Psychology (PSY 200) Chapter 4-7 Test Study Guide

Teachers can learn to use ___________ ___________ to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately.

Behavior Modification

Shaping reinforces progressive steps toward the ____________ goal.

Behavioral

People learning to emit alpha waves through feedback from an electroencephalograph is _____________ ______________.

Biofeedback Training

Primary reinforcers are effective because of an organism's _________ makeup.

Biological

The readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism is known as ____________ ___________.

Biological Preparedness

A(n) ________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.

Chunk

A ___________________ is a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation.

Circadian Rhythm

Alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep reflect an internally generated _______________________.

Circadian Rhythm

In the context of _________ conditioning, the term __________ is a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.

Classical; Reflex

Pavlov trained dogs to salivate when he sounded a tone or a bell. Pavlov termed these trained salivary responses ___________ __________.

Conditional Reflexes

The ______________ _____________ is the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli.

Contingency Theory

In ____________ thinking, thought is limited to present facts to find the best solution.

Convergent

______________ is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.

Creativity

The knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organ is known as ____________.

Direct Inner Awareness

The appearance of New Information in short-term memory ____________ the old information.

Displaces

_______________ Amnesia is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

Dissociative

In the context of creativity and intelligence, _____________ _____________ helps generate many possible solutions.

Divergent Thinking

_________ are mental representations of an auditory stimulus that are held briefly in sensory memory.

Echoes

________ is the first stage of information processing.

Encoding

___________ memory are memories of events that happen to a person or that takes place in the person's presence.

Episodic

Amphetamines provide a ____________ __________ when consumed in high doses.

Euphoric Rush

___________ memory is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.

Explicit

____________ is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.

Extinction

With a ______________________ ______________, an organism's response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches.

Fixed-Interval Schedule

In the context of behavior therapy methods ____________ involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli.

Flooding

The first _______ sleep stages are considered as the non-rapid eye movement sleep.

Four

The ________________ hashish is derived from the resin of the Cannabis sativa plant.

Hallucinogen

_________ was once used as a cure for addiction to morphine.

Heroin

______________ permits more rapid solutions than algorithms.

Heuristics

A(n) ________________ is a single word used by children to express complex meanings.

Holophrase

Modern __________ evolves from the ideas of Franz Mesmer.

Hypnosis

People who are easily hypnotized are said to have __________ suggestibility.

Hypnotic

A(n) ________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.

Icon

____________ memory is suggested but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly.

Implicit

The short-term consequences of behavior often provide more of an ________ than the long-term consequences.

Incentive

____________ ____________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.

Infantile Amnesia

In Gestalt psychology, ___________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.

Insight

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have __________ because of a greater incidence of poor health and pain.

Insomnia

A(n) ______________ is a system of symbols along with rules that are used to manipulate the symbols.

Language

_______ learning is learning that is hidden or concealed.

Latent

Thorndike's ______________________ states that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out.

Law of Effect

The _____________________ hypothesis is the view that language structures the way we view the world.

Linguistic-Relativity

Preconscious refers to __________ that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing.

Material

The ____________________ is a heuristic device in which we try to solve a problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the Goal.

Means-End Analysis

Repeated exposure to __________ _____________ may decrease viewer's sensitivity to real violence.

Media Violence

___________ is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Memory

A(n) ___________ ________ shows the Intellectual level at which a child is functioning.

Mental Age (MA)

A(n) ___________ _______ is the tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped solve similar problems.

Mental Set

___________ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.

Narcolepsy

Opiates are a group of _________ derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system.

Narcotics

A(n) ____________ reinforcer will increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.

Negative

In the context of classical conditioning, the removal of a pleasant stimulus is known as ___________ ______________.

Negative Punishment

In the context of the nativist approach to language development, the LAD prepares the ____________ ____________ to learn grammar.

Nervous System

Children bring ______________ prewiring to language learning in the nativist theory of language development.

Neurological

Mirror _________ allow us to anticipate other people's intentions when they reach for things.

Neurons

Opiates stop the production of _________________ in the brain.

Neurotransmitters

__________ side effects include cancer, heart disease, lung and respiratory diseases.

Nicotine

___________ stimulates the release of neurotransmitters.

Nicotine

_____________ are more likely to occur toward the morning.

Nightmares

According to ____________ _______________, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced.

