Psychology Module 51,52,53 Test (12/5/18)

preconvential morality

Before age 9, most children's morality focuses on self-interest: They obey rules either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.

toddlerhood

(1 to 3 years) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt -toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

elementary school

(6-puberty) -competence vs inferiority -children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

X chromosome

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

which is true of social relations during the teen years?

as teens distance themselves from parents, peer relationships become more important

Boez is a 2-year old boy who is in the process of potty training. When Boez urinates in the potty, he has a sense of pride. If Boez urinates in his pants, he runs and hides. According to Erikson, which psychosocial stage is Boez

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic that changes at puberty?

full development of external genitalia in both sexes

which of Jean Piaget's stages describes typical adolescent thinking

formal operational

what development in adolescents allows for greater impulse control

frontal lobe maturation in late adolescence

What is emerging adulthood? Name two trends that have led to adding this to the stages of life.

1. Emerging adulthood is the period in modern Wester cultures during the late teens to the mid-twenties that bridges the gap between adolescent dependence and adult independence. 2. Longer years of schooling and later age of marriage and moving out of the family home are the trends that have led to this new stage.

Describe how the ideas of Lawrence Kohlberg and Jonathan Haidt differ in regard to the development of morality

1. Laurence focused on moral reasoning and the way people think about moral situations 2. Jonathan focused on moral intuition and the way people feel about moral situations

Provide example of a primary and a secondary sex characteristic for both males and females

1. Male primary sex characteristics include growth of p enis and testes and first eja culation (spermarche). 2. Male secondary sex characteristics include pubic hair, body hair, widening of the shoulders, and lower voice. 3. Female primary sex characteristics include menarche and full development of external genitalia. 4. Female secondary sex characteristics include pubic hair, body hair, widening of the hips, and growth of breasts.

Name two biological changes related to sexual maturity in adolescence and briefly describe one change in neurological development in adolescence

1. One biological change related to sexual maturity in adolescence is the development of pubic hair. 2. Another is the development of breast buds in females. 3. One neurological development in adolescence is the growth of myelin.

Explain three examples of evidence that suggests a genetic influence on sexual orientation

1. One example of genetic influence on sexual orientation is that homosexual men tend to have more homosexual relatives on their mother's side. 2. Another example is that identical twinds with identical genes are more likely to share a homosexual orientation than fraternal twins. 3. A third example is how laboratory experiment on fruit flies have altered a single gene and changed the flies' sexual orientation and behavior.

Name and describe Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development for infancy (first year) and middle adulthood (40s- 60s)

1. The stage for infancy is trust vs. mistrust. 2. If needs are dependable met, infants develop a sense of basic trust. 3. The stage for middle adulthood is generativity vs. stagnation. 4. Un middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack or purpose

young adulthood

20s- early 40s Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

preschool

3-6 years; Initiative vs Guilt; preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

middle adulthood

40s to 60s Generativity vs. stagnation In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

postconventional morality

adolescence and beyond; actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

the maturation of the brain's ________ lags behind the development of the limbic system, which may explain the impulsivity of teenagers compared to adults

frontal lobes

Megan, a third grader, is having trouble with math. She is starting to do poorly in other subject, because she feels she cannot master math. Based on erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is Megan in?

competence versus inferiority

which level of moral reasoning includes a focus on upholding laws in order to gain social approval

conventional

which of the following correctly describes one of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning

conventional stage, where it is imperative to uphold the law and follow rules

conventional morality

early adolescence; uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

in many western societies, it is common for adolescents to graduate high school, go to college, and still live at home with their parents. They have not yet assumed full adult responsibilities and independence. Psychologists have identified this period of time as

emerging adulthood

emerging adulthood

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

according to erikson, what is the primary developmental task for adolescents?

identity vs role confusion

intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

compared with the late nineteenth century, what is true about the transition from childhood to adulthood in western cultures

it starts earlier and is completed later

late adulthood

late 60s and up Integrity vs. despair Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

the growth of ___ around axons speeds neurotransmitters, enabling better communication between the frontal lobes and other brain regions

myeline

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Which of the following has been shown to be the most effective intervention to reduce teen pregnancies?

participation in service learning programs

________ believed that a child's moral judgements build on cognitive development. ______ agreed and sought to describe the development of moral reasoning

piaget; kohlberg

which of the following is an example if a primary sex characteristic?

reproductive organs in both sexes

according to erikson, you develop your _______, a part of who you are, from your group memberships

social identity

adolescence

teens years to early 20s identity vs role confusion teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then intergrading them to form a single identity or they become confused about who they are

social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

menarche

the first menstrual period

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

infancy

to 1 year trust vs mistrust if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust