Psychology of Sex Differences Exam 2

A difference among adolescents in various ethnic groups with respect to careers is a. that African American adolescents expressed lower career aspirations than White adolescents. b. not in their aspirations but in their perception of barriers to their achievement. c. not among the women but among the men. d. the acceptance of low standards for achievement among African American adolescents.

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A gender role consists of a. activities that appear in different frequencies in different cultures. b. activities related to sexuality and reproduction. c. activities performed with different frequencies by women and men. d. underlying gender identification on an unconscious level.

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A gender schema is a. a stereotypical way of thinking about gender. b. a measurement of masculinity or femininity. c. an internalized cognitive system for organizing gender. d. the same as gender identity.

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A store manager who tells a sales manager that she must have sex with him to get a promotion a. has committed the quid pro quo form of sexual harassment. b. has committed sexual harassment by creating a hostile environment. c. may or may not have committed sexual harassment, depending on how the sales manager interprets his remarks. d. has behaved inappropriately but has not broken any law.

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A type of gender harassment that men experience more often than women involves a. comments by other men about the target not living up to standards of masculinity. b. being the target of sexually explicit jokes. c. receiving sexual offers. d. both b and c

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Academically capable ethnic minority students do not attend college at rates comparable to White students. An important constraint in college attendance for these minority students is a. fear of success. b. fear of competing against White students. c. financial barriers. d. an external, stable pattern of attribution.

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According to Freud, two instincts furnish the energy for personality functioning. These instincts are a. the id and the ego. b. the subconscious and the unconscious. c. the act of repression and the defense mechanism of denial. d. sex and aggression.

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According to gender schema theory, gender is a. a special cognitive category around which children organize and process information. b. closely related to the biological characteristics of sex. c. not a category that all children develop. d. a cognitive category that forms independent of other cognitive development.

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According to social learning theory, gender differences are a. totally a matter of learning from society. b. due to a combination of biological and social factors. c. largely a matter of biological factors. d. due to social situations rather than the family as the major source of learning gender roles

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According to the Greek legend upon which Freud based the dynamics of the Oedipus complex, Oedipus a. killed his father and married his mother. b. killed both his parents and married his sister. c. felt anger and rage toward his father and left home despite his affection for his mother. d. went to war to avoid acknowledging hostile feelings for his parents.

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After controlling for differences in training and length of service, the salaries of men and women a. are similar. b. still differ, with men still making more money than women. c. still differ, with women making more money than men. d. are different for fields that require professional training but similar for other fields

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Among heterosexual couples, who is most likely to initiate a break-up? a. men who have executive careers b. men, regardless of their career status c. women who have executive careers d. women, regardless of their career status e. No gender differences exist in who initiates break-ups

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An important factor in girls' declining interest in math is a. boys' better grades in math, beginning during middle school. b. boys' superior ability in verbal analogies, which allows them to solve word problems better than girls do. c. the perception that math is a male domain. d. all of the above

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An important factor in the continuing inequity of household work is a. the gendered nature of many time-consuming household chores. b. the unwillingness of women to relinquish their household duties. c. a continuing belief in egalitarianism. d. men's beliefs that they are doing a fair share of household work.

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Asian Americans are subject to work-related stereotyping, a. which keeps them out of the highest level of jobs in science and technology. b. which affects their admission to college more than their advancement in employment. c. which affects Asian American men more than Asian American women. d. which can actually be beneficial in certain careers but not in others.

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At what age do the career expectations for men and women begin to differ? a. Preschool children expressed career-related beliefs that differed for women and men. b. During middle school, a majority of children first showed differences in expectations, but many children made exceptions to gender stereotyping. c. High school students begin to show differences in career expectations. d. Only a few college students express gender-related differences in career expectations

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Boys and girls who are gifted in science and mathematics a. are not equally likely to pursue careers in math and science. b. are equally common and equally likely to pursue careers that require these talents. c. are equally common, but the girls tend to take more science and fewer math courses than the boys. d. are equally encouraged by parents to pursue their talents

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Cancian's Companionship blueprint for marriage relationships explained that husbands and wives in such relationships a. did not develop an intimate relationship. b. behaved in role-specific ways, with women maintaining the relationship and men maintaining a career. c. acted as independent individuals, rarely having time to devote to their relationship. d. had gender-specific duties but felt that they had the duty to love and support each other

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Cognitive developmental theory and social learning theory differ in the a. existence of stages in cognitive developmental but not in social learning theory. b. emphasis on cognitive factors in cognitive developmental but not in social learning theory. c. the similarity of cognitive developmental theory to psychoanalytic theory. d. the solid theoretical basis for social learning theory but the lack of a theoretical basis for cognitive developmental theory

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Cognitive developmental theory explains gender development as a. dependent on operant conditioning. b. part of the general process of cognitive development. c. the basis for most other types of socialization. d. a specialized type of development, with rules of learning specific to gender development

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Cohabitation a. increased during the 1970s and 1980s but began a decrease during the 1990s that has continued. b. has increased over 1000% between the 1960s and 2008. c. precedes marriage for around 90% of heterosexual couples. d. has decreased in frequency from the high rate that occurred in the late 1970s.

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Confidence in the ability to do a task a. is higher for men and women for almost all tasks. b. depends on the gender typing of the task; each gender feels more confident about a gender-typical than a gender-atypical task. c. depends on the difficulty of the task; both women and men feel confident about simple tasks, but men feel more confident than women about complex tasks. d. varies according to hormonal levels; women show cyclic fluctuations in confidence according to their menstrual cycle.

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Considering many different societies and patterns of marriage, what situations tend to create egalitarian marriages? a. Marriages are more likely to be egalitarian when women make significant economic contributions to family survival. b. Marriages are more likely to be egalitarian when women's families select a mate and when the husbands' families pay a dowry. c. Marriages are more likely to be egalitarian when women live with their husbands' families after the couple marries. d. Marriages are more likely to be egalitarian when the society has clearly differentiated gender roles

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Craig said, " I knew I would fail that physiology quiz! I hadn't studied at all, but I can study for the next one a bring up my grade." Craig was using what type of attribution to explain his performance? a. an internal, stable attribution b. an internal, unstable attribution c. an external, unstable attribution d. an external, stable attribution

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Distortions of memory related to gender-typical behavior a. tend to exaggerate the presence of gender-atypical behaviors, leaving people with the memory that behavior was less stereotypical than it actually was. b. tend to exaggerate the presence of gender-typical behaviors, leaving people with the memory that behavior was more stereotypical than it actually was. c. are avoidable only if people learn to attend to the relevant cues and find a way to minimize interference. d. are very rare

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Divorced people a. find forming another intimate relationship difficult. b. usually re-marry, indicating their endorsement of marriage. c. do not usually re-marry but often cohabit. d. form a series of relationships but rarely re-marry

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During elementary school girls make better grades than boys. One reason for this advantage is a. girls from single-parent families usually live with their mothers. b. girls exhibit higher self-discipline than boys. c. boys do not value achievement. d. girls have higher academic ability

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During high school, girls are aware of _______ as a factor in their future education, but boys are not. a. going to college b. making good grades c. having a child while still in school d. all of the above e. none of the above

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During the middle school years, _______ and ______ become increasingly male domains. a. math . . . . athletics b. math . . . . biology c. reading . . . . writing d. science . . . . student government

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During the phallic stage, girls experience a. traumatic events that are similar in severity to those boys experience. b. traumatic events that are similar but more severe than boys experience. c. less hostility for their same-sex parent and less competition for their other-sex parent's attention than boys. d. traumatic events that differ from but are less severe than those experienced by boys.

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Early studies of achievement motivation a. focused on school rather than career achievement. b. focused on business and career achievement. c. were unable to define achievement, resulting in a confusing set of results. d. emphasized organization rather than process in achievement motivation

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Ellyn Kaschak proposed Antigone as a representation of female psychological development because a. Antigone felt sexually attracted to her father. b. Antigone represented the daughter who was subservient to male power. c. the female Oedipus complex was too violent to be accurate. d. only a mythical relationship could symbolize the dynamics of male-female relationships.

