage d. phallic stage
conscious, unconscious, and preconscious
Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.
The __ is vital in storing new information even if one can retrieve old information without it.
Hippocampus
Which of the following is a difference between humanistic forms of therapy and behavior therapy?
Humanistic forms of therapy tend to focus on emotions, whereas behavior therapy tends to focus on actions.
Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?
Humanistic theorists
Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?
Humanistic theorists
Which of the following brain structures is associated with instinctive aggressive reactions in nonhumans?
Hypothalamus
A mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory
Icon
The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli
Iconic memory
In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:
Infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.
_________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.
Intelligence
Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?
It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.
Which of the following statements is true about a schema?
It is a way of mentally representing the world that can influence perceptions.
In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight reaction?
It stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening.
In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight reaction?
It sterns of human prehistory where fight or flight were life threating
conformity.
Lisa has been invited to a party. Immediately after receiving the invitation, she meets with a group of friends to discuss what they plan to wear to the party. Lisa then decides what to wear based on everybody's opinion. Lisa's behavior demonstrates:
The type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage
Long-term memory
Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory
Maintenance rehearsal
An assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus
Memory trace
Dissociative Disorders
Mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, memory, consciousness, even knowledge of one's own identity may seem to be split off from one another.
Nadine has a newborn baby boy. The first time her husband turned on the television, the baby drew up his legs and arched his back in response to the sudden noise.In this scenario, the baby exhibited the _____.
Moro reflex
inferred from behavior.
Motives are:
Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?
Noise
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Which of the following is true of coronary heart disease (CHD)?
Overtime work, assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to CHD.
Richard has not been successful in getting a job despite several efforts. Thinking about his failure, he feels helpless, hopeless, and even feels suicidal at times. What other symptom is most likely to be associated with Richard's condition?
Parasympathetic arousal
According to Gestalt therapy, which of the following statements is true?
People don social masks, pretending to be things that they are not.
Social categorization
People tend to divide their social world into "us" and "them." They usually view those who belong to their own groups-the "in-group"-more favorably than those who do not-the "out-group." Isolation from the out-group makes it easier to maintain their stereotypes. Which of the following source of prejudice does this illustrate?
paranoid personality disorder
People with _________ do not show the grossly disorganized thinking of paranoid schizophrenia.
hoarding disorder
People with _________ feel an overpowering need to accumulate certain kinds of possessions and have difficulty discarding them.
misinterpret bodily cues and to view them as threats.
People with panic attacks tend to:
Paranoid Type of Schizophrenia
People with this type often have complex delusions of grandeur and persecution, but also delusions of jealousy where they believe their spouse has been unfaithful,and, frequently, related auditory hallucinations. They may show agitation and fear and may experience hallucinations that are consistent with their delusions.
Nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall
Paired associates
Antisocial Personality Disorder
People show a superficial charm and are at least average in intelligence. They do not form a strong bond with other people. Although they are often punished by parents and rejected by peers, they continue with their impulsive and careless lifestyle.
General knowledge, as opposed to episodic memory
Semantic memory
Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned, is known as __.
State-dependent memory
Aria works at a marketing research firm.Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her idea so as to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with _____.
Piaget's cognitive developmental theory
_____ is an example of a psychological need.
Power
The person's reasonably stable pattern of emotions, motives, and demeanor
Priscilla is a psychologist. She is studying a group of people for their behaviors that make them unique. What will be the definition of the term "personality" on her paper on the study?
_________ is the period of physical development during which sexual reproduction first becomes possible.
Puberty
Which of the following is a factor that contributes to attraction?
Reciprocity
Parasympathetic arousal
Richard has not been successful in getting a job despite several efforts. Thinking about his failure, Richard has started going under depression. He feels helpless and hopeless about his situation and even feels suicidal at times. What other symptom is most likely to be associated with Richard's condition?
parasympathetic arousal
Richard has not been successful in getting a job despite several efforts. Thinking about his failure, he feels helpless, hopeless, and even feels suicidal at times. What other symptom is most likely to be associated with Richard's condition? a. Parasympathetic arousal b. Adaptive thermogenesis c. Hyperphagia d. Nervosa bulimia
prospective memory
Sarah remembers that she has to pack her suitcase and has to lock all the windows and doors before she leaves for her vacation the next day. Her memory about activities that need to be performed in the future would be known as _____.
schizotypal personality disorder
Sarah's thinking is considered to be peculiar. She mixes up words from different languages and strings them along in rambling sentences. She plays out her fantasy of living in a world of cotton candy all day. However, she does not suffer from hallucinations or delusions. Sarah is displaying symptoms of _____.
_________ is the state of being satisfied.
Satiety
__________are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.
Specific phobias
__________is a process in psychological testing that checks per the scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups.
Standardization
Information that is better retrieved in the psychological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned
State-dependent memory
Which of the following is true of stereotyping?
Stereotyping may lead people to view members of groups in a biased fashion.
The Thematic Apperception Test
Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?
_____ is best described as a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust.
Stress
superego
The _________ functions according to the moral principle.
Which of the following is true of rational emotive behavior therapists?
They aim to encourage clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations.
Betsy paces herself in her work, tends to be less impatient, and also tends to be less ambitious. She fits a ________ pattern.
Type B
Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?
Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood.
_________ are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.
Uninvolved parents
Which of the following factors decreases the tendency to conform?
Valuing being right over being liked
context-dependent memory
When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her younger brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) _____.
La belle indifference
When people with conversion disorder show an indifference to their symptoms. The lack of concern suggests awareness that their physical problems have their benefits.
The IQ reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual age.
Which of the following is true about the intelligence quotient (IQ)?
It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.
Which of the following is true about the serial position effect?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Which of the following represents the correct developmental sequence of Sigmund Freud's stages of psychosexual development?
A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior
Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism?
They can represent visions of things that can never be measured
Which of the following statements is true about concepts?
They can represent visions of things that can never be measured.
Which of the following statements is true about concepts?
It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.
Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?
Thinking means paying attention to information
Which of the following statements is true about thinking?
Thinking means paying attention to information.
Which of the following statements is true about thinking?
Humanistic theorists C. Freudian theorists
Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?
The correlations in intelligence between dizygotic twins were about the same as those between other siblings.
Which of the following was the result of a study done with 500 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in Kentucky, in terms of intelligence?
social facilitation
Yarema is a cyclist. He notices that whenever he trains with someone else, his time improves markedly. In the context of group behavior, this phenomenon occurs due to a process known as:
Nonsense syllables C. Episodes
_____ are meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory.
Albert Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy methods are _____.
active and directive
Type A people:
are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive.
In the context of depressive disorders, people who remain depressed:
are more likely to be able to solve social problems.
Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as _________.
attitudes
In _________ terms, prejudice is connected with avoidance and aggression.
behavioral
In behavioral terms, prejudice is connected with avoidance and aggression
behavioral
Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of _____.
bipolar disorder
People with _____ are preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking.
body dysmorphic disorder
Illness and disease are affected
by genetic predispositions.
When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of:
collectivists.
Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love involves three components, and _____ is one of them.
commitment
Dr. Thomas, a psychiatrist, works at a facility that treats new cases as outpatients rather than sending them to hospitals. He also helps people who have been released from mental hospitals. Most of the people treated by him have chronic psychological disorders. Dr. Thomas works at a(n)
community mental health center
Behavior therapists rely heavily on principles of _________.
conditioning and observational learning.
When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her younger brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a _____.
context-dependent memory
When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her younger brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) _____.
context-dependent memory
People with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to:
control their alcohol intake.
Levels of _____, a stress hormone, in the saliva are elevated during a severe panic attack.
cortisol
representativeness heuristic
decision-making heuristic in which people make judgements about samples according to the populations they appear to represent
Amnesia is frequently associated with _____.
dissociative disorders
Clara has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. It seems like she has two different personalities. She is allergic to peanuts but the other personality, residing within her, is not allergic to peanuts. Clara has most likely been diagnosed with__________.
dissociative identity disorder
A(n) _____ is a condition of arousal in an organism that is associated with a need.
drive
Tom is a high school senior who is very clear that he wants to study medicine. He spends his summer volunteering at hospitals and studies very hard for all his tests. He subscribes to medical journals so that he does not miss out on developments in the medical field. Tom is determined to study at Harvard Medical School and is sure he will get in. According to Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, Tom is demonstrating _____.
ego identity
On a(n) ______ level, prejudiced is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred
emotional
On a(n) _________ level, prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred.
emotional
In the context of the theories of intelligence,__________resembles two of Howard Gardner's "intelligences"-intrapersonal skills and interpersonal skills.
emotional intelligence
insight
gestalt psychology - a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution
The _____ is vital in storing new information even if one can retrieve old information without it.
hippocampus
In Gestalt psychology, a(n) _________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.
insight
Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability.
introversion-extraversion
According to the study conducted by Sprecher and Felmlee in 2008, U.S. women are more willing than U.S. men to marry someone who:
is not good-looking.
Anna points to an object and tells her 2-year-old what it is. The child then points and repeats the label. According to the social-cognitive perspective, Anna serves as a(n) _____ for her child to acquire language skills.
model
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
neural "prewiring" that facilitates the learning of grammar - in psycholinguistic theory
Louis Thurstone
psychologist who indicated the presence of eight specific factors of intelligence
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the:
sex organs start to differentiate
Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory?
social relationships
algorithm
specific problem solving procedure that invariably leads to the solution. (pythag theorem)
triangular model of love
stern bergs view that love involves combinations of three components: intimacy, passion and commitment
Why we go clubbing and drink alcohol can best be explained by _____.
stimulus motives
language
the communication of information by means of symbols arranged according to rules of grammar
When Jacob met his supervisor for the first time, he remembered to smile as he answered her questions. On seeing his smile, his supervisor thought Jacob is a friendly person. In terms of social perception, Jacob's impression is an example of _____.
the primacy effect
bystander effect
the tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping
Which of the following factors decreases the tendency to conform?
valuing being right over being liked
_________ is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place.
Displacement
_________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.
Echoic memory
Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible.
implicit memory
Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____.
infantile amnesia
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is the ideal form of love? A. Consummate love B. Romantic love C. Intimate love D. Passionate love
A
true
A child is able to combine the words he has learnt to create new sentences. He is able to write stories and poetry using these words. The child has infinite creativity.
dissociative amnesia C. psychomotor retardation
A person with _________ is suddenly unable to recall important personal information.
Erik Erikson
A psychology professor argues that the nature of the mother-infant relationship and social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. In addition, she argues that we are conscious architects of our own personality. The professor's views are closest to those of _____.
Which of the following is a physical symptom of anxiety disorders?
A racing heart
prototypes
A sofa, bed, and table are _____ of the category furniture, but a magazine rack, lamp, and piano bench are not.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house will get robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from _____.
engram
A(n) _____ is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace.
