HU Ireland Personality Test 3
Explain content analysis tests
Just an interview; you determine their feelings and thoughts based off of their responses.
Conditional Positive Regard
Self worth that's based in others' opinions; can cause you to deny parts of ourselves that aren't acceptable. Leads to conditions of worth, and often incongruence.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Self-concept based in your own worth resulting from unconditional love in development + phenomenal field; leads to congruence.
Explain the inborn tendency to actualize.
Everything about one's actions is seeking to "actualize'--to become the best version of oneself
How did Abraham Maslow view Freudian Psychology?
He didn't think that we should learn about the healthy by studying the sick
What caused Maslow to reject behaviorism?
He had a child and decided that no aspect of human life could be explained in a labratory
How does Maslow explain how are needs are motivated?
He organizes them in a hierarchy by importance of need to fulfill.
Explain a few Key points of Maslow's education.
He studied under John Watson's behaviorism at University of Wisconsin; He started to to teach at Brooklyn College and abandoned faith in Behaviorism
How did Abraham Maslow view Behaviorism
He thought that people have more dignity than a machine
What was the early life of Rogers like?
He was obsessed with learning and reading; he was devoted to hard work; raised with strong conservative religious values he later abandoned.
What is the biggest underlying theme in Roger's life?
He was presented with conflicts in which he commonly chose what he thought was best for him, and he had personal accountability for those actions.
What was Roger's education like?
He wasn't allowed to do extracurriculars, so he focused on sciences; He followed a christian pathway until abandoning it for Clinical Psychology at Columbia U and Ohio State
Maslow's Psychopathology
Healthy people were actualized; unhealthy people are less than self-actualized; mainly, the deprivation of any need will cause lasting issues
Explain Rogers's struggle with his faith
His family forced him into a religious faith in youth. Then he attended a Christian Federation in China, and he left believing in more faiths than just Christianity. He wanted to attend Union Theological Seminary, but his parents wanted him to go to a more conservative Princeton University; he wanted independence and chose the Seminary. However, just about everyone left the Seminary, and he went to Columbia University for clinical psychology.
What is anxiety the result of in Rogerian Psychology?
Incongruence
What's the major theme of anxiety?
Inconsistent information; when one's phenomenal field is upset by contrasting information, the anxiety from that information determines the response.
Explain the "self."
It starts developing at age 2, when you recognize yourself as I, Me, Myself, etc.; it's the organization and patterning of perceptions and their effects; they are the structure that perceives the world and attaches meaning to them; this structure is responsible for the individual's thoughts and actions
Explain "Awareness of Experience."
When one has congruence, they can adequately respond to contradicting information without defense mechanisms
What is incongruence?
When you think of yourself as one way but act differently because of a conditional need for positive regard
Main assumptions of Rogerian Assessment (2)
1. A person is unique in response about his own phenomenal field 2. A person is the source of all data about themselves that involved perception and interpretations of his own subjective experience
What arises from Conditional Positive Regard? (3 steps)
1. An incompatibility of self and experience. v 2. Incongruence (development of neurosis) v 3. Estrangement from the self
What arises from Congruence? (3)
1. Awareness of Experiences 2. Sense of Freedom 3. Trust in oneself
Compare Freudian and Rogerian Assessment (4)
1. Both are open ended 2. Both are subjective 3. Both are clinically applied 4. Freud used disguised stimuli, but rogers used non-disguised stimuli
What are the changes in clients that can occur from Client-Centered therapy? (7)
1. Clients will increasingly express their feelings about their lives and problems 2. They will begin to discern the incongruity between their self-concepts and their experiences 3. They will feel threatened by any incongruity; this awareness of threat is possible only because of the unconditional positive regard 4. They will then begin to experience feelings that have been denied or distorted in awareness 5. As therapy continues, their self-concepts will become increasingly congruent; this also increases awareness and decreases defensiveness 6. They will become increasingly positive in regard for themselves 7. They will come to evaluate their experiences more in terms of their individualistic valuing process and less in terms of the values endorsed by others
Limitations of Phenomenological Approaches (3)
1. Difficult to objectify subjective experiences 2. They had an overall neglect of history 3. Excessive reliance on self-growth, limiting applicability to children and the disturbed.
