Chapter 10: Research Methods
In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible?
1
A researcher designs an experiment in which the following variables are manipulated: temperature (low or high), illumination level (low or high), and time of testing (day or night). For a repeated measures design, how many participants would the researcher require in order to have 10 participants per condition?
10
A 4 × 3 factorial design would have ________Blank conditions.
12
A researcher attempts to study the effects of alcohol on task performance. One factor is alcohol (alcohol treatment, placebo control), and the other factor is task difficulty (easy, difficult). If the researcher uses a repeated measures design with 15 participants per condition, how many participants will he need for the study?
15
A researcher examined judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident by manipulating the type of injuries received (none, mild, or severe) and the time of the accident (7 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., or 3 a.m.). How many main effects are possible in this study?
2
A researcher manipulates a defendant's appearance (attractive, average, or unattractive) and gender (man, woman, nonbinary) to study how these variables affect judgments of criminal behavior. How many interactions are possible in this design?
2
A researcher studies the effect of room music (fast, slow) and room cleanliness (tidy, untidy) on people's dining experience at a restaurant. How many main effects are possible?
2
An investigator wants to test the effectiveness of visualization on sports performance. She randomly assigns participants to two groups. Participants in the visualization group imagine themselves swinging a golf club perfectly for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. Participants in the control group read a golf magazine for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. All participants do this procedure each day for five days. The dependent measure, the average flight distance of the ball, is calculated for each participant after each session. This is an example of a(n) ________Blank design.
2 x 5 mixed
Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold), difficulty of study material (easy, difficult), and amount of material (low, moderate, high).
2 × 2 × 3
A 4 × 5 factorial design would have ________Blank conditions.
20
In a 4 × 3 factorial design, for a repeated measures design, how many participants are needed in order to have 20 participants per condition?
20
In a 2 × 3 factorial design, there are ________Blank main effect(s) and ________Blank interaction effect(s) possible.
2;1
A researcher designs an experiment in which the following are manipulated: room temperature (cold, warm, or hot), noise level (quiet or loud), and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects.
3
A study involves a 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied?
3
A researcher examines the effect of the physical attractiveness of a driver involved in an automobile accident (unattractive, average, or attractive) and the severity of damage caused ($500, $1,500, or $2,500) on judgments of responsibility assigned to the driver. Which of the following represents the factorial design?
3 x 3
A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, and icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. This design is an example of a ________Blank factorial design.
3 × 2 × 2
A researcher designs an experiment in which the following are manipulated: the age of an applicant (young, middle, old), the gender (man, woman, nonbinary), and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents.
3 × 3 × 2
A researcher designs an experiment in which the following are manipulated: the weight of an individual (normal, over), age (young, middle, old), and gender (man, woman, nonbinary). How many interactions are possible?
4
How many main effects are possible in a study with a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design?
4
A 2 × 2 × 2 design results in ________Blank experimental conditions.
8
In a 2 × 2 factorial design, for a completely independent groups design with 20 participants per group, how many participants are needed?
80 (20 x 4)
A researcher designs an experiment in which the following variables are manipulated: type of movie (horror, comedy), gender of participants (man, woman, nonbinary), and food intake (low, high). For a completely independent groups design with 12 participants per group, how many participants would the researcher need?
96
Which of the following is true of factorial designs?
All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable.
A researcher had young or middle age participants watch a PG-13 or an R-rated film. After viewing the film, the participants rated the amount of violence in the films—the higher the assigned rating, the more violent the film. The mean results in the four conditions were: YoungMiddle AgePG-133.13.2R3.88.5PG-13RYoung3.13.8Middle Age3.28.5 Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be true?
An interaction between age and type of movie exist for PG-13 movies but not for R-rated movies.
Identify an accurate statement about a factorial design that contains four independent variables, each with two levels.
It produces sixteen conditions.
Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design?
It uses both independent groups (between-subjects) and repeated measures (within-subjects) variables.Correct
Which of the following is the general format for describing factorial designs?
Number of levels of first IV × Number of levels of second IV × Number of levels of third IV
Which of the following is true of a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design?
There are four possible interactions.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be true of a 2 × 2 factorial design?
There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables.Correct
A researcher finds that for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience. In this scenario, which of the following is true?
There is an interaction between gender and work experience.
With a study designed to measure aggressive play of boys and girls who attend either a public school or a private school, which of the following statements is LEAST correct?
There may be an effect of aggressive play.
Which of the following is true regarding interactions?
When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred.
Participants were asked to read two poems that were written by a man or woman. They were told that one of the authors was a student majoring in English and the other an English professor. The participants rated the poem written by the professor as being of higher quality than the poem written by the student. This indicates
a main effect of authorship.
A researcher attempts to study the effect of fear arousal on attitude change. One group experiences no fear while the other group experiences a very high level of fear. Results show no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which of the following should have been used in the research?
a third group with a moderate level of fear
Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident are greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe rather than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest
an interaction between gender and outcome.
A researcher finds that for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired decreases as their work experience increases. This finding suggests
an interaction between gender and work experience.Correct
In a factorial design, a main effect is the
effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables.
In order to ascertain the main effect of an independent variable, a researcher must use a(n) ________Blank design.
factorial
Internet research by Strassberg and Holty (2003) compared responses to women's Internet personal ads. The researchers presented participants with an ad focusing on different characteristics such as (1) slim and attractive, (2) sensual and passionate, (3) painting and hiking, or (4) financially independent and ambitious. This is an example of a ________Blank design.
factorial
In a study with a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, it can be inferred that there are
four variables, each with two levels.
If a researcher thinks that a nonmonotonic relationship may exist between two variables, the researcher needs to
include more than two levels of the independent variable.
A researcher conducts an experiment in which half of the number of participants read a story designed to reduce prejudice (story group), whereas the other half read material unrelated to prejudice (control group). After reading the material, half of the participants describe a minority group while alone, and the other half describes a minority group in the presence of their peers. The dependent variable is the number of positive statements made about the minority group. The mean number of positive statements in the four conditions was as follows:
increase in prejudice among participants in the story group.
In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each ________Blank variable has by itself.
independent
A researcher wants to study the effect of different levels of noise on the performance of students in a math test and a history test. The two levels of noise are low and high. The researcher uses different sets of individuals for each level and each type of test. This is an example of a(n)
independent groups
The food intake modeling study in the text illustrates a factorial design with different individuals in each of the conditions. This design is best classified as a(n) ________Blank design.
independent groups
A simple main effect analysis examines
mean differences at each level of the independent variable
A researcher designs a study in which participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) ________Blank design.
mixed factorial
A factorial design involves
more than one independent variable.
Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal among male and female college students to erotic or nonerotic movies. A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for
movies when the viewer is a male and when the viewer is a woman.
A researcher wants to study the performance of a group of students in completing different types of tasks when they are placed under different room temperatures. The tasks are divided into easy and difficult. The room temperatures are high and low. He assigns the same group of students to all the different types of conditions used in the research study. This is an example of a(n)
repeated measures design.
With a(n) ________Blank, the results for the independent variable are analyzed as if a researcher had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable.
simple main effect
While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference in the likelihood of being hired between young and old applicants when they are women. However, she finds no such difference between young and old applicants that are men. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the
simple main effect of gender.
Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out three days a week, while other participants worked out five days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study.
the amount of exercise and the frequency of exercise
A line graph is more likely to be used than a bar graph when
the levels of the independent variable are quantitative in nature.
Factorial designs are often employed because
they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions.
In order to find a curvilinear relationship, a researcher needs to use
three or more levels of the independent variable.
The simplest factorial design is the one that has
two independent variables with two levels each.