Consummate love
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is the ideal form of love?
Failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
Anterograde amnesia
psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another
Which of the following is true of psychological needs? a. Psychological needs include the need for pain avoidance and proper temperature. b. Psychological needs are always based on states of deprivation. c. Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another. d. Psychological needs are the basic needs required for survival.
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psycho sexual development? a. Oral, phallic, anal, genital, and latency b. Phallic, oral, genital, latency, and anal c. Anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital d. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
situational attribution
a n assumption that a persons behavior is determined by external circumstances such as the social pressure found in a situation
groupthink
a process in which group members are influenced by cohesiveness and a dynamic leader to ignore external realities as they make decisions
social perception
a subfield of social psychology that studies the ways in which we form and modify impression of others
Individuals who are relaxed, patient, forgiving and focus on the quality of life are
Type B
What is true about long-term memory?
There are no known limits to how much can be stored in it; it never gets full.
The interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently
Proactive interference
serial processing
handling one element of the problem at a time
According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by:
learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity
To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____.
maintenance rehearsal
A(n) _________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.
memory trace
In the__________, each of several alternative courses of action has pluses and minuses.
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Sarah remembers that she must pack her suitcase and must lock all the windows and doors before she leaves for her vacation the next day. Her memory about activities that need to be performed in the future is known as _____.
prospective memory
A(n) _____ is a concept of a category of objects or events that serves as a good example of the category.
prototype
A sofa, bed, and table are _____ of the category furniture, but a magazine rack, lamp, and piano bench are not.
prototypes
semanticity
the sounds (or signs) of a language have meaning.
diffusion of responsibility
the spreading of sharing of responsibility for a decision or behavior within a group
The _________ is a part of the limbic system involved in discriminating emotions, including fear.
amygdala
Romantic love, in Sternberg's scheme, refers to _____
an intense, positive emotion that involves sexual attraction, feelings of caring, and the belief that one is in love
A(n)__________is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.
analogy
Nativist (language)
approach to language that holds that innate factors (nature) cause children to acquire language in certain ways.
Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as attitudes .
attitudes
Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, and does not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n) _____ style of parenting.
authoritarian
Sheena's brother was recently killed in a road accident. He was run over by a car driven by a drunk driver. A group of college students who belonged to an organization that protested against driving under the influence of alcohol asked her to sign a petition and donate to the cause. Sheena was glad to help them because she was still grieving her brother's death. This scenario demonstrates how the _____ of Sheena's attitude influenced her behavior.
accessibility
When a rat's ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is destroyed, the rat will:
begin to eat uncontrollably
When a rat's ventromedial nucleus is destroyed, the rat will:
begin to eat uncontrollably.
Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits:
both positive and negative symptoms
Peter Salovey, Joh Mayer & Daniel Goleman
came up with and popularized emotional intelligence - inter and intra personal skills
Howard Gardner
came up with the theory of multiple intelligences. (language ability, logic ability, kinesthetic talents, musical, spatial, naturalist, existential, personal)
Robert Sternberg
came up with the triarchic theory of intelligence - includes analytical, creative and practical intelligence
In the elaboration likelihood model, _____ inspires thoughtful consideration of arguments and evidence.
central route
A(n)__________is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.
chunk
People are said to conform when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms
conform
According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.
conscientiousness
Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.
conscious, unconscious, and preconscious
Mozart was a child prodigy. By the age of 12, he had composed several musical pieces.According to Sternberg's model of intelligence, Mozart can be said to have demonstrated a high level of _____.
creative intelligence
The seeds of individualism and collectivism are found in the _________ in which a person grows up.
culture
People describe Sarah as peculiar. She mixes up random words from different languages and strings them together in rambling sentences. She plays out her fantasy of living in a world made of cotton candy all day. However, she does not suffer from hallucinations or delusions. Sarah is displaying symptoms of _____.
schizotypal personality disorder
In the context of the Milgram studies,__________were the real participants.
scientists/teachers
The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.
serial-position effect
In the context of sources of prejudice, when people view those who belong to their own groups more favorably than those who do not, they are involved in _____.
social categorization
The _________ of language development holds that the inborn factors—which make up children's nature—cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.
nativist theory
Susan has the ability to look at the moon and the stars at night and to develop insights into the laws that govern their behavior. In this context, Susan has _____.
naturalist intelligence
One of the similarities between views of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson is that both believed that:
social relationships (such as that between a parent and child) are more important determinants of personality than sexual urges.
Introverts and people who live alone are more prone to developing the common cold under stress because of a lack of
social support
incubation
standing back from the problem for a while, as some internal process continues to work on it.
People with generalized anxiety disorder:
suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.
The _________ functions according to the moral principle.
superego
The representativeness heuristic leads people to make judgments about events according to _____.
the populations of events that they appear to represent
social facilitation
the process by which a persons performance is increased when other members of a group engage in similar behavior
Behavior-therapy methods for reducing fears include _____.
virtual therapy
another term for short term memory
working memory
_________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.
Infantile amnesia
A(n) _________ involves an inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals.
instinct
The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________.
it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior
To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____.
maintenance rehearsal
Children between the ages of three and five incorrectly apply the rules of past tense and of plural when they say "sitted" instead of "sat" and "gooses" instead of "geese." This is known as _____.
overregularization
parallel processing
deal simultaneously with two or more elements of a problem
Delmar believes that he has been sent to earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to a female is doomed to be a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are absurd. Delmar's behavior best exemplifies _____.
delusions
Individuals who are more likely to exhibit irrational beliefs that can put them at a higher risk for anxiety and depression are
dependent on social approval and perfectionist.
Jessie and her mother argue about Jessie's choice of friends and dates. Her mother thinks Jessie is stubborn and resistant. Jessie thinks her mother is bossy and controlling. The assumptions are examples of__________.
dispositional attributions
In _________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.
divergent thinking
The feeling of ______ encourages helping behavior and discourages aggression
empathy
The placenta:
exchanges nutrients from mother to embryo
In the context of psychosurgery, in__________, physicians beam streams of radiation deep into the skull, destroying spots of tissue believed to be overactive in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.
gamma knife surgery
The _________ is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall.
germinal stage
According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development:
have the ability to hypothesize
A(n) _________ is a single word used by children to express complex meanings.
holophrase
According to Freud, the__________represents biological drives and is entirely unconscious.
id
Firdous always complains of a tickling sensation in her palms. She has visited several physicians who have assured her that she is physically healthy. Despite the repeated reassurances, she runs from doctor to doctor, seeking the one who will find the cause of the sensation. In this scenario, Firdous is exhibiting:
illness anxiety disorder.
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ involves closeness and caring—championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.
intimacy
Carole is a healthy teenager. She is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed at times. She believes that change is normal and can face adverse situations well. Psychologists would say that Carole:
is psychologically hardy.
According to research performed by Bray and Bouchard, _____.
more than two out of three adult Americans are overweight
Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.
oral stage
The_____ is a membrane within the uterus that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child.
placenta
According to Freud, the id follows the _____.
pleasure principle
According to Freud, the id follows the _____.
pleasure principle
In the selection of a romantic partner, women tend to place greater emphasis on traits such as:
professional status
According to Maslow, once physiological needs are satisfied, people try to fulfil their need for__________.
safety
Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?
Forced-choice format
Which of the following statements is true of the third memory process—retrieval?
Retrieval of information requires knowledge of the proper cues.
_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.
Carl Jung
Systematic random search
Dave cannot remember the last digit in his friend's telephone number. In order to reach him, he keeps trying different numbers until he finds the right one. In this context, which of the following methods is Dave using?
_____ believed that tension motivates us to behave in ways that restore us to a resting state.
Sigmund Freud
at birth
When is the id first present in the mind?
Heuristics
_________ are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems.
Jerry has poor social skills and lives on his own. When he is under stress,
he is more likely to develop an infectious disease.
Mark and Tracy are close friends from second grade. They share their feelings with each other, but they lack passion or commitment. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, Mark and Tracy's love is a form of _____.
liking
The _________ shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning.
mental age
In the context of Freud's theory of psychosexual development, a strong need for order is a(n) _____.
. anal-retentive trait
Kyle is possessed by the thought that he might develop a severe disease due to the germs. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates:
. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Factors that affect problem solving
1. expertise 2. mental set 3. insight
Jane is a ten-year-old girl with a mental age (MA) of twelve. Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is _____.
120
Joan is a ten-year-old girl with a mental age of twelve. According to Stern,Joan's IQ is _____.
120
According to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia, all of the following are true EXCEPT: A. there is an overproduction of dopamine. B. there is an overutilization of dopamine. C. the fact that increased amounts of dopamine are present at the synapses. D. the fact that a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia is present.
A
Cory was driving when an accident killed his best friend who was sitting in the car with him. However, Cory escaped uninjured. When he woke up the next morning, he couldn't remember where he was or what had happened the previous night. He is most likely exhibiting: A. dissociative amnesia. B. psychomotor retardation C. schizophrenia D. neuroticism
A
In terms of behavior, which of the following is true of prejudice? A. Prejudice is connected with avoidance, aggression, and discrimination. B. Prejudice is associated with positive feelings such as love, peace, and hope. C. Prejudice is the least troubling kind of attitude. D. Prejudice is the tendency to seek justification for strenuous efforts.
A
People with _____ are preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking. A. body dysmorphic disorder B. acute stress disorder C. dissociative identity disorder D. somatoform disorder
A
People with generalized anxiety disorder: A. suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity. B. show indifference to their symptoms. C. are particularly afraid of suffocation. D. suffer from disturbances in thinking, language, perception, motor behavior, and social interaction.
A
Sarah's thinking is considered to be peculiar. She mixes up words from different languages and strings them along in rambling sentences. She plays out her fantasy of living in a world of cotton candy all day. However, she does not suffer from hallucinations or delusions. Sarah is displaying symptoms of _____. A. schizotypal personality disorder B. antisocial personality disorder C. schizoid personality disorder D. paranoid personality disorder
A
The feeling of _________ encourages helping behavior and discourages aggression. A. empathy B. resentment C. gloominess D. edginess
A
While in a bus, a man overhears a discussion about a person who is about to be terminated from his job. The man believes that the people on the bus are talking about him and that he has been targeted. Which of the following delusions does the man demonstrate? A. Delusions of reference B. Delusions of grandeur C. Disorganized delusions D. Dangerous delusions
A
_________ is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event. A. Acute stress disorder B. Dissociative identity disorder C. Somatoform disorder D. Bipolar disorder
A
_________ is the issue of how well one can predict behavior on the basis of attitudes. A. A-B problem B. individual problem C. social facilitation D. group problem
A
Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism?