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Examinations of teacher training has shown that a. issues of gender equity are not emphasized. b. issues of gender equity were not emphasized until the 1980s but now receive major emphasis. c. issues of gender equity received more emphasis during the 1980s, but emphasis faded in the 1990s. d. issues of gender equity are not covered in any major education texts

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For women and men in the United States, the physical and mental health benefits of marriage a. apply to both husbands and wives, but husbands gain more benefits. b. are not equal, with husbands benefiting more than wives. c. are not equal, with wives benefiting more than husbands. d. are not as much of an advantage as staying single

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Freud's personal feelings about women were a. negative, as his theory reflected. b. positive, as his inclusion of women in psychoanalytic training showed. c. contradictory; Freud expected subservience from women yet admired intellectual achievement in women. d. not consistent; the young Freud wanted passive, feminine women and the older Freud encouraged women to be feminists

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Freud's theory is uncomplimentary to women; a. Freud was unaware of this facet of his theory until the year before his death. b. Freud was aware of this facet of his theory from the early years of his work. c. his female colleagues were reluctant to mention this facet of his theory. d. Freud's wife, Martha, divorced him over her dissatisfaction with his portrayal of women

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Gay male and lesbian couples differ from heterosexual couples in the division of household labor in a. that lesbians tend to make a more equitable division of chores than gay male or heterosexual couples. b. that lesbians and gay male couples tend to take turns doing chores rather than divide chores along gender-stereotypical lines. c. the amount of time spent, with both gay men and lesbians spending more time on household work than heterosexual couples. d. few ways

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Gender harassment occurs when a. A person of one gender makes harassing comments about a person of the other gender. b. A man makes sexual remarks about a woman. c. A woman gives a man a negative work evaluation. d. A person is subjected to hostile or offensive remarks based on the person's gender.

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Gender segregation in college majors a. has decreased dramatically with the increasing number of women attending college. b. has disappeared for the physical sciences and engineering. c. has disappeared for languages but persists in social sciences. d. has remained for many majors, despite the changes that have occurred in courses taken during high school

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Girls who are talented in math a. are more likely to be talented at verbal tasks than boys who are talented at math. b. are more likely to pursue a career in engineering than boys who are talented at math. c. tend to score higher on math aptitude tests than boys who are talented at math. d. are more likely to pursue careers in physical science than in math

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Girls who enroll in vocational or technical education courses dominated by boys a. are at risk for harassment by male classmates. b. tend to receive a disproportionate attention from teachers. c. are often more successful than their male colleagues. d. do not often have the ability to succeed in such courses

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Hiring discrimination a. is a factor for women but not for ethnic minorities. b. is a factor for women but not for gay men. c. affects ethnic minorities and people with nonheterosexual sexual orientation. d. both a and b

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Horner's studies on the fear of success concept a. demonstrated one reason why women's achievement has been lower than men's. b. showed that women are anxious to compete with men but fear the consequences of that competition. c. provided the basis for further studies that have confirmed this concept. d. did not demonstrate that women try to avoid success.

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Horney emphasized the ________ forces in personality development. a. instinctual b. biological c. social d. communal

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Horney reinterpreted the Freudian concept of penis envy, a. suggesting that the envy women feel is a desire for power and prestige rather than for a penis. b. hypothesizing that both men and women feel penis envy. c. denying the concept. d. in a literal, physical way.

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Horney suggested that men envy a. other men's larger penis. b. the sexual innocence of children. c. women's ability to have children. d. earning power rather than physical attributes

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Horney's interpretation of masochism a. differed from Freud's in her emphasis on the social and cultural factors that contribute to masochism. b. differed from Freud's in her denial of the existence of masochism. c. was similar to Freud's in her reliance on the biology of masochism. d. was similar to Freud's in her belief in the widespread existence of masochism in all cultures

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How do jobs become "male" or "female" occupations? a. A range of occupations becomes diversified through the association process. b. A job becomes strongly associated with one or the other gender. c. One gender or the other is able to learn certain jobs more easily. d. both a and c

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How does a person fulfill his or her gender role? a. by experimenting with cross-gender behaviors as well as same-gender behaviors b. by behaving in expected ways in various situations c. by narrowing his or her behavioral repertoire to include instrumental and not expressive behaviors d. by reversing the expectancies of people in the situation to enlarge the behavioral repertoire

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How important is ethnicity in the division of household work? a. It is important; African American men do less household work than European American men. b. It is a factor in household work, with Hispanic American men doing more than men from other ethnic groups. c. It is not very important; conflict over household work is common to couples in all ethnic groups. d. both a and b.

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If a boy's brother makes fun of him when he plays with dolls, the boy is being a. punished for playing with dolls. b. positively reinforced for playing with dolls. c. negatively reinforced for playing with dolls. d. negatively reinforced for showing feminine behaviors. e. both c and d

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In Chodorow's theory, identifying with their mother is a. easier for boys than girls, because of the sexual attraction. b. easier for girls than boys, because girls and their mothers are the same sex. c. harmful to boys, who may develop a homosexual orientation. d. equally difficult for both boys and girls, due to the age difference between infants and the adult mother.

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In Ellyn Kaschak's theory women who do not resolve their Antigone complex a. are sexually attracted to other women. b. seek power and strive for success in occupations typically filled by men. c. define themselves through men's view of them rather than in their own terms. d. experience more frequent substance abuse problems than other women

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In Freud's theory, personality development is similar for boys and girls until what stage? a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. psychosexual

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In comparing employment situations of women with African Americans and Hispanic Americans, a. women, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans are all underrepresented in high-level managerial positions. b. women are underrepresented in all categories of employment relative to African Americans. c. women are less likely to be professionals than African American men but more likely than Hispanic American men. d. Hispanic Americans are overrepresented in skilled blue-collar jobs relative to both women and African Americans

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In comparing the types of classroom interactions in high school and college classrooms, a. men dominate high school classrooms, but the patterns of interaction are more equitable in college. b. the patterns of teacher attention focus on girls in high school, but college men get more attention in college. c. men dominate both types of classrooms. d. women dominate both types of classrooms.

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In examining male-male, male-female, and female-female love relationships, researchers found that a. gay and lesbian couples used different criteria than heterosexual couples in selecting partners. b. gay men and lesbians differed from each other in the characteristics that they looked for in a partner. c. all three types of couples used different criteria when selecting a partner. d. all couples used similar criteria when selecting a partner

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In examining various occupational categories and salaries, a. women earn less than men in every category. b. women earn less than men in service occupations but equal salaries in professional categories. c. women earn less than men in male-dominated fields but more than men in female-dominated fields. d. no consistent pattern of salary difference can be seen

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In studies that have presented gender information concerning prospective applicants and have asked about hiring decisions, a. the gender information tends not to make a difference, and qualifications are the most important criterion for hiring. b. the gender information tends to be used in making stereotypical decisions concerning the suitability of the applicants. c. inexperience is the most important criterion for a hiring decision, with a bias against the inexperienced applicant. d. applicants with feminine characteristics, regardless of gender, receive more favorable ratings

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In terms of sexual attention at work a. women are the more frequent targets. b. men are the more frequent targets. c. both men and women receive this type of attention equally frequently. d. explicitly sexuality is uncommon in the workplace, but subtle sexuality is often present

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In what way does school bring out boys' vulnerability? a. Boys' skill at athletics is not a benefit in school. b. Boys' parents are not as supportive as girls' parents. c. Sitting still, being quiet, and paying attention are required but often difficult for boys. d. Higher-level cognitive abilities are difficult for boys, and schooling requires these abilities

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Longitudinal studies of marital stability have shown that some behaviors predict separation. These behaviors include wives who are a. overly agreeable and husbands who are emotionally withdrawn. b. angry and husbands who are agreeable. c. satisfied with the marriage and husbands who are not. d. expressive and husbands who argue with their wives. e. all of the above

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Martina Horner concluded that women showed fear of success when they a. became fearful during the early months of their careers, especially when they were successful. b. perceived men as hostile to them in school or at work. c. described negative consequences associated with success. d. were reluctant to report their achievements in school

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Men who pursue careers in female-dominated fields a. are discriminated against, just as are women who pursue careers in male-dominated fields. b. are treated more fairly than are women who pursue careers in male-dominated fields, but have no advantage in these female-dominated fields. c. have the advantage over women in these fields. d. are so uncommon that systematic research is impossible

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More women than men receive college degrees in the United States. Does this overall description apply to ethnic minorities? a. Yes, but the difference is smaller than for Whites. b. Yes, and the difference is even larger than for Whites. c. No; among African Americans and Hispanic Americans, more men than women receive college degrees. d. No, but the number of women and men receiving college degrees is equal among ethnic minorities

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Most incidents of sexual harassment on college campuses are a. reported to university officials, who take action against offending faculty. b. reported to university officials, who take action against offending students. c. reported to other students, who fail to believe the stories. d. never reported

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Movies suggest that bad men can be changed by the love of a good woman. Research suggests that a. bad men are dangerous to the women who love them. b. religion is more likely to bring changes than love. c. young men can experience changes, but older men are unlikely to change. d. good women rarely become attracted to bad men

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Nancy Chodorow's psychoanalytic theory of development a. is a minor revision of Freud's psychoanalytic theory. b. emphasizes the latency and genital stages of development rather than the phallic stage. c. emphasizes pre-Oedipal development. d. replaced Freud's theory with a research-based approach to personality development

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One factor that allows boys to compensate for their achievement problems in school is their advantage in a. visual-spatial tasks. b. academic ability. c. interpersonal relationships. d. strategy analysis

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One of the most damaging stereotypes for women's career advancement is that a. women with children lack commitment to their careers. b. female executives are more competent than caring. c. women who earn high grades in college will not enter the workforce. d. women are both more competent and more patient than men.

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Pamela said, "I just can't learn to speak French! I've tried, but I don't have the knack for languages." Pamela is using what type of attribution to explain her performance? a. an internal, stable attribution b. an internal, unstable attribution c. an external, unstable attribution d. an external, stable attribution

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Positive effects of forming gender schemata include ___________, and negative effects include ___________. a. heterosexual sexual orientation . . . . homosexual sexual orientation b. a positive self-concept . . . . adjustment problems c. ease of cognitive processing. . . . stereotyping d. establishing multiple categories . . . . confusion over gender

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Psychoanalytic theory holds that personality development occurs through a series of _________ stages, which are _________ determined. a. representational . . . socially b. abstract . . . both socially and biologically c. psychosexual . . . biologically d. biopsychosocial . . . personally

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Research has indicated that individuals who have strong gender schemata a. are behaviorally similar to people with weaker schemata. b. apply these standards of behavior to themselves but not necessarily to others. c. are more androgynous than people with weaker schemata. d. notice and remember more gender-related information than people with weaker gender schemata

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Research on the quid pro quo and hostile environment sexual harassment has indicated that a. these two types tend to occur in different work environments, making programs to deter one type ineffective for the other situations. b. these two types tend to occur in the same work environments, making both likely if one occurs. c. the quid pro quo type is more common than the hostile environment type. d. the quid pro quo type is very unusual, accounting for less than 5% of harassment complaints

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Sandra Bem objected to what component of cognitive developmental theory? a. the flexibility of the categories b. its treatment of gender as any other cognitive category c. its inclusion of cognitive as well as behavioral components d. its acceptance of psychoanalytic concepts in explaining gender development

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Self-esteem differences between men and women, including adolescents and adults, are a. large and begin in adolescence when girls experience a sharp drop in self-esteem. b. large, and women show higher self-esteem than men. c. small, and men show slightly higher self-esteem than women. d. no longer applicable; self-esteem is now identical for women and men

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Sex roll spillover refers to a. the blending of masculine and feminine gender role behaviors. b. gender role behavior that is irrelevant to the workplace. c. the formation of a specific set of expectancies associated with masculinity or femininity. d. job requirements that mandate either male or female applicants, making them exempt from sex discrimination laws

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Sexual harassment during junior high and high school a. is not a common experience during junior high school but becomes common during high school. b. is a common experience for female students but does not occur with male students as targets. c. is a common experience for female students and a less common experience for male students. d. is most frequent with a female student as target and a male instructor as perpetrator

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Social learning theory emphasizes that learning occurs through a. reinforcement b. punishment c. observation d. both a and b

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Some divorced women and men explained that their marriages lacked intimacy, a. with men reporting this problem more often than women. b. with women defining intimacy as sharing feelings and men defining intimacy as physical affection. c. but this problem was not the major problem underlying the dissolution of their marriage. d. but no gender-related differences appeared in their complaints

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Students who vary from typical gender role behaviors a. face the danger of sexual harassment for their atypical behavior. b. tend to be student leaders because of their nonconformity. c. are popular when they exhibit dangerous behavior and unpopular when they are "nice." d. were once problems in school, but many students deviate from the norm now, and this behavior is not a problem

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Studies about sexual harassment on college campuses have shown that a. after some initial resistance, universities have begun to enforce the laws that forbid harassment. b. classmates are more likely than professors to be perpetrators of sexual harassment. c. women have little trouble identifying sexual harassment, but men do. d. this problem is more common in the work force than on college campuses

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Studies of marital stability have shown that a. couples experiencing conflict are more likely to separate than those who do not. b. heated arguments are the main source of relationship dissolution. c. experiencing conflict is not necessarily a sign of problems, but how the couple handles the conflict is. d. both a and b

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The "time bind" that Arlie Hochschild referred to is a. the time pressures that women feel when trying to balance career and family demands. b. the amount of time that women spend on the job and how that time binds them to career advancement. c. the timing of adherence to career plans for women, which typically happens during their young adulthood. d. the binding commitments between families that that occurred during the early years of the 20th century

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The Independence Blueprint for marriage a. puts women in the role of doing the emotional work in their relationship. b. emphasizes self-development over commitment to the relationship. c. maintains traditional gender roles. d. reverses the gender roles in the Companionship Blueprint.

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The acceptance of traditional gender roles is related to women's a. pursuing a career traditionally associated with women. b. rejection of other traditional gender-related behaviors. c. likelihood of being lesbian. d. tendency to be involved in careers that are time-consuming

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The blueprint in which partners select each other on the basis of romantic attraction and maintain a relationship in which the man has more power is a. the Family Duty Blueprint. b. the Companionship Blueprint. c. the Independence Blueprint. d. the Interdependence Blueprint.

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The concept of the glass escalator a. is equivalent to a glass ceiling, but the glass escalator limits men's advancement. b. explains men's rapid advancement in female-dominated professions. c. explains women's rapid advancement in female-dominated professions. d. is the opposite of the glass ceiling, explaining why women are carried to the bottom on the corporate ladder.

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The contention that women and men have distinctive styles of communication a. has been confirmed for communication in professional but not in personal situations. b. has been confirmed for communication in personal but not in professional or business situations. c. has been confirmed for a variety of situations. d. has not been confirmed

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The decline in confidence that girls experience during the middle school years a. is mirrored by a similar decrease among boys. b. is followed by an even larger decrease during high school. c. has a negative impact on their grades, which decline during this time. d. produces a higher level of depression than among boys

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The disproportionate number of advanced and professional degrees awarded to men a. has remained the same for the past 30 years. b. has decreased in recent years, and now women receive about half of such degrees. c. has changed in education and social science but not in medicine and law. d. has changed to the point that women and men receive an equal proportion of such degrees

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The division of household chores a. tends to be more equitable among couples in which the wife's salary is similar to the husband's. b. tends to be arranged according to which member of the couple is good at which task. c. becomes more equal with the birth of the first child. d. all of the above

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The early elementary school curriculum a. strengthens the skills boys lack but not those that girls lack. b. strengthens the skills that girls possess while leaving boys unserved. c. best serves children with high academic ability, regardless of their gender, while leaving average students' skills undeveloped. d. divides time between strengthening boys' and girls' skills

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The educational advantage that girls and women experience in the United States a. is mirrored in the educational system of countries around the world. b. occurs in other high-income countries but not in many low-income countries. c. is part of the social system of daughter preference that occurs in low-income countries. d. is unique; no other country shows an educational advantage for women

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The emphasis in Chodorow's theory is a. mothering. b. fathering. c. early childhood sexuality. d. peer relationships.

