Psychology Quiz 1 review
Hypothesis
an educated guess
causal hypothesis
an educated guess about how one variable will influence another variable
predictive hypothesis
an educated guess about the relationships among variables
prediction
an expected outcome of how variables will relate
theory
an explanation of why and how a behavior occurs
sensitive period
in prenatal development, a time when genetic and environmental agents are most likely to cause birth defects
Jacqueline is in fifth grade and excels at math and science. She receives many compliments from her teacher and she takes pride in her increasing skills. Jacqueline is most likely in Erikson's stage of ____.
industry versus inferiority
The psychoanalytic theory proposed by Sigmund Freud emphasized ____.
unconscious mind processes
Young children's brains are described as being very plastic. This means that their brains are ____.
very changeable and adaptable
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Trey wants to play basketball in a local league. He and his mom sit down and discuss what grades he will have to maintain in order to play on the basketball team. They also agree on what the consequences will be if Trey does not maintain his grades. Trey's mom is most likely a(n) ____ parent.
Authoritative
Jamail shows little distress when his mother leaves the room and little emotional response when she returns. Ainsworth would characterize Jamail's attachment as ____.
Avoidant
Dr. Kushman is doing an in-depth study on one of his clients who has had a significant change in personality since being hit in the head by a foul ball at a baseball game. Dr. Kushman is conducting a ____.
Case Study
Dr. Hincapie wants to test the hypothesis that stress increases one's blood pressure. What type of hypothesis is Dr. Hincapie interested in testing?
Causal
The process of analyzing and evaluating information and applying it to other situations is known as ____.
Critical Thinking
In order to test causal hypotheses, the researcher must use ____.
Experiments
Children with an avoidant attachment appear to ____.
Ignore their parents
The "empty nest" tends to be associated with ____.
Increased marital satisfaction
Warrick is actively dating in hopes that he can find someone who shares his interests and can connect with him. Warrick is in Erikson's stage of ____.
Intimacy vs isolation
If you are doing a research paper on Erik Erikson's theory, your topic will most likely focus on ____ development.
Psychosocial
Clive touches the side of his infant daughter's cheek and she turns in that direction. His infant daughter is demonstrating the ____ reflex.
Rooting
A child who does not yet understand object permanence is most likely in Piaget's ____ stage.
Sensorimotor
Which progression represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
Susanne is a psychologist who studies love and romantic attraction. She is most likely a ____ psychologist.
Social
What is the commonly accepted view of current psychologists regarding the nature-nurture controversy?
The interaction of nature and nurture determines what we become.
embryonic stage
The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month.
In an experiment on attitudes, participants are given either positive or negative information about a speaker and then asked to evaluate the effectiveness of the speaker. In this experiment, which is the independent variable?
The type of information the participants are given
A psychologist's explanation of a particular behavior is generally presented as a(n) ____.
Theory
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Down syndrome
a genetic birth disorder resulting from an extra 21st chromosome, characterized by distinct facial features and a greater likelihood of heart defects and intellectual disability
Formal operations is to ____ as post-formal thought is to ____.
abstract thinking; relativistic thinking
Angus, who is 86 years old, looks back on his life wishing that he had finished seminary and become a missionary. Angus is most likely in Erikson's ____ stage.
ego integrity versus despair
All the major organs and biological systems (such as the cardiovascular system, digestive system, and skeletal system) begin forming during the ____ period.
embryonic
zygote
fertilized egg
neonate
newborn baby
Jordan believes that a parent should emphasize friendship and affection over discipline with children, and that children should have very few demands placed on them. Diana Baumrind would characterize Jordan's parenting style as ____.
permissive-indulgent
Pseudopsychology
psychological information or conclusions that sound scientific but have not been systematically tested using the scientific method
dualistic thinking
reasoning that divides situations and issues into right and wrong categories
Bereavement
state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one
Centration
the act of focusing on only one aspect or feature of an object
A personal fable is best described as ____.
the belief held by adolescents that they are unique or special
egocentrism
the belief that everyone thinks as you do
population of interest
the entire universe of animals or people that could be studied
separation anxiety
the fear an infant expresses when separated from the primary caretaker
germinal stage
the first stage of prenatal development, from conception to 14 days
postformal thought
the idea that a correct solution (or solutions)may vary, depending on the circumstances
gender-schema theory
the idea that gender roles are acquired through modeling and reinforcement processes that work together with a child's mental abilities
relativistic thinking
the idea that in many situations there is not necessarily one right or wrong answer
Assimilation
the process by which an existing schema is used to understand something new in the environment
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
fetal stage
the third stage of prenatal development, from the 9th week through the 9th month
conservation
the understanding that an object retains its original properties even though it may look different
Gender permanence
the understanding that one's gender will not change
critical thinking
thought processes used to evaluate and analyze information and apply it to other situations