A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior
conversion disorder
A man witnessed an explosion in which a coworker died, and soon after, he lost his vision. Despite many neurological tests, doctors could find no organic basis for the man's loss of eyesight. A psychological explanation for this incident is:
The fetal stage
A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of her baby. She is able to see the fingers and toes of the baby. She also tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is best depicted in the scenario?
are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.
A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that both:
Paranoid Personality Disorder
A tendency to interpret other people's behavior as threatening or demeaning. People with this do not show the grossly disorganized thinking or paranoid schizophrenia. However, they are mistrustful of others, and their relationships suffer for it. They may be suspicious of coworkers and supervisors, but they can hold a job.
Jason, while standing on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using __
A visual code
bipolar disorder
A young man is having trouble getting along with his roommate. Sometimes, his roommate does not speak for days. On other days, he speaks rapidly and nonstop, and is often abrasive and aggressive. The roommate is showing symptoms suggesting:
icon
A(n) _________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.
According to Aaron Beck, clients may engage in _________, which means looking at the world in black and white rather than in shades of gray.
Absolutist Thinking
A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When they visit the zoo for the first time, the child sees a hamster and calls it a rabbit because of its similar physical features. According to Piaget, which cognitive process within the child will best correct the child's misunderstanding?
Accommodation
Our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, can be stressors.
According to Albert Ellis, which of the following is true of beliefs?
Identity exploration
According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?
Roadblocks to self-actualization
According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is the basis for psychological problems?
social conflict
According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall,__________is a source of prejudice. a. similarity b. social conflict c. altruism d. reciprocity
Ego identity
According to Erikson, which of the following is the goal of adolescence?
pleasure principle
According to Freud, the id follows the _____.
true
According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, the preoperational stage is characterized by the use of words and symbols to represent objects and relationships among them.
intimacy
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ involves closeness and caring championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own. a. commitment b. intimacy c. passion d. reciprocity
They appreciate art and music.
According to Steinberg, which of the following statements is true about creative people?
true
According to Thurstone, primary mental abilities are the basic abilities that make up intelligence.
psycholinguistic theory
According to _________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences.
not good-looking
According to a study by Sprecher and Felmlee (2008), U.S. women are more willing than U.S. men to marry someone who is:
true
According to cognitive-dissonance theory, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior.
false
According to psychiatrist Aaron Beck, clients make the cognitive error of minimizing the importance of negative events.
In the context of anorexia nervosa, which of the following statements is true?
Affluent females may be at greater risk because they have greater access to fitness centers and health clubs.
chunking
After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.
means-end analysis
After setting a five-year goal for their company, a group of managers look at where the company is today and the steps needed to achieve the final goal. They are using a technique called _____.
Bulimia nervosa
Alina thinks that she is overweight even if she is not. She often indulges in binge eating and later vomits the food out forcefully. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?
Richard is 67 years old. His family no longer allows him to go anywhere alone because he often forgets his name and address along with his way home. In addition, Richard is unable to follow instructions and do simple chores like he used to. Which disease does Richard most likely have?
Alzheimer's disease
Panic Disorder
An abrupt anxiety attack that is apparently unrelated to specific objects or situations. People with this experience strong cardiac-related sensations: shortness of breath, heavy sweating, tremors, and pounding of the heart. They may also experience choking sensations, nausea, numbness or tingling, flushes or chills, and fear of going crazy or losing control. Panic attacks may last minutes or hours.
Imaginary audience
Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school anymore because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which concept of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is best depicted in this scenario?
_____ are male sex hormones that further masculinize the sex organs in the embryonic stage of prenatal development.
Androgens
model
Anna points to an object and tells her 2-year-old what it is. The child then points and repeats the label. According to the social-cognitive perspective, Anna serves as a(n) _____ for her child to acquire language skills.
Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?
Anorexia nervosa
Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and recently has lost a lot of weight. Even after this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?
Anorexia nervosa
__________is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax.
Anxiety disorder
According to Jung's hypothesis, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?
Archetypes
A two-year-old child has a pet dog called Sophie. The child visits her neighbor's house and sees their pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating?
Assimilation
housing people with psychological disorders
Asylums were intended primarily for: a. housing new slaves in America. b. housing people with psychological disorders. c. ensuring that people with psychological disorders reentered society after being treated. d. treating individuals with psychological disorders through therapies that did not involve violence.
eidetic imagery
At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as _____.
A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that both: A. occur six months or more after the traumatic event and tend to persist. B. are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event. C. occur within a month of the event and last from two days to four weeks. D. are characterized by loss of memory that is caused by a traumatic event.
B
According to the _____, a woman's appeal is more strongly connected with her age and health, both of which are markers of reproductive capacity. A. triangular model of love B. parental investment model C. attraction-similarity hypotheses D. primacy effect
B
People with _________ feel an overpowering need to accumulate certain kinds of possessions and have difficulty discarding them. A. dissociative disorder B. hoarding disorder C. somatoform disorder D. schizotypal disorder
B
People with depersonalization-derealization disorder: A. complain of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease. B. experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal. C. have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression. D. hold persistent, clearly delusional beliefs, often involving paranoid themes.
B
Somatoform disorders are characterized by: A. a disturbance in expression of emotions. B. a complaint of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that one has a serious disease when it does not exist. C. the separation of mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, identity, memory, or consciousness. D. disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood, as well as withdrawal and absorption in daydreams and fantasy.
B
Which hormone is associated with the tendency to dominate and control others? A. Adrenaline B. testosterone C. estrogen D. thyroxin
B
Which of the following is a factor that contributes to attraction? A. dissimilarity B. reciprocity C. social conflict D. prejudice
B
_____ is a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables such as values and expectancies play major roles in individual differences. A. attribution theory B. social cognitive theory C. psychodynamic theory D. cognitive-dissonance theory
B
_________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights. A. Delusions B. Specific phobias C. Hallucinations D. Psychomotor retardations
B
It relies on observational learning.
Based on the different behavior-therapy methods, which of the following is true of modeling?
A young man is having trouble getting along with his roommate. Sometimes, his roommate does not speak for days. On other days, he speaks rapidly and nonstop, and is often abrasive and aggressive. The roommate is showing symptoms suggesting:
Bipolar disorder
unconditional positive regard
Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.
Fran describes herself as complicated. Since she hates being alone, she is always looking for companionship and often gets involved in stormy relationships. Mostly, she gets into disagreements with people over her divided loyalties—she just cannot make up her mind to stand by one person. She has been hopping from job to job because she is not sure about what she likes to do. Her attitude is typical of a person with _____.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Delmar believes that he has been sent to Earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to, or associates with, a female is doomed to a life as a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are untrue. Which of the following does Delmar demonstrate? A. Hallucinations B. Stupor C. Delusions D. Catatonia
C
Miguel, an unusually uncontrollable child, runs around the house endlessly, has little sleep, and often has temper tantrums. His mother exclaims to the family doctor, "I swear that kid is possessed!" In this scenario, which perspective on psychological disorders is she most likely to hold? A. The biopsychosocial model B. The diathesis-stress model C. The demonological model D. The medical model
C
Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign," or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions toward others may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is referred to as _____. A. social learning B. social facilitation C. information processing D. deindividuation
C
Romantic love, in Sternberg's scheme, refers to _____. A. strong sexual and passionate feelings B. the decision to maintain a relationship C. an intense, positive emotion that involves sexual attraction, feelings of caring, and the belief that one is in love D. the ideal form of love which combines passion, intimacy, and commitment
C
Schizophrenia is characterized by: A. an inability to be alone. B. feelings of frustration because the victims feel that they are so different from other people C. disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and mood D. rigid and over controlled thinking
C
The _____ of conversion disorders holds that it is a form of self-hypnosis. A. learning perspective B. demonologic perspective C. biopsychosocial perspective D. chemical perspective
C
The group effect called _________ is likely to lead the group to make more risky shifts in decision-making. A. social facilitation B. catharsis C. polarization D. propinquity
C
Which of the following factors decreases the tendency to conform? A. low self-esteem B. lack of familiarity with the task C. valuing being right over being liked D. social shyness
C
Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis? A. It states that people tend to develop romantic relationships with wealthy people. B. It reiterates the popular notion that opposites attract. C. It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction. D. It believes that marriages are made in heaven.
C
the serial-position effect
Caleb had read in the newspaper that a popular corporation had appointed a new CEO. When he was talking about this to a friend, Caleb could only remember the first letter and the last letter of the new CEO's name. This illustrates _____.
is psychologically hardy
Carole is a healthy teenager. She is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed at times. She believes that change is normal and can face adverse situations well. Psychologists would say that Carole: a. exhibits low self-efficacy expectations. b. is psychologically hardy. c. is indulging in irrational beliefs. d. is catastrophizing.
psychologically hardy.
Carole seems to be incredibly healthy; she is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed. She fully involves herself in whatever she is doing. She believes that change is normal and that she has control over the course of her life. Psychologists would say that Carole is:
Schizophrenia
Characterized by disturbances in thought and language (Delusions of grandeur (thinking your famous), persecution(someone is coming after them), and reference(people are talking about them)), perception (hallucinations- visual of colors and obscene words and auditory) and attention, motor activity, and mood, as well as withdrawal and absorption in day dreams and fantasies. Affects 1% of the population worldwide. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the inappropriate kinds of behavior we find in afflicted people, including agitated behavior, vivid hallucinations, unshakable delusions, disorganized thinking, and nonsensical speech. Negative symptoms are those that reflect the absence of appropriate behavior. This is shown through flat, emotionless voices, blank faces, rigid, motionless bodies and mutism, or refusal to talk.
Personality Disorders
Characterized by enduring patterns of behavior. They are inflexible and maladaptive. They impair personal or social functioning and are a source of distress to the individual or to other people.
self-efficacy expectations
Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____ by social cognitive theorists.
After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.
Chunking
Jason meets a therapist for the first time. During the session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. Which kind of therapy does she likely practice?
Client-Centered Therapy
true
Client-centered therapists believe in viewing the world through the client's frame of reference.
Which of the following is true of free association?
Clients are made comfortable and asked to talk about any topic that comes to mind.
In addition to his normal duties, a professor actively participates in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches. According to Suzanne Kobasa, which of the following characteristics of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?
Commitment
a major change in, or loss of, physical functioning, although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning.
Conversion disorder is characterized by:
Mary and Ted are working with a therapist to strengthen their communication, express their uncomfortable feelings, and learn to share in the decision-making process. In which of the following therapies are they involved?
Couples Therapy
A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house will get robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from _____. A. illness anxiety disorder B. dissociative identity disorder C. posttraumatic stress disorder D. obsessive-compulsive disorder
D
Amnesia is frequently associated with _____. A. somatoform disorders B. anxiety disorders C. mood disorders D. dissociative disorders
D
Conversion disorder is characterized by: A. peculiarities of thought, perception, or behavior, such as excessive fantasy and suspiciousness, feelings of being unreal, or the odd use of words. B. indifference to relationships and flat emotional response. C. disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood, as well as withdrawal and absorption in daydreams or fantasy. D. a major change in, or loss of, physical functioning, although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning.
D
infantile amnesia
Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____.
Anorexia nervosa
Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and recently has lost a lot of weight. Even after this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?
false
Deindividuation is the tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping.
Delusions
Delmar believes that he has been sent to Earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to, or associates with, a female is doomed to a life as a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are untrue. Which of the following does Delmar demonstrate?
delusions
Delmar believes that he has been sent to Earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to, or associates with, a female is doomed to a life as a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are untrue. Which of the following does Delmar demonstrate?
delusions
Delmar believes that he has been sent to earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to a female is doomed to be a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are absurd. Delmar's behavior best exemplifies _____. a. hallucinations b. waxy flexibility c. delusions d. catatonia
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to __.
Determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory.
true
Discrimination refers to behavior that results from prejudice.
Loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma
Dissociative amnesia
_____ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.
Dissociative amnesia
Amnesia is frequently associated with _____.
Dissociative disorders
false
During middle adulthood, people are at their height of sensory sharpness, strength, reaction time, and cardiovascular fitness.
According to psychodynamic therapy, psychological problems reflect:
Early childhood experiences and inner conflicts.
A mental representation of an auditory stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory
Echo
The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli
Echoic memory
_________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.
Echoic memory
__________is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.
Echoic memory
bipolar disorder
Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of _____.
According to Erikson, which of the following is the goal of adolescence?
Ego identity
At a painting exhibition, Martha admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details is known as __.
Eidetic imagery
The maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes
Eidetic imagery
_________ is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.
Eidetic imagery
The kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known
Elaborative Rehearsal
Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.
Elaborative Rehearsal
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Emily is on a diet. For lunch, she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing and a fruit plate. However, she does not like either of them. According to Neal E. Miller, what is this type of conflict called?
Of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's prescence
Episodic memory
essential hypertension.
Eric has high blood pressure, and his doctors have found no specific cause. This condition is called:
Which of the following is Hans Selye's term for stress that is healthful?
Eustress
_________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.
Existentialism
According to Arnett, which of the following is most likely a part of the emerging adulthood stage?
Experiments with career possibilities
introversion-extraversion
Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability.
Some people with psychological disorders believe in ideas of persecution. They might fear that the FBI is after them. Which criteria of psychological disorders is reflected here?
Faulty perception or interpretation of reality
borderline personality disorder
Fran describes herself as complicated. Since she hates being alone, she is always looking for companionship and often gets involved in stormy relationships. Mostly, she gets into disagreements with people over her divided loyalties—she just cannot make up her mind to stand by one person. She has been hopping from job to job because she is not sure about what she likes to do. Her attitude is typical of a person with _____.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Generally unwilling to enter a relationship without some assurance of acceptance because they fear rejection and criticism. Unlike schizoid PD, they have interests in developing relationships, and feeling of warmth towards other people.
Divergent thinking
Generating many possible solutions is a characteristic of which of the following concepts?
divergent thinking
Generating many possible solutions is a characteristic of which of the following concepts?
oral stage
Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.
Jessie, who suffers from episodes of depression, shares her personal experiences with a few people with similar problems. They meet every week under the supervision of a therapist to discuss their problems. In which of the following therapies is Jessie most likely participating?
Group therapy
dissociative identity disorder
Harry is least interested in music. He tells his friends that playing a musical instrument is a waste of time. However, on several occasions, Harry's friends have noticed that he plays the guitar like a professional. When his friends question him on such occasions, Harry replies, "I am Joe and playing the guitar is my passion." In this scenario, Harry exhibits: a. depersonalization-derealization disorder. b. bipolar disorder. c. dissociative identity disorder. d. illness anxiety disorder.
false
Heuristic device, in psycholinguistic theory, is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar.
false
Hippocrates associated a choleric personality with warmth and cheerfulness.
_____ individuals are people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the same gender.
Homosexual
According to Sigmund Freud, conflicting emotions such as love and hate can dwell side by side in the _____.
Id (emotions)
To house people with psychological disorders
Identify a function of asylums.
memory trace
If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) _____.
_________is a type of somatic symptom disorder that was earlier called hypochondria
Illness anxiety disorder
Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school anymore because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which concept of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is best depicted in this scenario?
Imaginary audience
Memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly
Implicit memory
_________ is a process in which an organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify.
Imprinting
true
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included in esteem needs.
commitment
In addition to his normal duties, a professor actively participates in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches. According to Suzanne Kobasa, which of the following characteristics of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit? a. Commitment b. Challenge c. Control d. Humor
Prejudice is connected with avoidance, aggression, and discrimination.
In terms of behavior, which of the following is true of prejudice?
the beginning of the third month of pregnancy until birth
In the context of prenatal development, the fetal stage lasts from: a. the conception to the implantation. b. the implantation until about the fourth week of development. c. the beginning of the third month of pregnancy until birth. d. the second month of pregnancy to the third month.
professional status
In the selection of a romantic partner, women tend to place greater emphasis on traits such as:
true
Incubation in problem solving refers to standing back from the problem for a while as some process within may continue to work on it.
catastrophizing the extent of loss.
Irrational beliefs compound misery and foster helplessness by:
Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's analytical psychology theory?
It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.
Which of the following is true of social cognitive theory?
It focuses on learning by observation.
Which of the following statements is true about a schema?
It is a way of mentally representing the world, which can influence perceptions.
Which of the following best describes attitude?
It is an enduring mental representation of a person, place, or thing that typically evokes an emotional response and related behavior.
Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?
It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."
Which of the following statements is true of telegraphic speech?
It is brief but grammatically correct
Which of the following is true of the placenta?
It is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall.
Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?
It is dependent on brain maturation of the child.
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.
Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?
It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.
Which of the following is true of the social cognitive theory?
It pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior.
Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
It states that humans are motivated by a desire for personal growth.
dissociative identity disorder
Jane has episodes where she can't remember what she did or where she was. She has found clothing in her closet that she does not wear and doesn't know how it got there. When she goes to see the doctor, she introduces herself as Suzy. Jane seems to be exhibiting:
Client-centered therapy
Jason meets a therapist for the first time. During the session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. Which kind of therapy does she likely practice?
Carl Rogers
Jim overhears a classmate explaining to a friend that people are free to do what they choose with their lives and that the meaning of their lives is what they give to it. He further explains that people have unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____.
false
Joshua wants to do well in academics to get his parents' approval and appreciation. This is an example of a physiological need.
retroactive interference
Joy speaks Spanish as she has learnt the language in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that sometimes when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____.
Western cultural prejudice
Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____.
Systematic desensitization
Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist gradually exposes Katherine to different dogs using virtual reality displays while she relaxes to each presentation. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist?
implicit memory
Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her _____.
She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.
Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?
His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.
Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
obsessive-complusive disorder
Kyle is possessed by the thought that he is an evil person who will murder somebody, even though he is not capable of the heinous act. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates:
false
Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system.
He is extraverted and unstable.
Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?
acoustic code
Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _____
psychological factors
Many health problems are affected by__________such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior. a. psychological factors b. sociocultural factors c. biological factors d. environmental factors
both positive and negative symptoms
Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits: a. positive symptoms but not negative symptoms. b. negative symptoms but not positive symptoms. c. both positive and negative symptoms. d. neither positive nor negative symptoms.
Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?
Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.
_____ is the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
Memory
Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may _____, that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body.
Metastasize
A measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to re-learn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed, is calculated
Method of savings
obedience to authority
Michael's boss tells him to report to work at 4:00 a.m. the next day. Michael is not happy about arriving at work at such an unusual hour, yet he does as told. In the context of social influence, his behavior is an example of:
In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following traits are characteristic of neuroticism?
Nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli
reliability
Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?
_________ is defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety.
OCD
A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places an object in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son begins to look for the object. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?
Object permanence
_________ is also termed as modeling.
Observational learning
true
Obsessions are so compelling and recurrent that they disrupt daily life.
_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.
Paired associates
_________ is an abrupt anxiety attack that is apparently unrelated to specific objects or situations.
Panic Disorder
People with _________ do not show the grossly disorganized thinking of the paranoia of the paranoid schizophrenic.
Paranoid personality disorder
Richard has not been successful in getting a job despite several efforts. Thinking about his failure, Richard has started going under depression. He feels helpless and hopeless about his situation and even feels suicidal at times. What other symptom is most likely to be associated with Richard's condition?
Parasympathetic arousal
true
People who have higher self-efficacy expectations are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.
Which of the following is true of cancer?
People whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer.
body dysmorphic disorder
People with _____ are preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking.
somatoform disorder
People with _________ complain of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease.
suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.
People with generalized anxiety disorder:
Disorganized Type of Schizophrenia
People with this type show incoherence, disorganized behavior, disorganized delusions, hallucinations and flat or inappropriate emotional responses. May exhibit silliness and giddiness of mood, giggling, and nonsensical speech. They may neglect their appearance and personal hygiene and lose control of their bladder and bowels.
_____ can be defined as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.
Personality
__________refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.
Personality
_____ is the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future.
Positive psychology
Individuals who have experienced severe trauma or victimization may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual traumatic experience. For example, disaster victims or war veterans often have their first symptoms many months after the actual events. These patients are diagnosed as suffering from:
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
_________ enables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, and to meet the demands of their environment.
Practical intelligence
Behavior therapy applies _____ to directly promote desired behavioral changes.
Principles of Learning
Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he is trying to remember Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of __.
Proactive Interference
sometimes characterized by anxiety.
Psychological disorders are:
Which of the following is true of psychological needs?
Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another
Anxiety disorders
Psychological symptoms include worrying, fear of the worst happening, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax. Physical symptoms reflect arousal of the sympathetic nervous system: Trembling, sweating a racing heart, elevated blood pressure, and faintness. This is an appropriate response to a real threat, but it can be abnormal when it is excessive, when it comes out of no where, and when it prevents us from doing important things
neural events may be involved in memory
Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails, such as Aplysia, suggests that _____.
Some animals, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, can be taught to use symbols to communicate.
Research regarding the use of language in animals supports which of the following statements?
Joan avoids talking about her troubled marriage with her psychoanalyst. When she is asked to talk about the relationship, she becomes restless and claims, "There is nothing to tell." Which of the following is indicated by Joan's behavior?
Resistance
_________ is the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas—a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression
Resistance
The location of stored information and its return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing
Retrieval
_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.
Retrieval
__________of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.
Retrieval
the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously
Retroactive interference
Failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
Retrograde amnesia
__________is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.
Retrograde amnesia
Memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit and implicit memories
Retrospective memory
Alzheimer's disease
Richard is 67 years old. His family no longer allows him to go anywhere alone because he often forgets his name and address along with his way home. In addition, Richard is unable to follow instructions and do simple chores like he used to. Which disease does Richard most likely have?