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The factor that social learning, cognitive developmental, and gender schema theories all have in common is a. an emphasis on the social context of gender development. b. a neoFreudian approach to personality development. c. an acceptance of unconscious factors in personality development. d. a description of different courses of personality development for women and men.

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The main reason for the movement of women into male-dominated occupations and the lack of movement of men into female-dominated occupations is a. lack of training for men to perform the jobs that women typically occupy. b. lack of economic motivation for men to seek women's jobs. c. oversupply of women in the workforce, which has motivated women to seek jobs traditionally occupied by men. d. lack of qualified workers of both genders

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The most common perpetrators of sexual harassment during junior high and high school are a. teachers. b. administrators. c. school counselors. d. peers

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The most stable type of committed relationship can be found in a. married couples b. cohabiting heterosexual couples c. cohabiting gay male couples d. cohabiting lesbian couples

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The number of female CEOs in Fortune 500 companies is likely to a. increase rapidly over the next 10 years due to the growing number of women who are "in the pipeline" that prepares them for these positions. b. increase slowly due to the small number of women who are currently in management positions that prepare them for the job of CEO. c. decrease due to the number of women who are leaving business careers to be full-time homemakers. d. remain at the current level of around 20%

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The preponderance of female teachers in the early school grades a. results in elementary schools developing girls' abilities better than boys' abilities. b. results in an achievement-oriented environment. c. restricts men from pursuing careers involving children. d. results in few male models for boys to observe

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The process of coming to identify oneself as male or female is a. gender stereotyping. b. gender identity. c. gender constancy. d. gender self-referencing

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The process of understanding that gender is a permanent characteristic is a. gender stereotyping. b. gender identity. c. gender constancy. d. gender self-referencing

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The sticky floor refers to a. occupational stereotypes. b. the low-status careers for which career and technical education prepares both women and men. c. the low-status occupations in which employees get stuck at low levels. d. the end result of riding the glass escalator

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The term glass ceiling refers to a. a subtle barrier of discrimination that prevents women and ethnic minorities from advancing to high-level jobs. b. the set of laws that protected women from occupying dangerous jobs. c. the lack of enforcement of equal opportunity laws. d. a level of accomplishment that women attain more often than men

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The widely publicized drop in self-esteem for girls during early adolescence a. has not been supported by research findings. b. is larger in girls and occurs earlier in adolescence than the increase that occurs in boys. c. is followed by another decrease that occurs in girls during later adolescence. d. applies to gender-typed activities more strongly than to other types of activities.

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Throughout most of the 20th century, men attended college in greater number than women, a. and that pattern still persists. b. and although the gap has decreased, men still outnumber women in most colleges. c. and that pattern persists in universities but not in community colleges, where the number of men and women are equal. d. but that pattern has changed, and now women receive more undergraduate degrees than men

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Using Sternberg's triangular model of relationships, what component is most important for a stable love relationship? a. high passion combined with high intimacy b. low passion combined with high commitment c. high intimacy, regardless of the value of the other components d. high commitment, regardless of the value of the other components

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What do all of the psychodynamic theories of gender development have in common? a. an emphasis on the importance of the unconscious in personality formation and functioning b. the view that the events of the Oedipus complex are the most important factors in gender development c. a bias against women and an acceptance of the inferiority of their personalities d. nothing—these theories have no underlying principles that make them comparable

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What event prompts boys to experience castration anxiety during the phallic stage? a. being castrated b. noticing the small size of their penis compared to the size of men's penises c. noticing that they have a penis and girls do not d. feelings of intellectual inadequacy

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What experience is important in a husband participating in household chores? a. living alone as a bachelor before marrying b. going to college and obtaining a managerial job c. marrying a woman with a college education who is self-employed d. having a wife who makes more money than he does e. both a and d

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What factors erase the wage gap? a. The wage gap reverses when considering only workers with a college degree, and women earn higher wages. b. The wage gap is small for young, well-educated women and men. c. The wage gap disappears when considering only blue-collar workers. d. The wage gap disappears when considering workers who have been on the job for more than 10 years

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What is the relationship between self-confidence and grades? a. There is a positive, linear relationship—as self-confidence increases, grades increase. b. There is a negative, linear relationship—as self-confidence increases, grades decrease. c. There is a curvilinear relationship—grades increase with increasing self-confidence to moderate levels of confidence, then the relationship becomes negative. d. There is no strong relationship between the two

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What leads to the resolution of the Oedipus complex and an end to castration anxiety? a. boys' identification with their father b. boys' identification with their mother c. girls' acceptance of their inferior genitalia d. girls' identification with their father

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What pattern of couples violence is most common? a. Situations of minor violence, which may be initiated by either women or men. b. Situations of major violence, which are initiated by men 90% of the time. c. Situations of minor violence initiated by women. d. Situations of violence involving weapons.

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What relationship does family obligations have to men's careers? a. Time spent developing careers often takes men away from their families. b. Family demands often take men out of the work force. c. Family duties are a source of stress that affects men more than women. d. Men who take time away from work to devote to family advance more rapidly in their careers.

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What relationship does power have to workplace communication? a. Power is one of the situational factors that affects speech style. b. People with power are more sensitive to the speech of their subordinates than those who have less power. c. Supervisors have more power and are better at communicating with subordinates than subordinates are in communicating with superiors. d. Women are better communicators, regardless of their workplace status and power

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What trend has occurred in relation to the gender segregation of jobs? a. Women have entered male-dominated jobs more than men have entered female-dominated fields. b. Women have entered male-dominated jobs at rates similar to that for men entering female-dominated jobs. c. Men have entered female-dominated fields at higher rates than women have entered male-dominated jobs. d. Men have been discriminated against in female-dominated jobs, perpetuating gender segregation

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What trend has occurred over the past 35 years in women's sports participation? a. Little change has occurred in the participation of women in athletic programs. b. Women's participation in athletics has actually decreased because schools now offer fewer athletic opportunities for women. c. Women's athletic participation has dramatically increased. d. Sports have become less popular for both women and men during high school, but college participation for women has increased

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When analyzing who holds blue-collar jobs, a. African American and Hispanic American women are more likely to have such jobs than European American women. b. African American women are more likely to have such jobs than Hispanic American women. c. young women are more likely to have such jobs than older women. d. women are more likely to hold skilled crafts jobs than are men

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When asked to describe a woman and a man who are successful in a nontraditional field, people a. describe both as professionally and personally competent. b. praise the successful man more than the successful woman. c. praise both for their success. d. describe both as socially deviant and personally troubled. e. both a and c

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When asked to explain why female executives have not advanced to the highest levels of corporate success, female executives say that ________ and male executives say that _______. a. women lack the appropriate training . . . . women do not work hard enough b. male executives stereotype them . . . . women do not have the experience to advance more rapidly. c. male executives sabotage women's careers . . . . they try to keep women from advancing d. they are satisfied with their current employment . . . . women are promoted as rapidly as men

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When children learn the rules for gender category formation, they become unwilling to make exceptions. That is, they tend to a. use a variety of flexible gender categories. b. find it difficult to limit their categories to the two standard choices. c. stereotype on the basis of gender. d. use several different cognitive strategies to identify a stranger's gender

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When judging their own ability or intelligence, a. men and women make similar estimations. b. women make higher judgments of their abilities but lower estimates of the intelligence than men do. c. women make lower estimates than men do. d. men make lower estimates than women do

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When men cry, they are usually _______; when women cry, they _______. a. confused . . . are usually sad b. sad . . . may be sad or angry c. angry . . . are usually sad d. uncertain of their feelings . . . are also uncertain of their feelings

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When men take time away from their careers to devote to family, a. their careers are not affected as negatively as women who do so. b. their careers are more negatively affected than women who do so. c. their wives increase the number of hours at work to make up for the lost income. d. their levels of stress and anxiety increase

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When professionals choose protégés to mentor, a. they tend to choose protégés like themselves, leaving young women without a mentor. b. they tend to choose protégés whom they find attractive, leaving young women with mentors but also with a chance for sexual exploitation. c. they tend to choose a group rather than an individual. d. they focus on professional rather than personal characteristics

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Which of the following IS a factor in the wage gap between women and men? a. Women accept lower salary offers than men do. b. Women with graduate degrees earn about as much money as men with high school degrees. c. Women expect to earn more money at the peak of their earnings than men expect. d. All of the above contribute to the wage gap.

