Psychology Quiz 1 review

Hypothesis

an educated guess

causal hypothesis

an educated guess about how one variable will influence another variable

predictive hypothesis

an educated guess about the relationships among variables

prediction

an expected outcome of how variables will relate

theory

an explanation of why and how a behavior occurs

sensitive period

in prenatal development, a time when genetic and environmental agents are most likely to cause birth defects

Jacqueline is in fifth grade and excels at math and science. She receives many compliments from her teacher and she takes pride in her increasing skills. Jacqueline is most likely in Erikson's stage of ____.

industry versus inferiority

The psychoanalytic theory proposed by Sigmund Freud emphasized ____.

unconscious mind processes

Young children's brains are described as being very plastic. This means that their brains are ____.

very changeable and adaptable

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Trey wants to play basketball in a local league. He and his mom sit down and discuss what grades he will have to maintain in order to play on the basketball team. They also agree on what the consequences will be if Trey does not maintain his grades. Trey's mom is most likely a(n) ____ parent.

Authoritative

Jamail shows little distress when his mother leaves the room and little emotional response when she returns. Ainsworth would characterize Jamail's attachment as ____.

Avoidant

Dr. Kushman is doing an in-depth study on one of his clients who has had a significant change in personality since being hit in the head by a foul ball at a baseball game. Dr. Kushman is conducting a ____.

Case Study

Dr. Hincapie wants to test the hypothesis that stress increases one's blood pressure. What type of hypothesis is Dr. Hincapie interested in testing?

Causal

The process of analyzing and evaluating information and applying it to other situations is known as ____.

Critical Thinking

In order to test causal hypotheses, the researcher must use ____.

Experiments

Children with an avoidant attachment appear to ____.

Ignore their parents

The "empty nest" tends to be associated with ____.

Increased marital satisfaction

Warrick is actively dating in hopes that he can find someone who shares his interests and can connect with him. Warrick is in Erikson's stage of ____.

Intimacy vs isolation

If you are doing a research paper on Erik Erikson's theory, your topic will most likely focus on ____ development.

Psychosocial

Clive touches the side of his infant daughter's cheek and she turns in that direction. His infant daughter is demonstrating the ____ reflex.

Rooting

A child who does not yet understand object permanence is most likely in Piaget's ____ stage.

Sensorimotor

Which progression represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

Susanne is a psychologist who studies love and romantic attraction. She is most likely a ____ psychologist.

Social

What is the commonly accepted view of current psychologists regarding the nature-nurture controversy?

The interaction of nature and nurture determines what we become.

embryonic stage

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month.

In an experiment on attitudes, participants are given either positive or negative information about a speaker and then asked to evaluate the effectiveness of the speaker. In this experiment, which is the independent variable?

The type of information the participants are given

A psychologist's explanation of a particular behavior is generally presented as a(n) ____.

Theory

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Down syndrome

a genetic birth disorder resulting from an extra 21st chromosome, characterized by distinct facial features and a greater likelihood of heart defects and intellectual disability

Formal operations is to ____ as post-formal thought is to ____.

abstract thinking; relativistic thinking

Angus, who is 86 years old, looks back on his life wishing that he had finished seminary and become a missionary. Angus is most likely in Erikson's ____ stage.

ego integrity versus despair

All the major organs and biological systems (such as the cardiovascular system, digestive system, and skeletal system) begin forming during the ____ period.

embryonic

zygote

fertilized egg

neonate

newborn baby

Jordan believes that a parent should emphasize friendship and affection over discipline with children, and that children should have very few demands placed on them. Diana Baumrind would characterize Jordan's parenting style as ____.

permissive-indulgent

Pseudopsychology

psychological information or conclusions that sound scientific but have not been systematically tested using the scientific method

dualistic thinking

reasoning that divides situations and issues into right and wrong categories

Bereavement

state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one

Centration

the act of focusing on only one aspect or feature of an object

A personal fable is best described as ____.

the belief held by adolescents that they are unique or special

egocentrism

the belief that everyone thinks as you do

population of interest

the entire universe of animals or people that could be studied

separation anxiety

the fear an infant expresses when separated from the primary caretaker

germinal stage

the first stage of prenatal development, from conception to 14 days

postformal thought

the idea that a correct solution (or solutions)may vary, depending on the circumstances

gender-schema theory

the idea that gender roles are acquired through modeling and reinforcement processes that work together with a child's mental abilities

relativistic thinking

the idea that in many situations there is not necessarily one right or wrong answer

Assimilation

the process by which an existing schema is used to understand something new in the environment

psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

fetal stage

the third stage of prenatal development, from the 9th week through the 9th month

conservation

the understanding that an object retains its original properties even though it may look different

Gender permanence

the understanding that one's gender will not change

critical thinking

thought processes used to evaluate and analyze information and apply it to other situations