According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is the basis for psychological problems?
Roadblocks to self-actualization
Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?
Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow
The medical model
Sanchez, an 8-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to a make-believe group of friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused brain damage." Which perspective on psychological disorders does she hold?
The difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed
Savings
A way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations
Schemas
Disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood
Schizophrenia is characterized by: a. an inability to be alone. b. negative symptoms such as flat, emotionless voices but not by positive symptoms. c. disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood. d. positive symptoms but not negative symptoms
__________are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.
Self-efficacy expectations
A person's ability to recall a historic event, like the American Civil War of 1861-65, would be an example of __.
Semantic Memory
_________ is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.
Semanticity
The type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; sensory memory holds impressions briefly; but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous
Sensory memory
_________ is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.
Sensory memory
The tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series
Serial position effect
__________is best described as the direction of one's romantic interests and erotic attractions-toward members of one's own anatomic sex, the other anatomic sex, or both.
Sexual orientation
Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?
She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.
Antidepressant
Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor recommends that she take some drugs. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?
The type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays; also called working memory.
Short-term memory
Borderline Personality Disorder
Show instability in their relationships, self-image, and mood and lack of control over impulses. Tend to be uncertain of their goals, values, loyalties, careers, choices of friends, and sometimes eve their sexual orientations. Many of these people do not like being alone and make desperate attempts to avoid feelings of abandonment. May be clinging and demanding in social relationships. They go from extreme adulation when their needs are met, to extreme loathing when they feel scorned in their relationships. Tend to view people as all good or all bad, there is no in-between. Have difficulty controlling their unstable moodswings, they act on impulse which are unpredictable and often self-destructive and linked to a risk of suicidal attempts and gesture. Sometimes use self-mutilation as a means of manipulating others.
Catatonic Type of Schizophrenia
Show striking impairment in motor activity. It is characterized by a slowing of activity into a stupor that may suddenly change into an agitated phase. These individuals may maintain unusual sometimes difficult postures for hours, even as their limbs grow swollen or stiff. May also show mutism, but afterward, they usually report that they heard what others were saying.
psychodynamic theories
Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.
Katie is excessively fearful of meeting new people. She eats at her desk at work to avoid any social contact with her coworkers and consistently refuses their invitations to go out for parties. Psychologists will most likely diagnose Katie with _____.
Social Phobia
People with _________ complain of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease.
Somatoform Disorder
_________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.
Specific Phobias
Phobic disorder
Specific phobias- excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights. Social Phobias- Persistent fear of scrutiny by others or of doing something that will be humiliating or embarrassing. Agoraphobia- Fear of being out in open, busy areas.
retrograde amnesia
Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.
Which of the following is true of stereotyping?
Stereotypes about physically attractive people are positive.
true
Stress and pathogens interact to influence the immune system.
false
The Asch study examined the effects of social facilitation.
Miguel, an unusually uncontrollable child, runs around the house endlessly, has little sleep, and often has temper tantrums. His mother exclaims to the family doctor, "I swear that kid is possessed!" In this scenario, which perspective on psychological disorders is she most likely to hold?
The Demonological Model
a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.
The Electra complex involves:
false
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
The central symptom of this is persistent anxiety. The anxiety cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity. . Pervasive worrying about numerous stressors. Symptoms include motor tension, autonomic arousal, and excessive vigilance.
A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of her baby. She is able to see the fingers and toes of the baby. She also tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is best depicted in the scenario?
The fetal stage
Which of the following is a characteristic of the fetal stage of prenatal development?
The fetus alternates between wakefulness and sleep.
Which of the following characteristics is true of groupthink that contributes to flawed decisions?
The group's belief in its rightness
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of group therapy?
The information shared in a group is seldom confidential.
In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following statements is true?
The intellectual functioning of an individual cannot be assessed without relating it to other people in the same age group.
true
The intelligence quotient reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual or chronological age.
true
The preconscious mind contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them.
Dana can only remember the first few and the last few items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?
The serial-position effect
it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior
The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________.
displace
The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.
In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?
They are developed through experience.
According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues (2015), which of the following is true of human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones?
They are more likely to demonstrate possible changes in gender identity.
Which of the following is true of people with the Type A behavior pattern?
They attempt to dominate group discussions.
Which of the following is true of client-centered therapists?
They have unconditional positive regard for their clients.
In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following is a characteristic of objective tests?
They present respondents with a standardized group of test items.
_____ refers to conscious, planned attempts to make sense of and change the world.
Thinking
The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved; also called the feeling-of-knowing experience
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Which of the following is the aim of traditional psychoanalysis?
To provide insight into the conflicts that are presumed to lie at the roots of a person's problems
maintenance rehearsal
To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____.
anagrams
To test the problem-solving skills of her son, Tiffany asks her son to reorganize groups of scrambled words such as, "skosc,""odg,""imal," and "orod." Tiffany is using _____ of the words, socks, dog, mail, and door.
Which of the following is a difference between traditional psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies
Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences, while humanistic therapies focus on what clients are experiencing here and now.
People with borderline personality disorder show instability in their relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses.
True
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Two or more identities or personalities, each with distinct traits and memories, occupy the same person. Each identity may or may not be aware of the others or of events experienced by the others.
Individuals who experience more car accidents and often arrive early for appointments are _________ personalities.
Type A
Which of the following is a difference between Type A people and Type B people?
Type A people are more likely to continue to strive for more and more as compared to Type B people.
are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive.
Type A people:
are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive
Type A people: a. readily delegate authority in the workplace and thus decrease their own workload. b. eat, walk, and talk slowly. c. are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive. d. are not prone to getting into auto accidents
false
Type B people are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive-so much so that they are prone to getting into auto accidents.
Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?
Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships.
__________are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.
Uninvolved parents
Which of the following is a difference between James-Lange's theory and Cannon-Bard's theory?
Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes.
self-awareness
Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.
Inaccessibility of values
Vasily participated in a replication of the Milgram Studies. Similar to the other "teachers" in the Milgram experiments, as Vasily became more emotionally aroused, his emotions interfered with clear thinking. Which of the following hypotheses to explain obedience holds true in this scenario?
Which of the following statements is true of attribution theory?
We are biased toward making dispositional attributions when we explain other people's behavior.
Dissociative Amnesia
When a person is suddenly unable to recall important information. The loss of information cannot be attributed to organic problems such as a blow to the head. A common example of this is when a person cannot recall events for a number of hours after a stressful incident, as in warfare or in the case of an uninjured survivor of an accident. In the generalized version of this, people forget their whole lives.
collectivists
When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of:
It is a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principles to bear on influencing the client's thoughts, feelings, or behavior to help the client overcome psychological disorders, adjust to problems in living, or develop as an individual.
Which of the following best describes psychotherapy?
Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood.
Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?
The fetus alternates between wakefulness and sleep.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the fetal stage of prenatal development?
Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes.
Which of the following is a difference between James-Lange's theory and Cannon-Bard's theory?
It contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations.
Which of the following is a feature of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
social relationships
Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory?
It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.
Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?
It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.
Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?
Babbling is inborn and prelinguistic
Which of the following is true in the context of children babbling?
It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.
Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's analytical psychology theory?
They show the capacity for adult logic involving tangible objects.
Which of the following is true of children specifically in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
Stereotyping may lead people to view members of groups in a biased fashion.
Which of the following is true of stereotyping?
It states that instinctive behaviors are genetically transmitted.
Which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective of motivation?
A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior.
Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism?
It is a way of mentally representing the world that can influence perceptions.
Which of the following statements is true about a schema?
They permit more rapid solutions than algorithms.
Which of the following statements is true about heuristics?
It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."
Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?
The parts of our mental representation of the problem should relate to one another in a meaningful way.
Which of the following statements is true about problem solving?
It focuses on the environmental influences on the acquisition of language.
Which of the following statements is true about psycholinguistic theory?
It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.
Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?
Genetic factors account for about half of the variations in intelligence test scores among individuals.
Which of the following statements is true about the influence of genetic factors and environmental factors on intelligence?
Carl Jung
_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.
Displacement
_____ is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place.
Anxiety disorder
_______ is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax.
Specific phobias
_________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.
Existentialism
_________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.
observational learning
_________ is also termed as modeling.
Acute stress disorder
_________ is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.
Heritability
_________ is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors.
Encoding
_________ is the first stage of information processing.
Prospective memory
_________ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.
Sensory memory
_________ is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.
Retrieval
_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.
Personality
_________ refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.
attribution
a belief concerning why people behave in a certain way
social cognitive theory
a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables such as values and expectancies play major roles in individual differences
availability heuristic
a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples
fear appeal
a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior ion the basis of arousing fear instead of rational analysis of the issues
Primary Mental Abilities
according to thurstone, the basic abilities that make up intelligence (visual + spatial abilities, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, word fluency)
Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _____.
acoustic code
Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _____.
acoustic code
Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend, James, forgets to get his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the__________.
actor-observer effect
According to Kohlberg, postconventional reasoning usually emerges in _____.
adolescence
Albert lost the keys to his car sometime between the time he locked it and his return to the car about three hours later. Albert came up with a formula to find the keys;he retraced his steps, going to all of the places he visited after he initially locked the car. Albert eventually found the keys on his office desk. Albert used a(n) _____ to find his keys.
algorithm
During a math test, Jacob is given the lengths of two sides of a right triangle and is asked to find the length of its third side. He uses the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the length. In this scenario, Jacob has used a(n) _____ to calculate the length of the third side of the right triangle.
algorithm
prejudice
an attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negativeley
To test the problem-solving skills of her son, Tiffany asks her son to reorganize groups of scrambled words such as, "skosc,""odg,""imal," and "orod." Tiffany is using _____ of the words, socks, dog, mail, and door.
anagrams
Dawn wants to be a veterinarian because she wants to help animals remain healthy. On the other hand, she knows she does not like to see animals suffering from illnesses. This produces a(n) ________ conflict
approach-avoidance
When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely:
become aphagic
attitude discrepant behavior
behavior inconsistent with an attitude that may have the effect of modifying an attitude
In _______ terms, prejudice is connected with avoidance and aggression
behavioral
A(n) _________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.
chunk
Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety.Ophelia is most likely experiencing the _____ of middle adulthood.
climacteric
Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Ophelia is most likely experiencing the _____ of middle adulthood.
climacteric phase
On a(n)__________level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.
cognitive
In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. These experimental findings can be explained by the _____.
cognitive appraisal theory
In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. Jay felt angry that he was injected with an unknown substance but Alissa was happy to be a part of the experiment. These experimental findings can be explained by the _____.
cognitive-appraisal theory
In__________, thought is limited to present facts and the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution.
convergent thinking
Dana has the ability to easily cope with unexpected and challenging situations. She generates solutions to problems by relating unexpected situations to familiar situations. In this scenario, Dana is exhibiting _____.
creative intelligence
According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a(n) _________ is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.
critical period
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
decision-making heuristic where a presumption serves as a cognitive anchor; can make adjustments based on additional info but they tend to stay close to the anchor (1x2x3x4 vs 4x3x2x1)
Harry is least interested in music. He tells his friends that playing a musical instrument is a waste of time. However, on several occasions, Harry's friends have noticed that he plays the guitar like a professional. When his friends question him on such occasions, Harry replies, "I am Joe and playing the guitar is my passion." In this scenario, Harry exhibits:
dissociative identity disorder
Jane has episodes where she cannot remember what she did or where she was. She has found clothes in her closet that does not belong to her. When she goes to see the doctor, she introduces herself as Suzy. Jane is most likely to be diagnosed with:
dissociative identity disorder.