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Which of the following is NOT a factor in the wage gap between men and women? a. Men have traditionally occupied higher-paying jobs than women. b. Women do not spend as many hours in paid employment as men. c. Fewer women than men are receiving college degrees. d. Discrimination in hiring and promotion affects women more than men.

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Which of the following statements expresses gender-related differences in achievement situations? a. Female managers show less confidence in their ability than male managers. b. Women's evaluations of their own abilities are more responsive to the opinions of others than are men's evaluations of their abilities. c. Men evaluate women's technical skills as lower than the women themselves evaluate their abilities. d. Neither women nor men are responsive to negative feedback, but women are responsive to positive feedback.

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Which of the following ways can high school boys gain prestige and status that is not effective for high school girls? a. being considered intelligent b. being a good athlete c. getting good grades d. All of the above are ways that both girls and boys can gain prestige in high school

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Which statement describes the prevalence of sexual harassment at work? a. Sexual harassment is a common experience for women, but few men receive unwanted sexual attention at work. b. Sexual harassment is more common for women, but both men and women receive unwanted sexual attention at work. c. Sexual harassment occurs to over half of both women and men. d. Sexual harassment is not as common as the publicity has led people to believe.

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Which statement summarizes beliefs about power in relationships? a. Women but not men believe in equal power in relationships. b. Both women and men believe in equal power in relationships, but only men believe that their relationships have equal power. c. Both women and men believe in equal power in relationships, and both believe that their relationships have equal power. d. Both women and men believe in equal power in relationships, but few believe that their relationships have equal power

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Which theory of gender development best fits the data? a. social learning theory b. cognitive developmental theory c. gender schema theory d. None is a good fit with all of the evidence.

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Who feels overburdened by the division of household labor? a. Women who believe in gender equity but who are doing a majority of household work. b. Men who rationalize their behavior by considering the number of hours they work. c. Men who have employed wives, but their wives do the majority of household work. d. both a and b e. all of the above

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Who is most likely to escape the discrimination that is commonly experienced by employed women? a. married women b. unmarried women c. women with children d. lesbians

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Women tend to feel ________ by sexual propositions at work, and men tend to feel ________. a. flattered . . . . more flattered b. shy . . . . embarrassed c. embarrassed . . . . insulted d. insulted . . . flattered

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Women who are executives may become successful leaders a. when they adopt a directive, "masculine" style of leading. b. because they tend to be good at rewarding and team building. c. when they adopt a cooperative, "feminine" style of leading. d. but they need to suppress both feminine and masculine styles of leadership

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Women's and men's careers tend to differ in a. the prevalence of women's part-time employment. b. the assumption that women's employment will be secondary to their family obligations. c. the lower amount of education and training that men and women receive. d. both a and b e. all of the above

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Women's and men's scores on early intelligence tests a. confirmed the prevailing view of the time that women have lower intelligence than men. b. confirmed the prevailing view of the time that men have lower intelligence than women. c. contradicted the prevailing view of the time that women have lower intelligence than men. d. contradicted the prevailing view of the time that there is no difference between the intelligence of men and women.

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Young women have a level of career motivation that is _______ that of young men. a. as strong as b. not as strong as c. directed toward a different type of achievement than d. oriented toward more prestigious careers than

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In analyzing the development of aggression, what pattern appears? a. Aggression decreases from childhood to adulthood. b. Aggression increases from childhood to adulthood. c. Aggression is low during childhood, increases during adolescence, and decreases during adulthood. d. Boys' aggression increases from childhood to adolescence, but girls' aggression decreases from childhood to adolescence

a. Aggression decreases from childhood to adulthood.

What findings have led some researchers to question that there are large gender-related differences in nurturing? a. Although girls gain and boys lose interest in babies throughout childhood, boys continue to nurture their pets. b. Both boys and girls gain interest in caring for infants until late childhood, when girls' interest increases sharply. c. Recent studies have shown few gender-related differences in nurturing. d. When number of siblings is taken into consideration, no gender differences appear in nurturing

a. Although girls gain and boys lose interest in babies throughout childhood, boys continue to nurture their pets.

What method of study is least likely to find gender differences in emotionality? a. Studies that use self-reports of attitudes and emotional experience. b. Studies that use observations of public behavior. c. Studies that use covertly observed behavior in private situations. d. Studies that have considered a wide range of situations and a variety of people.

a. Studies that use self-reports of attitudes and emotional experience.

When examining the cross-cultural research on mathematical and spatial performance for women and men, differences appear among countries. a. Women in some cultures score higher in these tasks than men in other cultures. b. But men always show an advantage in a wide range of spatial tasks. c. Cultural variation is much smaller than the differences between men and women. d. But women in Asia score as high in spatial performance as men in those cultures

a. Women in some cultures score higher in these tasks than men in other cultures.

Dating can be analyzed as following a script, and in such scripts men _________ and women _________. a. act . . . . react b. respond to women's challenges . . . . resist men's advances. c. force women to be honest . . . . prevent men from being deceptive d. are passive . . . . are active

a. act . . . . react

In slasher movies, women are stalked by crazed killers; in real life, women are more likely to be harmed by a. an intimate partner. b. a casual acquaintance who attacks them. c. a coworker who attempts to rape them. d. a stranger

a. an intimate partner.

Overall, gender-related differences in spatial abilities a. are complex, with advantages for men in some, women in others, and no reliable differences in others. b. are complex, with varying degrees of advantage for men, but no tasks show advantages for women. c. are complex, with an increasing age-related disadvantages for women in most spatial tasks. d. are straightforward, with boys and men outperforming girls and women in all four types of spatial tasks.

a. are complex, with advantages for men in some, women in others, and no reliable differences in others.

Gender-related differences in the pleasures derived from child care a. are complicated by the different amounts of time and different activities that men and women spend in care giving. b. relate to the biological preparation that women's hormones provide. c. show that men derive greater satisfaction from care giving than women. d. show that women with more children gain more satisfaction from child care than women with few children

a. are complicated by the different amounts of time and different activities that men and women spend in care giving.

Cross-gender interactions in middle-school children a. are often not voluntary and are often tinged with hostility. b. usually occur in the context of neighborhood play activities, which the children seek and enjoy. c. are encouraged by both parents and teachers as a way to ease children's discomfort with the other gender. d. are similar to adolescents' dating patterns, with couples engaged in romantic and sexual activities

a. are often not voluntary and are often tinged with hostility.

Women's greater fear about sexual victimization is a. based on the reported rate of forced sex rather than the overall rate in the population. b. realistic because women are victimized more often than men. c. unrealistic because men and women are victimized at similar rates. d. both a and c.

a. based on the reported rate of forced sex rather than the overall rate in the population.

The active avoidance of the other gender becomes active interest during adolescence, a. but girls and boys do not often form friendships with each other. b. and cross-gender friendships become as common as cross-gender romances. c. but cross-gender friendships usually also cross age groups. d. and girls pursue such friendships more actively than boys.

a. but girls and boys do not often form friendships with each other

A tendency to be active or passive in interactions with other young children depends on the a. child's gender—girls tend to be passive and boys tend to be active in their interactions. b. child's personality—some children are passive and others tend to be active. c. time of day—children tend to be more active in the morning and more passive in the afternoon. d. situation—girls are more active interacting with girls and more passive interacting with boys.

a. child's gender—girls tend to be passive and boys tend to be active in their interactions.

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, what distinguishes liking from companionate love? a. commitment b. intimacy c. passion d. dependence

a. commitment

Which of Sternberg's components in the triangular theory of love is weighted most heavily in Cancian's Family Duty blueprint for marriage? a. commitment b. passion c. intimacy d. dependence

a. commitment

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which configuration comes closest to friendship? a. companionate love b. consummate love c. infatuated love d. fatuous love

a. companionate love

Women's tendency to express fear and sadness and men's tendency to express anger can be explained by a. differences in display rules for men and women. b. differences in hormone levels of men and women. c. differences in the rewards for aggression. d. individual rather than gender differences.

a. differences in display rules for men and women.