Observational Learning

B.F. Skinner taught pigeons to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This behavior is _________ ___________.

Operant Behavior

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all application of __________ ______________.

Operant Conditioning

A(n) ____________ __________ refers to an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus.

Orienting Reflex

We work to bring about the events we believe in causing _______________.

Overconfidence

In language development, over inclusion of instances in a category is labeled __________________.

Overextension

_____________________ is the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to Irregular Verbs and nouns.

Overregularization

Anterograde Amnesia is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a ____________ ___________.

Physical Trauma

______________ Intelligence enables people to deal with other people and to meet the demands of their environment.

Practical

Babies' babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels in _______________ ________________.

Prelinguistic Vocalizations

According to Louis Thurstone, ________________ __________________ ________________ are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence.

Primary Mental Abilities

The interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently is known as _____________ _________________.

Proactive Interference

Implicit memories involve methods and skills and are also referred to as ___________ memories.

Procedural

_______________ learning reinforces correct responses.

Programmed

____________ memory is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time.

Prospective

Children's _________ become refined after they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations.

Prototype(s)

According to ________________ theory environmental influences affect language acquisition.

Psycholinguistic

___________ can rapidly suppress undesirable behavior.

Punishment

Nightmares, like most pleasant dreams, are products of ________________.

REM/Rapid-Eye-Movement

Maintenance ______________ involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.

Rehearsal

____________ are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior.

Reinforcers

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, ____________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.

Repression

_____________ is an unconscious process, while Suppression is a conscious process.

Repression

____________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.

Retrieval

_____________ _____________ is the interference of New Learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

Retroactive Interference

______________ Amnesia is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.

Retrograde

Memory for past events, activities, as shown by explicit and implicit memories, fall under the category of ________________ memory

Retrospective

________________ explains hypnotic events in terms of a person's ability to act as though they were hypnotized.

Role Theory

The series of eye fixations that we perceive as visual sensations seem continuous, or stream like, because of _________ _________ movement.

Saccadic Eye

A(n) ____________ is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.

Schema

This refers to focusing one's consciousness on a particular stimulus.

Selective Attention

General knowledge is referred to as ______________ memory.

Semantic

_____________ is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, and ideas.

Semanticity

__________ memory is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.

Sensory

Nonconscious processes cannot be experienced through ___________ awareness or ____________ ______________ awareness.

Sensory; Direct Inner

In the context of problem solving, __________ _____________ involves handling one element of the problem at a time.

Serial Processing

The __________________ _____________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.

Serial-Position Effect

People with Sleep Apnea stop breathing periodically, up to _________ __________ times per night.

Several Hundred

________________ memory can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays.

Short-Term

The obstruction of air passages is symptomatic of _________________.

Sleep Apnea

________ ___________ may accompany narcolepsy and is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body.

Sleep Paralysis

_________________ usually occur during the first two sleep cycles of the night.

Sleep Terrors

In classical conditioning ____________ recovery helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time.

Spontaneous

Cocaine is a ____________.

Stimulant

People need more sleep when they are under _________.

Stress

Repression is an unconscious process, while _________ is a conscious process.

Suppression

_________ ___________ motivates organisms to avoid harmful foods.

Taste Aversions

___________ refers to conscious, planned attempts to make sense of and change the world.

Thinking

The _______________________ phenomenon is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.

Tip-of-the-Tongue

___________ is the habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed.

Tolerance

________________________ is the simplified form of meditation used as a method for coping with stress.

Transcendental Meditation (TM)

The _______________ ___________ groups test questions into a number of separate subtests where each subtest measures a different intellectual task.

Wechsler Scale

Nembutal is classified as a ________.

Barbiturate

Creative people appreciate ______ and ________.

Art; Music

Moods and _________ affect prospective memory.

Attitude

Episodic memory is also referred to as ____________ memory.

Autobiographical

The following statement is true of classical conditioning, it is involuntary, ___________ learning.

Automatic

Studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to ________________ achievement.

Academic

Most organizations of health professionals agree that media violence contributes to _____________ among people.

Aggression

__________ is the most abused drug in America.

Alcohol

________________ invariably lead to solutions if they are used properly.

Algorithms

Meditation is an ___________ state of consciousness.

Altered

A(n) _____________ is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.

Analogy

____________ Intelligence includes problem-solving skills such as encoding information and generating a solution.

Analytical