Schizophrenia is characterized by:
disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and mood.
Schizophrenia is characterized by:
disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood.
In the context of creativity and intelligence, _____ helps generate many possible solutions to problems.
divergent thinking
selective avoidance
diverting ones attention from information that is inconsistent with ones attitudes
In cognitive-dissonance theory, _____ is the tendency when people seek explanations for their behavior to themselves in such a way that unpleasant undertakings seem worth it.
effort justification
At a painting exhibition, Martha admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details is known as _____.
eidetic imagery
At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as _____.
eidetic imagery
Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.
elaborative rehearsal
A(n) _____ is a state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.
emotion
Feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are defined as _____.
emotions
The feeling of _______ encourages helping behavior and discourages aggression
empathy
The feeling of _________ encourages helping behavior and discourages aggression.
empathy
Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Their older daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Now their younger daughter has finished high school and is moving to a different country for her undergraduate studies. After the younger daughter leaves, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the _____.
empty-nest syndrome
In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing:
encodes stimuli so that one can place them in memory.
People with depersonalization-derealization disorder:
experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal.
In the context of the perceptual development of infants, _________ is the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus.
fixation time
The__________is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
formal operational stage
Christopher has good skills many areas of problem solving and reasoning ability. According to Spearman, Christopher's abilities are indicative of _____.
general intelligence
Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating _____.
generativity
Eugene believes that he can bring about positive change in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene _____.
has high self-efficacy expectations
Ten-year-old Joshua knows that snakes are reptiles and all reptiles are animals. Joshua's concept of animal is _____.
hierarchical
A(n)__________is a single word used by children to express complex meanings.
holophrase
When a child utters "baba," it may mean, "I want my bottle," or "Where is my bottle?" or "that's my bottle." These single words used by children to express many things are known as _____.
holophrases
Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich which satisfies her hunger. The return to the normal bodily function without the hunger pangs is called _____.
homeostasis
Gender differences in response to stress are thought to be related to _________.
hormones
Asylums were intended primarily for:
housing people with psychological disorders
A(n) _________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.
icon
Firdous always complains of a tickling sensation in her palms. She has visited several physicians who have assured her that she is physically healthy. Despite the repeated reassurances, she runs from doctor to doctor, seeking the one who will find the cause of the sensation. In this scenario, Firdous is exhibiting:
illness anxiety disorder.
Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible.
implicit memory
Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____.
infantile amnesia
Motives are:
inferred from behavior.
When a child combines words to form a sentence herself rather than imitate one she has heard before, she is demonstrating the _____ characteristic of language skills.
infinite creativity
Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign," or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions toward others may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is referred to as _____
information processing
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ involves closeness and caring—championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.
intimacy
. Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates:
irrational beliefs.
Edgar was upset about something a friend said to him the previous day. He figured that he'd better not mention it to this friend because then this friend would be angry with him. This is an example of the effects of ________ on stress.
irrational thoughts
The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________.
it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior
A(n) _____ is a system of symbols along with rules that are used to manipulate the symbols.
language
According to psycholinguistic theory, the inborn tendency to acquire language is called a _____.
language acquisition device
In the context of the nativist approach to language development, the _____ prepares the nervous system to learn grammar.
language acquisition device
psycholinguistic theory
language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences and an inborn tendency to acquire language.
According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by:
learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity.
Cognitive therapy is:
likely to focus on changing the beliefs and attitudes that create and compound people's problems.
Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with _____.
major depressive disorder
In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may:
make huge contributions to charity.
According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, in the exhaustion stage, _____.
many aspects of sympathetic activity are reversed
According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson, _____.
men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation
According to the study by Masters and Johnson, _____.
men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation
Daniel is an eight-year-old boy. After taking a test, the Binet-Simon scale showed that he is functioning intellectually like an eight year old. Therefore, Daniel has a(n) _____ of eight.
mental age
A(n)_________ is the tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped solve similar problems.
mental set
foot in the door technique
method for inducing compliance in which a small request is followed by a larger request
__________ is the state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something.
motivation
Greg is attempting to decide whether he should stay home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay home because he likes to relax, but then he will feel guilty that he is not exercising. If he were to go to the gym, he would be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the exercise itself. This is ________ conflict.
multiple approach-avoidance
Dissociative identity disorder was formerly termed__________.
multiple personality disorder
In the context of the sexual response cycle, _____ is muscle tension, which causes grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and the spasms of orgasm.
myotonia
In the context of the sexual response cycle,__________is muscle tension, which causes grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and the spasms of orgasm.
myotonia
In order to teach kindergarten students about mammals, a teacher tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. These are _____ of the mammal concept.
negative instances
_________ is also termed as modeling.
observational learning
Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from__________.
paranoid personality disorder
The__________is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body.
parasympathetic nervous system
According to the _____, a woman's appeal is more strongly connected with her age and health, both of which are markers of reproductive capacity
parental investment model
Evan and Amy are physically attracted to each other and can't stand being apart. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates _________
passion
Jesse has migraine headaches. Which of the following is characteristic of migraine headaches?
perception of unusual odors
According to Freud,__________is an anal-retentive trait
perfectionism
Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's _____.
personal fable
Mariana, a 14-year-old girl, is dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents disapprove of this behavior and forbid her from meeting the boy. Marina fights with her parents because of this as she believes that she loves him. She also believes that she is unique and is destined to get married to the love of her life at an early age. This scenario best represents the concept of the _____.
personal fable
The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be:
pervasive worrying about numerous stressors.
The group effect called _________ is likely to lead the group to make more risky shifts in decision-making.
polarization
Kim and her family were involved in a road accident. Kim was the only survivor. Her son and husband were declared spot dead. When Kim returned home, she started having dreams about people dying in tragic accidents. These nightmares left Kim with a rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Kim is most likely suffering from:
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he is trying to remember Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.
proactive interference
Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as _____.
procedural memories
A reason why people tend to have partners from the same background is__________
propinquity
linguistic-relativity hypothesis
proposed by benjamin wharf: language structures the way we view the world
Children's _________ become refined after they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations.
prototypes
Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.
psychodynamic theories
Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.
psychodynamic theories
According to _________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences.
psycholinguistic theory
Many health problems are affected by__________such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.
psychological factors
In infancy, Brian did not have the good fortune to have an affectionate mother. His mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was always emotionally unavailable to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the _____.
psychosocial development theory
According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.
reality principle
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety.
Skinner believed that the effects of _________ on behavior should be emphasized.
reinforcement
Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?
reliability
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, _________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.
repression
The__________is the final phase of the sexual response cycle.
resolution phase
Joy speaks Spanish as she has learnt the language in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that sometimes when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____.
retroactive interference
Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.
retrograde amnesia
Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's life roles is__________.
role diffusion
social decision schemes
rules for predicting the final outcome of group decision making on the basis of the members initial positions
heuristics
rules of thumb that help simplify and solve problems, do not guarantee a correct answer.
When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions may seem fluid enough; however, they consist of a series of eye fixations referred to as _____.
saccadic eye movements
Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her _____ needs.
safety
Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her _____ needs.
safety
Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____.
savings
anagrams
scrambled words
Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.
self-awareness
According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.
self-ideals
According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.
self-ideals
altruism
selfless concern for the welfare of others- is connected with some heroic behavior
A person's ability to recall a historic event, like the American Civil War of 1861-65, would be an example of _____.
semantic memory
Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.
semantic memory
Rajesh has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. In the manic phase, he is likely to:
show excessive excitement or silliness.
holophrases
single words that can express complex meanings
_____ is a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables such as values and expectancies play major roles in individual differences.
social cognitive theory
Alex wants to be physically fit. As he cannot workout effectively at his home, he goes to a gym with this friends. At the gym, he works out better when his friends work out along with him. In the context of group behavior, this is the result of _____.
social facilitation
The group effect called__________is likely to lead the group to make more risky shifts in decision making.
social facilitation
passion
strong romantic and sexual feelings
self serving bias
tendency to view ones successes as stemming from internal factors and ones failures as stemming from external factors
If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.
thalamus
overregularization
the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections (past tense and plurals) to irregular verbs and nouns.
social influence
the area of social psychology that studies the ways in which people influence the thoughts, feelings and behavior of others
Barbara wanted to know whether Americans bought more American-made cars or more foreign-made cars. She arrived at a conclusion based on the cars her American friends drove. In this scenario, Barbara used _____ to come to a conclusion.
the availability heuristic
infinite creativity
the capacity to create rather than imitate sentences
Dominic learned that there is a system in the body that recognizes and destroys foreign agents. This system is properly called
the immune system.
Framing effect
the influence of wording or the context in which information is presented, on decision-making
a b problem
the issue of how well we can predict behavior on the basis of attitudes
The observation that infants display considerable intelligence before they learn to speak offers little support to _____.
the linguistic-relativity hypothesis
actor observer effect
the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors
mental set
the tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems
functional fixedness
the tendency to view an object in terms of its name or familiar usage
convergent thinking
thought is limited to present facts, best used in intelligence testing
systematic random search
type of algorithm where every possible solution is tested according to a particular set of rules.
Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.
unconditional positive regard
Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assuredBobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.
unconditional positive regard
The excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in women is characterized by _____.
vaginal lubrication
In psychological testing, _________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
validity
_________ is the first stage in the three stage theory of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968).
Sensory memory
_________ is a process in psychological testing that checks out the scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups.