Among the advantages of dating is _______ and among the disadvantages is _______. a. increased esteem . . . . decreased academic motivation b. increased popularity among same-gender peers . . . . parental disapproval c. greater involvement in school activities . . . . greater involvement in illegal drugs d. compensation for being unpopular . . . . decreased church attendance

a. increased esteem . . . . decreased academic motivation

Defining aggression has been difficult for researchers because a. intention to cause harm is an important component for the definition. b. actions intended to harm another person are easy to measure. c. causing physical injury to others is the only important criterion. d. doing psychological harm to others is not a valid part of the definition. e. both c and d

a. intention to cause harm is an important component for the definition.

According to recent research on the experience of emotions by women and men, the situation that best predicts the experience of negative emotions in women is a. living with young children. b. women's employment. c. men's unemployment. d. both b and c

a. living with young children.

1. Using the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, Terman found a. no difference in intelligence between men's and women's test scores. b. that the difference between men's and women's test scores was small but consistent, with men scoring higher than women. c. that the difference between men's and women's test scores was large, with women outscoring men. d. that the difference between men's and women's test scores was large, with men outscoring women.

a. no difference in intelligence between men's and women's test scores.

For young adults in a study of speed dating, a. physical attractiveness is even more important than for relationships that form through personal contact. b. physical attractiveness is more important but status is less important than for relationships that form through personal contact. c. kindness was the most important characteristics mentioned by women, and sense of humor was the most important characteristic that men named. d. attitudes about casual sex were the most important characteristic, regardless of sex.

a. physical attractiveness is even more important than for relationships that form through personal contact.

The types of emotions that people experience across the world are a. similar, but the situations that provoke these emotions differ a great deal. b. similar, and so are the types of situations that provoke those emotions. c. different, and those differences can be understood in terms of collectivist societies and individualistic societies. d. different, but the display rules are similar

a. similar, but the situations that provoke these emotions differ a great deal.

Cross-cultural research on emotionality has shown that a. similarities exist in the range of emotions that humans experience, but the circumstances that elicit emotions differ. b. universality is the rule in emotional experience. c. diversity in each culture is reflected in the experience of emotion in those cultures. d. display rules for emotion apply to women but not to men

a. similarities exist in the range of emotions that humans experience, but the circumstances that elicit emotions

When asked to remember a list, a. the labeling of the task and the gender of the learner influenced learning. b. girls' memory was better than boys' memory, but men's memory was better than women's. c. men's memory performance was faster but not better than women's performance. d. no gender differences appeared

a. the labeling of the task and the gender of the learner influenced learning.

When college women hear that men do better on the type of test that they are about to take, a. the women perform more poorly than those women who do not hear about men's performance. b. the women perform better because they want to prove that they can succeed. c. the women perform more poorly if they are weak in the subject, but if they are well prepared, this information has no effect. d. the women's performance is not affected.

a. the women perform more poorly than those women who do not hear about men's performance.

When considering the most aggressive children, a. there are both boys and girls, but more boys than girls. b. the group consists of a near even ratio of boys to girls. c. no girls appear in the group. d. there are variations with social and ethnic background, with more aggressive girls in poor and minority groups.

a. there are both boys and girls, but more boys than girls.

Crying presents problems for men because ________ and for women _______. a. they are not allowed to cry . . . because they cry in situations that make others uncomfortable. b. they do not know when crying will be appropriate . . . they misjudge when crying is appropriate c. they want to cry but cannot . . . also want to cry but cannot d. they cry too often . . . because they cry as a expression of many emotions

a. they are not allowed to cry . . . because they cry in situations that make others uncomfortable.

What type of experience has been shown to increase performance on spatial tasks? a. video games b. team sports c. board games d. games that involve taking turns

a. video games

Hyde warned about the danger of confusing the terms well-established and large, arguing that a. well-established gender differences may be too small to be of practical significance. b. large gender differences may be well established yet unimportant. c. well-established gender differences may not be statistically significant but may be of practical significance. d. a gender difference may be both well established and large but of neither statistical nor practical significance

a. well-established gender differences may be too small to be of practical significance.

Meta-analytic studies of mathematical ability reveal that a. women have advantages in some quantitative tasks, and men have advantages in others. b. men's advantage is small for arithmetic computation but large for mathematical problem solving. c. men's advantage is larger than previously believed. d. gender differences in mathematical ability had reversed—women now do better than men in problem-solving tasks.

a. women have advantages in some quantitative tasks, and men have advantages in others.

One of the large differences in nonverbal communication is a. women's tendency to smile more than men. b. women's ability to hide their emotions, especially from men. c. men's ability to dominate through eye contact. d. men's reluctance to establish nonverbal but to maintain verbal dominance.

a. women's tendency to smile more than men.

Among the most aggressive adolescents, what differences exist in aggression among girls and boys? a. So few girls were aggressive that no patterns have emerged. b. Girls use aggression to prevent victimization, whereas boys use aggression to get money and status. c. Girls form gangs and menace adults, much as boys' gangs do. d. Few differences exist among these adolescents, although many differences exist among average adolescents

b. Girls use aggression to prevent victimization, whereas boys use aggression to get money and status.

______ are more likely to be the perpetrators and _______ are more likely to be the victims of crime. a. Men . . . . women b. Men . . . . men c. Women . . . . men d. Women . . . . women

b. Men . . . . men

The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) shows higher average scores for the young men than for the young women who take the Mathematics subtest. This gender-related difference may reflect the influence of a. women taking more math courses than men. b. a test format that favors men. c. brain development in the right hemisphere, which leads to better male performance in math. d. all of the above e. none of the above

b. a test format that favors men

According to studies on the stability of aggression, a. aggressive children seldom become aggressive adults. b. aggressive children tend to become aggressive adolescents and adults. c. passive children are more likely to become aggressive adults than are aggressive children. d. aggression can appear at any time during the lifespan, demonstrating a lack of stability

b. aggressive children tend to become aggressive adolescents and adults.

In selected groups of mathematically talented adolescents, a. girls outnumber boys. b. boys outnumber girls. c. the gender ratio is approximately equal. d. girls are never chosen, because their scores are always too low

b. boys outnumber girls.

Small gender-related differences in cognitive abilities a. cannot produce large performance differences—without the basic ability differences, no performance differences are possible. b. can produce larger differences in achievement. c. are diminished by workplace demands, which are similar for women and men. d. both a and c.

b. can produce larger differences in achievement.

Girls' and women's friendships tend to be based on __________, and boys' and men's friendships tend to be based on __________. a. common interests . . . . common abilities b. emotional intimacy . . . . shared activities c. common abilities . . . . emotional intimacy d. personality characteristics . . . . personality characteristics

b. emotional intimacy . . . . shared activities

The tests scores on the subtests of Wechsler's intelligence tests show ________; scores from the combined test show ________. a. no gender-related differences . . . . no gender-related differences b. gender-related differences . . . . no gender-related differences. c. no gender-related differences . . . . gender-related differences d. gender-related differences . . . . gender-related differences.

b. gender-related differences . . . . no gender-related differences.

Reviews of research on gender differences in verbal ability have usually concluded that a. girls and women have a large advantage in most verbal tasks. b. girls and women have a small advantage in many verbal tasks and a large advantage in writing. c. girls have a large advantage in many types of verbal tasks, but this advantage disappears during adolescence. d. neither gender has an advantage in any verbal task

b. girls and women have a small advantage in many verbal tasks and a large advantage in writing.

Women and men tend to respond differently to various provocations, with men responding with more aggression to ___________ and women responding with more aggression to _____________. a. traffic congestion . . . . rude comments b. insults to their intelligence . . . . condescending treatment. c. condescending treatment . . . . physical attacks d. rude comments . . . . situations with little or no provocation

b. insults to their intelligence . . . . condescending treatment.

Aggression among school children a. seems unrelated to other experiences in children's lives. b. is more likely to occur in same-gender rather than in cross-gender pairs. c. is uncommon and restricted to a few children. d. is the consequence of frustration for children as well as for adults

b. is more likely to occur in same-gender rather than in cross-gender pairs.