Standardization
The _________ is a problem affecting female athletes involving low availability of energy and loss of bone density.
female athlete triad
The _____ is the second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm.
plateau phase
Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.
proactive interference
According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.
reality principle
Stephen was recently involved in a car accident in which he was critically injured. He now is unable to recall the events that occurred just before the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.
retrograde amnesia
A(n) _________ is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.
schema
Alan works in a research laboratory. He owns a house, and he earns enough to sustain himself. He has a large social circle and makes time to meet his friends at least once a week. However, Alan feels that he is capable of much more and can achieve a lot more things. He is striving to bring out the best within himself. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his _____.
self-actualization needs
The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.
serial-position effect
Caleb had read in the newspaper that a popular corporation had appointed a new CEO. When he was talking about this to a friend, Caleb could only remember the first letter and the last letter of the new CEO's name. This illustrates _____.
the serial-position effect
Which of the following is true of the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle?
During this phase, men enter a refractory period.
__________are mental representations of an auditory stimulus that are held briefly in sensory memory.
Echoes
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?
Establishment of close relationships
complaints of physical problems.
Somatoform disorders involve:
The maintenance of information over time; the second stag of information processing
Storage
Which of the following is a characteristic of polygraphs for lie detection?
Tense muscles will reduce their accuracy.
In the context of aggression, which of the following is a perspective of social-cognitive theorists?
They believe that consciousness and choice play key roles in aggressive behavior among humans.
Which of the following is true of the learning theorists?
They emphasize the importance of environmental conditions as determinants of behavior.
Which of the following is a difference between traditional psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies?
Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences, while humanistic therapies focus on what clients are experiencing here and now.
Resilience phase
Which of the following is NOT one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
infinite creativity
When a child combines words to form a sentence herself rather than imitate one she has heard before, she is demonstrating the _____ characteristic of language skills.
It emphasizes the role of imitation and reinforcement in language development in children.
Which of the following statements is true about the learning theory in the context of language development?
Terry was molested by her male colleague a week ago. Since then, she has been overwhelmed with feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Her doctor refers to her condition as:
acute stress disorder.
Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the _____.
anal stage
A(n) _________ is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.
analogy
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
scale of intelligence - IQ (mental age/chronological age x100)
Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating__________.
generativity
means-end analysis
heuristic device where we try to solve a problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the goal (asking for directions)
Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich. Eating this sandwich satisfies her hunger. The return to normal bodily function without hunger pangs is called _____.
homeostasis
discrimination
hostile behavior directed against groups toward whom one is prejudiced
Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development states that:
human development involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one erogenous zone to another.
phonemes
meaningful units of sound
Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive most of the time. According to Hippocrates' view of personality, Jessica is most likely to be associated with a _____ temperament.
melancholic
analogy
partial similarity among things that are different in other ways. (heuristic, used to solve new problems by looking at old ones)
Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.
priming
The _________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.
sympathetic nervous system
The _________ functions according to the moral principle.
superego
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following is a characteristic of children in the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt?
Children need to develop feelings of self-control over physical functions.
semantic memory
Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.
A stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information
Chunk
__________is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.
Creativity
According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?
Identity exploration
Which of the following is true of the trait theory?
It focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins.
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, identify a true statement about passion.
It involves fascination for the loved one, sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness.
In the context of the humanitarian reform movements during the 18th century, which of the following happened when Philippe Pinel, a physician, unchained the patients at La Salpêtrière in Paris?
Patients profited from kindness and freedom.
Her body has been aroused and she experiences a fight-or-flight reaction.
Susan is in the alarm reaction stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. In this scenario, which of the following is most likely to occur?
hierarchical
Ten-year-old Joshua knows that snakes are reptiles and all reptiles are animals. Joshua's concept of animal is _____.
Which of the following hormones can heighten the sex drive in women?
Testosterone
nativist theory
The _________ of language development holds that the inborn factors—which make up children's nature—cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.
mental age
The _________ shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning.
the feeling of lack of energy, low self-esteem, loss of interest in activities is more intense in people with major depressive disorder.
The difference between major depressive disorder and run-of-the-mill depression is that:
Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?
The far-reaching effects of childhood events
__________is best described as a problem affecting female athletes that involves low availability of energy and loss of bone density.
The female athlete triad
Which of the following is true of children specifically in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
They show the capacity for adult logic involving tangible objects.
positive instances
To teach his child the prototype for cats, Nathan points to many examples in books, at home, on TV, and in the neighborhood, while saying the word "cat." These are _____ of the cat concept.
sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected
When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because _____.
Valuing being right over being liked
Which of the following factors decreases the tendency to conform?
Babbling is inborn and prelinguistic.
Which of the following is true in the context of children babbling?
People whose immune system is damaged by physical or psychological factors may be more likely to develop cancer.
Which of the following is true of cancer?
Concepts
_________ are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties.
Practical intelligence
_________ enables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, and to meet the demands of their environment.
The Electra complex involves:
a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.
On a(n) emotional level, prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred
emotional
The immune system is able to eradicate foreign substances like pathogens because of the functioning of white blood cells called__________.
leukocytes
When Catherine was seated in a crowded bus, one of the passengers inadvertently stepped on her toe. Immediately, Catherine assumed that the passenger has no respect for others. In the context of social perception, Catherine is:
making a dispositional attribution.
In the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system may predominate. As a result,__________.
many aspects of sympathetic activity are reversed
People with mood disorders:
may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events
In the context of psychological problems arising from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization, if, when we are young, other people approve of us only when we are doing what they want us to do, we _____.
may learn to disown the parts of ourselves to which they object
Posttraumatic stress disorder:
may occur months or years after a traumatic experience.
After setting a five-year goal for their company, a group of managers look at where the company is today and the steps needed to achieve the final goal. They are using a technique called _____.
means-end analysis
If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) _____.
memory trace
Susan, an astronomer, studies the nature of stars and has contributed significantly to the understanding of the laws that govern their behavior. In this scenario, Susan is exhibiting _____.
naturalist intelligence
Pointing to a bird and saying, "That is not a mammal," is a(n) _________ of the mammal concept.
negative instance
Freud believed that the Electra complex develops in the__________of psychosexual development.
phallic stage
The Electra complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.
phallic stage
The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.
phallic stage
Norbert, a musician, wanted to produce his own solo album under a budget of $50,000. However, when he changed the project into a group album with his bandmates, Norbert escalated the budget to $200,000. In this scenario, Norbert is displaying a group effect known as _____.
polarization
To teach his child the prototype for cats, Nathan points to many examples in books, at home, on TV, and in the neighborhood, while saying the word "cat." These are _____ of the cat concept.
positive instances
Disaster victims may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual disaster. These patients are diagnosed with:
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a _______
primary drive
Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.
proactive interference
deindividuation
process by which group members may discontinue self evaluation and adopt group norms and attitudes
A reason why people tend to have partners from the same background is _____
propinquity
13-year-old Judy is poor at math. Her teacher, Ms. Kobes, helps her out by providing her with a list of tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient at the subject. According to Vygotsky, Ms. Kobes is using _____ to help the child.
scaffolding
According to Ainsworth, securely attached children:
seek interaction with their mothers upon reunion.
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.
self-actualization
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.
self-actualization
Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____ by social cognitive theorists.
self-efficacy expectations
According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:
the ability to hypothesize
primacy effect
the tendency to evaluate others in terms of first impressions
recency effect
the tendency to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression
cognitive dissonance theory
the view that we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs constant with each other and with our behavior
_________ is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors.
Heritability
false
If you destroy the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, the rat may become hyperphagic.
The view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it
Interference theory
creativity
the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems, included in the triarchic theory
Intelligence
the ability to understand the world and cope with its challenges (problem solve, matter of "how much")
commitment
the decision to maintain a relationship
In__________, mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, memory, consciousness, even knowledge of one's own identity—the processes that make a person feel whole—may seem to be split off from one another.
the dissociative disorders
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on:
the influence of teachers on children's cognitive development
elaboration likelihood model
the view that persuasive messages are evaluated (elaborated) on the basis of central and peripheral cues
Which of the following situations represents acculturation among immigrants living in the United States?
A child from France is learning English at home.
Attitude formation is a fully mechanical process.
False
Deindividuation is the tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping.
False
Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system.
False
__________is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.
Infantile amnesia
Which of the following statements is true of somatoform disorders?
Tendencies toward perfectionism and rumination, which are found among many people with somatoform disorders, are thought to be at least partly heritable.
Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?
We tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure.
According to Sigmund Freud, conflicting emotions such as love and hate can dwell side by side in the _____.
id
To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates__________.
maintenance rehearsal
Evan and Amy are physically attracted to each other and cannot stand being apart. However, they do not have future plans for their relationship. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates__________.
passion
In Freud's psychodynamic theory,__________is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.
repression
In psychological testing,__________refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
validity
_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.
Carl Jung
The processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
Memory
false
The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby.
Ideas of persecution
_____ is the erroneous belief that one is being victimized or made to suffer.
Unlike client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy _________.
is directive.
Which of the following is a factor that contributes to attraction
reciprocity
Which of the following statements is true of aggression?
Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.
Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of _____. A. bipolar disorder B. delusional disorder C. somatoform disorder D. personality disorder
A
algorithm
Albert lost the keys to his car sometime between the time he locked it and his return to the car about three hours later. Albert came up with a formula to find the keys;he retraced his steps, going to all of the places he visited after he initially locked the car. Albert eventually found the keys on his office desk. Albert used a(n) _____ to find his keys.
false
Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by the collective unconscious.
A psychology professor argues that the nature of the mother-infant relationship and social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. In addition, she argues that we are conscious architects of our own personality. The professor's views are closest to those of _____.
Erik Erikson
_____ believed that to a large extent a person is a conscious architect of his or her own personality.
Erik Erikson
false
Erik Erikson is credited with developing the psychosexual stages of development.
both positive and negative symptoms
Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary has:
Hypochondriasis
People with this disorder insist that they are suffering from a serious physical illness, even though no medical evidence of illness can be found. They become preoccupied with minor physical sensations and continue to believe that they are ill despite the reassurance of physicians that they are healthy.
Identify the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development?
The genital stage
implicit memory
Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible.
The resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome is also known as the _____ stage.
adaptation
selective exposure
deliberately seeking and attending to information that is consistent with ones attitudes
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.
determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory
Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _____ of the event.
episodic memories
Freud believed that a major instinct,__________, aims to preserve and perpetuate life.
eros
stereotyping
erroneous assumptions that all members a group share the same traits or characteristics
Eric has high blood pressure, and his doctors have found no specific cause. This is most properly called
essential hypertension.
effort justification
in cognitive dissonance theory, the tendency to seek justification (acceptable reasons) for strenuous efforts
According to social-cognitive theorists, sexual orientation can be attributed to:
observational learning
Tense muscles will reduce their accuracy.
Which of the following is a characteristic of polygraphs for lie detection?
_____ are at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Physiological needs
IQ
mental age/actual age times 100
Cognitive theorists note that:
people represent their worlds mentally.
_________ is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.
Retrograde amnesia
_________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.
Self-efficacy expectations
In psycholinguistic theory, _________ is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar.
language acquisition device
self-ideals
According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.
the influence of teachers on children's cognitive development.