The style of forming intimate relationships based on sharing emotion a. is typical of women's friendships but not their romantic relationships. b. is typical of women's friendships and romantic relationships. c. is typical of homosexual but not heterosexual women. d. applies to men in romantic relationships but not in their friendships

b. is typical of women's friendships and romantic relationships.

The conclusion that mathematics talent is biological, based on studies of mathematically gifted students, a. is unwarranted because researchers collected no biological data. b. is unwarranted because researchers found such small gender-related differences that their conclusions were invalid. c. indicates their high heritability quotients from parents and first-degree relatives. d. provides the best available evidence that quantitative abilities are biological because the home environment of the children showed no differences in encouragement for girls and boys.

b. is unwarranted because researchers found such small gender-related differences that their conclusions were invalid.

Gender role shows a relationship to emotion; a. masculine women are less willing to express anger than feminine women. b. masculine men are more reluctant to express emotion. c. feminine men are more reluctant to express emotion. d. feminine women are less likely to express emotion than any other gender role-gender combination

b. masculine men are more reluctant to express emotion.

Most media reports of gender differences in cognitive performance focus on a biological basis for these differences, and a. most researchers accept this view. b. most researchers believe that an interaction of biological and environmental factors provides a better explanation. c. most psychologists reject the possibility of biological factors influencing behavior. d. a majority of researchers questions not only the validity but also the wisdom of this approach

b. most researchers believe that an interaction of biological and environmental factors provides a better explanation.

The type of holistic, situation-dependent thinking that Nisbett claimed is typical of people in Asian cultures also leads these individuals to a. perform better than people in Europe and the United States on spatial tasks. b. perform more poorly than people in Europe and the United States on spatial tasks. c. have less confidence in their verbal abilities than people in Western countries. d. both a and c

b. perform more poorly than people in Europe and the United States on spatial tasks.

When trying to find the way, men tend to _______, and women tend to ________. a. use landmarks. . . . rely on memory b. rely on mental maps . . . . use landmarks c. rely on memory . . . . ask for directions d. ask for directions . . . . rely on maps

b. rely on mental maps . . . . use landmarks

An alternative to biological explanations of school and career achievement comes from gender differences in a. hormonal and chromosomal inheritance. b. self-perception and expectancies for success. c. personal relationships and sexual behavior. d. self-acceptance of personal weaknesses and tendency to blame others.

b. self-perception and expectancies for success.

The spatial ability tested in the rod-and-frame task and Piaget's water level test a. shows no gender differences. b. shows small gender differences during childhood and larger ones during adulthood, with boys and men having the advantage. c. shows large gender differences during both childhood and adulthood, with boys and men having the advantage. d. shows small differences during both childhood and adulthood, with girls and women having the advantage.

b. shows small gender differences during childhood and larger ones during adulthood, with boys and men

Women's and men's reports concerning fear of criminal victimization are a. equal. b. similar, but men fear property crime and women fear personal victimization. c. unequal, with men having more fear than women. d. decreasing, but men's fear is decreasing faster than women's fear

b. similar, but men fear property crime and women fear personal victimization.

One difference between male and female victims of forced sex is a. the use of physical force, which occurs often for female but not for male victims. b. the amount of trauma, with women feeling more traumatized than men. c. the use of physical resistance, with men being more successful in avoiding unwanted sex than woman. d. none of the above—no significant differences exist between these two groups

b. the amount of trauma, with women feeling more traumatized than men.

One factor that may inhibit the formation of emotional intimacy in boys' and men's friendships is a. the unwillingness to form friendships with other males. b. their inability to be emotionally expressive. c. their lack of familiarity with the terminology they should use to communicate with others. d. their reluctance to exhibit any behavior considered feminine

b. their inability to be emotionally expressive.

The intelligence tests developed by Wechsler divided mental abilities into a. verbal and quantitative tests. b. verbal and performance tests. c. quantitative and spatial tests. d. performance and spatial tests

b. verbal and performance tests.

From middle childhood to young adulthood, what gender differences appear in aggression? a. Boys and girls both increase their tendency to use physical aggression, but boys are more likely to use weapons than girls, creating more legal problems and more social problems with their aggression. b. Boys' aggression decreases but girls become increasingly aggressive, overtaking the level of aggression in boys during the preadolescent period. c. Boys and girls use different aggressive tactics, with boys more likely to use physical confrontation and girls more likely to use relational aggression. d. Few gender-related differences appear.

c. Boys and girls use different aggressive tactics, with boys more likely to use physical confrontation and girls more likely to use relational aggression.

Which of the following statements describes the status of mathematical performance for women and men? a. Men have higher mathematical ability and make better grades in math courses from elementary school through college. b. Boys make higher scores on standardized tests of mathematics performance, but this advantage fades during junior high school, and performance becomes equal for girls and boys. c. Men make higher scores on some standardized tests of mathematics performance, but women make better grades in math classes from elementary school through college. d. Boys have higher scores on standardized tests of mathematics performance during elementary school and make better grades, but from junior high onward, girls and women make better grades.

c. Men make higher scores on some standardized tests of mathematics performance, but women make better grades in math classes from elementary school through college.

Which men have an increased likelihood of committing rape? a. Men who work in occupations where women occupy influential positions. b. Men who work in blue-collar occupations. c. Men who feel hostility toward women and who feel entitled to sex. d. Men whose mothers were abused by their fathers

c. Men who feel hostility toward women and who feel entitled to sex.

One possible basis for gender segregation during middle childhood is the a. intelligence differences between boys and girls. b. sexual maturity of girls and immaturity of boys. c. activity preferences of boys and girls. d. group cooperation that is seen in groups of boys but not in groups of girls

c. activity preferences of boys and girls.

Friendships among aging adults a. become less close and more superficial as aging progresses. b. become more male-oriented, catering to the dwindling number of men in this age group. c. become more female-based because this age group has more women. d. become less equitable and less satisfying

c. become more female-based because this age group has more women.

Small gender-related differences in cognitive abilities, such as verbal or quantitative ability a. are often ignored in the classroom. b. are noticed by parents, who encourage their talented daughters but not their equally talented sons. c. can be magnified through gender-stereotypical expectations of teachers and parents. d. are rarely noticed by children and do influence self-concept. e. all of the above

c. can be magnified through gender-stereotypical expectations of teachers and parents.

Indirect aggression a. causes less harm than physical aggression. b. does not fit within the definition of aggression. c. causes harm by arranging for the target to get into trouble. d. is more common among men than among women

c. causes harm by arranging for the target to get into trouble

According to Richard Nisbett, ________ is more important than _________ in understanding cognitive abilities. a. status . . . . culture b. gender . . . . culture c. culture . . . . gender d. power . . . . gender

c. culture . . . . gender

People who live in collectivist cultures experience more _________, and those who live in individualist cultures have more experiences of ________. a. anger . . . sadness b. sadness . . . guilt c. guilt . . . pride d. pride . . . anger

c. guilt . . . pride

Penis envy a. is part of the male Oedipus complex in boys. b. is the anxiety boys feel due to comparisons of their genitals with those of adult men. c. is part of the female Oedipus complex. d. can be resolved in girls more easily than in boys. e. both a and b

c. is part of the female Oedipus complex.

Research on nonhuman primates and their care for infants has shown that a. males are not interested in infants and tend to abuse those infants that seek their company. b. males are interested in those infants that they have fathered but not in other infants. c. males within the social group may show reactions that vary from little interest to large involvement, but their reactions rarely include aggression. d. females form nurturing relationships with all young, including their offspring and others

c. males within the social group may show reactions that vary from little interest to large involvement, but their reactions rarely include aggression.

The constraints on developing an intimate, sharing form of friendship affect __________ due to ___________. a. women . . . . their difficulty in evaluating emotions b. women . . . . their interest in forming commitment early in the relationship c. men . . . . homophobia d. men . . . . their problems in experiencing a full range of emotions

c. men . . . . homophobia

Men and boys have larger advantages over women and girls in tests of ______ but small or no advantage on ________ tests. a. spatial perception . . . . mental rotation b. spatial visualization . . . . mental rotation c. mental rotation . . . . spatial memory d. verbal analogies . . . . mental rotation

c. mental rotation . . . . spatial memory

Parents explain the mathematics achievements of their sons in terms of ________ and use _________ as an explanation of their daughters' success. a. hard work . . . . hard work b. hard work . . . . natural talent c. natural talent . . . . hard work d. natural talent . . . . natural talent

c. natural talent . . . . hard work

Women can be considered more emotionally expressive than men a. under a wide variety of circumstances. b. among less educated but not among well-educated people. c. only with a selective definition of emotionality. d. when considering fear, sadness, joy, and anger

c. only with a selective definition of emotionality.