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on:
Evan and Amy are physically attracted to each other and can't stand being apart. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates _________. A. passion B. commitment C. intimacy D. compatibility
A
People with _________ complain of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease. A. somatoform disorder B. dissociative amnesia C. psychomotor retardation D. acute stress disorder
A
People with _________ have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression. A. bipolar disorder B. somatoform disorder C. psychomotor retardation D. dissociative amnesia
A
it involves fascination for the loved one, sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, identify a true statement about passion. a. It involves fascination for the loved one, sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness. b. It involves closeness and caring—championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own. c. It refers to the enhancement and maintenance of a relationship. d. It is absent in romantic love.
They appreciate art and music
According to Steinberg, which of the following statements is true about creative people?
false
An anagram is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.
A landlord refuses to rent his vacant apartment to college students. He believes that students throw wild parties and destroy property. In the context of behavior, the landlord's refusal is an example of _____. A. effort justification B. discrimination C. attitude D. belief
B
A man witnessed an explosion in which a coworker died, and soon after, he lost his vision. Despite many neurological tests, doctors could find no organic basis for the man's loss of eyesight. A psychological explanation for this incident is: A. illness anxiety disorder. B. conversion disorder C. brain disorder D. generalized anxiety disorder
B
A person with _________ is suddenly unable to recall important personal information. A. bipolar disorder B. dissociative amnesia C. psychomotor retardation D. delusional disorder
B
Somatoform disorders involve: A. the conversion of anxiety into a physical form. B. complaints of physical problems. C. repressed memories. D. the transformation of anger into a physical illness.
B
Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary has: A. positive symptoms. B. negative symptoms C. both positive and negative symptoms D. neutral symptoms
C
On a(n) _________ level, prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred. A. cognitive B. social conflict C. emotional D. behavioral
C
true
Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference.
people represent their worlds mentally.
Cognitive theorists note that:
_________ are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties.
Concepts
Information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned
Context-dependent memory
People with panic attacks tend to: A. complain of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease. B. experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal. C. feel an overpowering need to accumulate certain kinds of possessions and have difficulty discarding them. D. misinterpret bodily cues and to view them as threats.
D
Sanchez, an 8-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to a make-believe group of friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused brain damage." Which perspective on psychological disorders does she hold? A. The biopsychosocial model B. The diathesis-stress model C. The demonological model D. The medical model
D
Which of the following is true of stereotyping? A. Stereotyping and prejudice are completely unrelated. B. Stereotyping is always positive. C. Stereotyping is the view that persuasive messages are evaluated on the basis of central and peripheral cues. D. Stereotyping may lead people to view members of groups in a biased fashion.
D
Lisa is a single parent of three children. Every day, she cooks, prepares her children for school, and takes care of the household. She also has a demanding job that she does not like, but cannot quit as she is concerned about meeting the household expenses. Lisa's condition best exemplifies _____.
Daily hassles
Delmar believes that he has been sent to Earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to, or associates with, a female is doomed to a life as a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are untrue. Which of the following does Delmar demonstrate?
Delusions
_____ is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place.
Displacement
Jane has episodes where she can't remember what she did or where she was. She has found clothing in her closet that she does not wear and doesn't know how it got there. When she goes to see the doctor, she introduces herself as Suzy. Jane seems to be exhibiting:
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A psychology professor argues that the nature of the mother-infant relationship and social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. In addition, she argues that we are conscious architects of our own personality. The professor's views are closest to those of _____.
Erik Erikson
consummate love.
Ever since Mark and Tracy met each other at a party thrown by a mutual friend, they have been fascinated with each other. They care about each other deeply, and realize that they want a special relationship with each other for the rest of their lives. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, their feelings are known as:
_________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.
Existentialism
Memory that clearly and distinctly expresses specific information
Explicit memory
Bipolar Disorder
Have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression. Cycles seem to be unrelated to external events. In the elated(manic) phase the person may show excessive excitement or silliness, carrying jokes too far. The manic person may be argumentative, show poor judgement (sleeping around), destroy property, make huge contributions to charity, or give away expensive possessions. They are often oversexed and too restless to sit still or sleep. They often speak rapidly and jump from topic to topic. On the depression side of it the person often sleeps more than usual and are lethargic. They exhibit social withdrawal and irritability. Some people with this attempt suicide when the mood shifts from elated to depressed.
_____ individuals are people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the other gender.
Heterosexual
_________ are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems.
Heuristics
__________are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems.
Heuristics
Identify a true statement about problem solving.
Heuristics are often based on strategies that worked in the past.
Which of the following is a biological factor responsible for obesity?
High fat-to-muscle ratio
A structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of new memories
Hippocampus
Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.
Cognitive therapy
Jack's therapist Susan wants him to recall significant points about his recent appraisal, so he can cope with his work more effectively. Which of the following approaches does Susan use?
false
Jamie is known to be "street smart." He gets by very well in the real world as he is very practical and handles difficult situations well. Jamie has naturalist intelligence.
false
Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.
a visual code
Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____.
The demonological model
Miguel, an unusually uncontrollable child, runs around the house endlessly, has little sleep, and often has temper tantrums. His mother exclaims to the family doctor, "I swear that kid is possessed!" In this scenario, which perspective on psychological disorders is she most likely to hold?
Major Depressive Disorder
More intense version of the sadness, lack of energy, loss of self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, loss of interest in activities and other people, pessimism, crying, and thoughts of suicide. Half of the people with this experience severe symptoms such as poor appetite, serious weight loss, and agitation. May have a faulty perception of reality that include delusions of unworthiness, guilt for imagined wrongdoings, even the notion that one is rotting from disease.
creative intelligence
Mozart was a child prodigy. By the age of 12, he had composed several musical pieces.According to Sternberg's model of intelligence, Mozart can be said to have demonstrated a high level of _____.
safety
Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her _____ needs. a. esteem b. safety c. self-actualization d. social
Meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory
Nonsense syllables
__________enables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, and to meet the demands of their environment.
Practical intelligence
false
Predictability is of greater benefit to externals-that is, to people who wish to exercise control over their situations-than to internals.
In terms of behavior, which of the following is true of prejudice?
Prejudice is connected with avoidance, aggression, and discrimination
Charles Spearman
Psychologist in factor theory who developed the concept of "g"(general intelligence) and "s"(specific abilities)
Salma angrily tells her therapist, John, "I should have won the beauty contest. It's not fair." John confronts Salma's belief by asking, "Wasn't the winner more talented and articulate than you?" John is most likely to be a(n) _____.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapist
Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have not abated. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping antianxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?
Rebound Anxiety
Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?
Reliability
rebound anxiety
Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have not abated. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping antianxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?
disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and mood
Schizophrenia is characterized by:
disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and mood.
Schizophrenia is characterized by:
true
Selective optimization with compensation is the reshaping of a person's life to concentrate on what he or she finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment.
Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?
The Thematic Apperception Test
Emmett is 21 years old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?
The age of instability
false
The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive.
hunger and pain trigger arousal and activate behavior.
The drive-reduction theory of Hull states that:
In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?
The illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.
true
Two-word sentences used by children are termed telegraphic speech.
In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting?
b. Behavior therapy
The preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:
children attributing life and consciousness to physical objects
After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.
chunking
In the context of specific phobias,__________is the fear of tight or enclosed places.
claustrophobia
We are generally more likely to appreciate what we must work to obtain. The _____ theory best explains this behavior.
cognitive-dissonance
According to _____, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior.
cognitive-dissonance theory
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship.
commitment
People are said to _____ when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms
conform
According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.
conscientiousness
Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.
conscious, unconscious, and preconscious
Kyra is a history major and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _____.
crystallized intelligence
The seeds of individualism and collectivism are found in the__________in which a person grows up.
culture
A landlord refuses to rent his vacant apartment to college students. He believes that students throw wild parties and destroy property. In the context of behavior, the landlord's refusal is an example of _____.
discrimination
The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.
displace
Ryan is telling his grandchildren stories of his youth and college days. In the context of language, Ryan is demonstrating _____.
displacement
Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her _____.
implicit memory
attraction
in social psychology, an attitude of liking or disliking negative attraction
Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him that he will get a raise if he can complete his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n) _____.
incentive
Dr. Gerrard, an experienced pediatrician, was examining a baby. He checked the baby's temperature and listened to the baby's breathing through the stethoscope while considering the symptoms described by the baby's parents. He quickly identified that the baby has a mild flu.Dr. Gerrard used _____ to make this diagnosis.
parallel processing
The _________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body.
parasympathetic nervous system
fundamental attribution error
the assumption that others act predominantly on the basis of their disposition even when there is evidence suggesting the importance of their situations
Barbara wanted to know whether Americans bought more American-made cars than foreign made cars. To come up with an answer, she based her opinion on the cars her friends drove. Barbara used _____ to come to the conclusion.
the availability heuristic
In the context of prenatal development, the fetal stage lasts from:
the beginning of the third month of pregnancy until birth
displacement
the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place.
According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventionallevel base their moral judgments on _____.
the consequences of behavior
consummate love
the ideal form of love within stern bergs model which combines passion , intimacy and commitment
Inflammation is caused by
the immune system
__________is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place.
Displacement
An anagram is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.
False
In the context of specific phobias, acrophobia is the fear of snakes.
False
Identify a criticism about the linguistic-relativity hypothesis.
Infants display considerable intelligence before they have learned to speak.
__________is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.
Intelligence
Which of the following statements is true of the elaboration likelihood model?
It describes the ways in which people respond to persuasive messages.
Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?
It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.
Which of the following statements is true of heuristics?
They permit more rapid solutions than algorithms.
Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____.
Western cultural prejudice
A(n) _____ is a systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied.
algorithm
The__________is a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples.
availability heuristic
When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, Aaron is a(n) _____.
collectivist
Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign," or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions toward others may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is referred to as _____.
information processing
Peter and Kirsten share a warm relationship and count on each other for emotional support without sexual feelings for each other. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates__________.
intimacy
According to evolutionary psychologists, men prefer physical allure in their partner because:
it provides reproductive advantages.
In the context of social cognitive theory, examples of situational variables include:
rewards and punishments.
Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.
One reason for the fundamental attribution error is that people tend to infer traits from social roles and obligations.
False
The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive.
False
The communication systems of the birds and the bees have high semanticity.
False
Which of the following statements is true of language?
Language makes it possible for one person to communicate knowledge to another.
In the context of the theories of intelligence,__________resembles two of Howard Gardner's "intelligences"—intrapersonal skills and interpersonal skills.
emotional intelligence
The difference between major depressive disorder and run-of-the-mill depression is that:
the feeling of lack of energy, low self-esteem, loss of interest in activities is more intense in people with major depressive disorder.