Gender-related differences in mental abilities are _________, but differences in the choices that women and men make are _________. a. large . . . . large b. large . . . . small c. small . . . . large d. small . . . . small

c. small . . . . large

Gender differences in aggression are ________ in laboratory settings and _______ in society. a. large . . . . large b. large . . . . smaller c. small . . . . larger d. small . . . . disappearing

c. small . . . . larger

According to studies by Harlow and his colleagues, what factor is critical in normal social development (including mothering) in monkeys? a. being female b. the experience of being properly mothered c. social experience during childhood with other monkeys d. sexual access and experience e. all of the above

c. social experience during childhood with other monkeys

Patterns of aggressive behavior differ for girls and boys in terms of a. the number of children identified with conduct disorder. b. the tendency of girls to exhibit physical violence during childhood but not during adolescence. c. the tendency of girls to use indirect aggression rather than physical confronttion. d. the tendency of boys to combine direct and indirect aggression equally

c. the tendency of girls to use indirect aggression rather than physical confronttion

The behaviors that monkeys deprived of contact with their mothers included all BUT which of the following? a. avoidance of physical contact with other monkeys b. self-abusive behaviors c. unusually high levels of sexual behavior d. high levels of attack and aggression

c. unusually high levels of sexual behavior

According to one view of human prehistory, men became more aggressive than women because a. women were not part of the social group and thus did not need to be assertive. b. women needed to defend their infants but did not need to attack. c. women cared for children while men hunted and defended the family. d. the more aggressive men were, the more successful at mating

c. women cared for children while men hunted and defended the family.

When asked to memorize a shopping list for groceries and another for hardware, a. men outperform women on both tasks. b. women outperform men on both tasks. c. women outperform men on the shopping list, and men outperform women on the hardware. d. no gender differences appear.

c. women outperform men on the shopping list, and men outperform women on the hardware.

Meta-analytic reviews of the research on verbal abilities has shown that a. women have no advantage in this area. b. men have an average advantage of 5% in verbal ability. c. women's advantage in verbal ability is only around 1%. d. women's advantage in verbal ability is larger than the older reviews showed, with about a 25% advantage

c. women's advantage in verbal ability is only around 1%.

Considering performance on various types of mental abilities tests, women have the largest advantage on _______ and men have the largest advantage on ________. a. mathematics problem solving . . . . verbal analogies b. vocabulary tests . . . . arithmetic computation c. writing . . . . mental rotation tasks d. verbal abilities tests . . . . mathematics and quantitative abilities

c. writing . . . . mental rotation tasks

Girls increase and boy decrease their contact with babies as they progress through childhood. This situation results from a. encouragement for girls to care for babies. b. discouragement for boys from caring for babies. c. biological factors that underlie the satisfaction that females receive from childcare. d. both a and b.

d. both a and b

On what type of spatial tasks do women usually outperform men? a. rapid identification of matching objects b. estimating arrival time of objects moving in space c. remembering the placement of objects d. both a and c e. all of the above

d. both a and c

Research on domestic violence indicates that a. women are more likely than men to initiate episodes of domestic violence. b. women and men both initiate domestic violence. c. women are much more likely to sustain serious injury as a result of domestic violence. d. both b and c e. all of the above

d. both b and c

Romantic, passionate love a. has been the most common basis for marriage throughout history. b. has always existed but was not a common basis for marriage until the 20th century. c. has been considered dangerous as well as desirable. d. both b and c

d. both b and c

The emotional double standard holds that women are more emotional than men, a. and research has confirmed that women overreact in a variety of situations. b. but women's overreactions are restricted to private situations. c. but these overreactions occur only among women of childbearing age. d. but this conclusion must exclude the emotion of anger

d. but this conclusion must exclude the emotion of anger

When women get angry, they are more likely than men to a. express rather than suppress their anger. b. leave the situation that prompted their anger. c. hit something, but not necessarily someone. d. cry

d. cry

Research on quantitative performance with children as participants shows a. an advantage for boys as young as 4 years old. b. a small advantage for young boys but a larger advantage for adolescent boys. c. a small advantage for young girls but a larger advantage for adolescent girls. d. either no gender differences or a small advantage for girls.

d. either no gender differences or a small advantage for girls.

In analyzing relationships during childhood and looking for predictors of future romantic relationships, a. the relationship with the same-gender parent is more important than a relationship with age-mates. b. the relationship with the other-gender parent is more important than a relationship with age-mates. c. relationships with siblings are the most important predictor. d. friendships allow children to practice developing intimacy with someone of a similar age.

d. friendships allow children to practice developing intimacy with someone of a similar age.

The gender difference in number of male versus female professional musicians is due to a. differences in musical ability, with women having higher ability but lower achievement. b. differences in musical ability, with men having higher ability but lower achievement. c. a combination of musical ability and greater dedication to musical achievement among men. d. greater dedication to achievement among men rather than differences in musical ability.

d. greater dedication to achievement among men rather than differences in musical ability.

Research on the ability to understand nonverbal communication indicates that a. women are better at these skills—a confirmation of "women's intuition." b. there are no gender-related differences in these skills—a failure to confirm the concept of "women's intuition." c. men are better a these skills—it should be called "men's intuition." d. greater skill at interpreting nonverbal cues goes with the subordinate position rather than gender—it should be called "subordinates' intuition."

d. greater skill at interpreting nonverbal cues goes with the subordinate position rather than gender—it should be called "subordinates' intuition."

When the ability distributions of men and women overlap 99%, such as in verbal ability, a. such large differences should be reflected in career choices. b. such large differences must be based on biological differences between women and men. c. the ability difference is as large as physical differences, such as in height and weight. d. individual differences are more important than gender as a factor in this ability.

d. individual differences are more important than gender as a factor in this ability.

Comparisons of underlying mathematics ability (rather than mathematics performance) for females and males a. can be done at many periods of development through the use of achievement test scores. b. can be done before formal training in higher mathematics through the Scholastic Assessment Test. c. is easier than an assessment of verbal ability. d. is virtually impossible, due to gender differences in experience and expectation with mathematics

d. is virtually impossible, due to gender differences in experience and expectation with mathematics

What factor relates to aggression in both girls and boys in elementary school? a. frustrating life circumstances b. low parental education c. high family income d. preference for violent television

d. preference for violent television

The rules for cross-gender friendships a. offer constraints and challenges that most individuals cannot overcome. b. lift some of the constraints that exist for same-gender friendships. c. constrain women's behavior in such friendships more than men's behavior. d. present some challenges that same-gender friendships do not, but most people can meet these challenges without major problems.

d. present some challenges that same-gender friendships do not, but most people can meet these challenges without major problems.

The largest gender-related difference is mathematics occurs in a. arithmetic computation ability. b. mathematical reasoning ability c. problem solving ability. d. the attitudes toward the usefulness of mathematics.

d. the attitudes toward the usefulness of mathematics.

When monkeys deprived of contact with other monkeys, including normal mothering, became mothers themselves, a. the experience of having to care for an infant was therapeutic, making them more normal. b. they form an unusually close relationship with their infants' fathers. c. they initially show some abnormalities in care giving but become more normal after the first few days. d. they are negligent and abusive mothers

d. they are negligent and abusive mothers

When preschool children see women and men expressing the same emotional reaction, a. they interpret the reaction as anger. b. they tend to interpret the reaction as sadness. c. they interpret women's reaction as anger and men's reaction as sadness. d. they interpret women's reaction as sadness and men's reaction as anger.

d. they interpret women's reaction as sadness and men's reaction as anger.

The largest advantage for girls and women in verbal performance is in a. verbal fluency. b. spelling and punctuation. c. vocabulary size. d. writing

d. writing