Disadvantages of the Hierarchy of needs (2)
1. Difficult to verify the accuracy of the order and to assess the achievement of needs 2. People have different priorities of needs
~Most Important~ Central Elements to Humanism (4 of 6)
1. Emphasis on Personal Responsibility 2. Emphasis on the present 3. Emphasis on the experiencing person 4. Emphasis on Personal Growth
Central Elements to Humanism (6)
1. Emphasis on Personal Responsibility 2. Emphasis on the present 3. Emphasis on the experiencing person 4. Emphasis on Personal Growth 5. Ultimate Value is placed on the dignity of the person 6. Meaningfulness over objectivity
Differences between Freud and Rogers (6)
1. Freud was pessimistic, and Rogers was optimistic 2. Freud believed that irrational desires ruled actions, but Rogers believed that we were rationally driven 3. Freud emphasized the unconscious mind, and Rogers emphasized Conscious thoughts 4. Freud viewed people as patients, and Rogers viewed them as equal clients 5. Freud emphasized the past, but Rogers thought the present was more important 6. Freud supported Determinism, and Rogers believed in Free Will
Therapist's Responsibilities (3)
1. Have empathy and listen 2. Be genuine and connected 3. Provide unconditional positive regard, not advice
Advantages of the Hierarchy of Needs (2)
1. Integrates biological and social needs into one framework 2. Sets up a system of priority for those needs
What're the sections of the hierarchy of needs? (5)
1. Physiological Needs 2. Safety 3. Love and Belonging 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization
Types of Rogerian Assessments (3)
1. Q-sort 2. Semantic Differential/Polar Adjectives 3. Interview/content analysis
What are the means of comparison used to measure self-concept? (2)
1. Real self v Ideal Self 2. Self-view v Others-view
Methodology of client-centered therapy (3)
1. Restate content so that you don't introduce ideas 2. Reflect their feelings so you don't introduce your own 3. Be okay we silence so that they can figure it out
What're the defenses resulting from anxiety? (3)
1. Subception 2. Distortion 3. Denial
What're the responses to inconsistent information? (2)
1. The healthy response is to accept the information and consider all aspects of it. 2. The unhealthy response is to be incapable of perceiving the information, thus developing anxiety
Characteristics of Needs (7)
1. The higher the need on the scale, the weaker it's strength; the lower on the scale, the higher it's strength 2. B needs (higher) develop later in life 3. D needs (lower) will produce a crisis if not met; Higher needs will not 4. B needs contribute to growth and longevity 5. Satisfaction of needs leads to psychological health 6. You need better environmental positions to fulfill B needs 7. Each level of need only needs to be partially filled to move focus to the next need (D needs warrant more fulfifllment)
Maslow's assumptions of motivation (5)
1. The whole of a person is motivated, not just one process 2. Motivation is a complex: the behavior is a surface expression of a basic/hidden need 3. The individual is always motivated by a given need 4. At some point, everyone is motivated by the same basic needs 5. Needs are arranged in a hierarchy based off of importance
Contributions of Phenomenological Psychology (3)
1. They focused on previously neglected topics, such as subjectivity of emotions and the scientific study of self 2. Focus on the present and future in psych 3. Focus on healthy personality and positive strivings
What's at the center of Client-Centered Therapy?
A client relationship that treats each party as equals and focuses on growth, not curing
Explain a few key points of Maslow's early life.
Born to Russian Immigrants, he was the oldest of 7; He was the only Jewish kid in the neighborhood, thus he was the target of severe antisemitism; he was isolated and often hid in the library; he feared his dad and his mom was a schizophrenic
What's the main component of a healthy individual?
Congruence (and the following attributes)
Do defense processes aid or hurt the individual?
Defense processes normal result in a drift from reality and in further incongruence .
Subception
Forcing an experience out of the mind before it can reach consciousness (similar to repression)
What's the fundamental difference between Freud and Maslow?
Freud's theory was based on equilibrium and pain avoidance, and Maslow's theory was based on growth and striving for gain
Distortion
Turning an experience into a parallel experience that aligns with self-concept
Explain "Trust in Oneself."
One's logical reason is determined by internal intellect, not others opinions or standard
What did Maslow believe our actions were centered around?
Our needs and desires; we're a wanting animal, that always desires to grow and attain
What part of development creates the need for positive regard?
Parents reward their children for good behavior, which conditions the individual to desire positive regard
Denial
Refusing to accept an experience as real or ineffective
What is self-actualization?
The desire to become the most that one can be and reach the fullest potential
Existential Anxiety
The feeling of having little to no meaning/purpose
Conditions of Worth
The individual believes that he/she is only worthy is other people approve of what he/she does.
Explain "Sense of Freedom."
The individual feels free to live and exist as they desire.
What is the focus of Humanistic Philosophy?
The meaning of existence, free will, and individuality.
Explain the "Need for Positive Regard."
The need to be well-received by others is a biological need; this however conflicts with the desire to be the best individual self--the self-determined potential may not align with the socially determined potential; the discrepancy between the self and the desire for positive regard is what creates psychological conflict.
What was the major focus of Roger's asssessment?
The self-concept and how it changes; this prompted a need for an objective way to measure self-concept
Is the subjective experience or objective reality more important in Rogerian Psychology?
The subjective world reflects reality along with our inner needs and beliefs; Thus, while there is an objective reality, the subjective experience influences the psyche more.
What is the Phenomenal Field?
The unique perceptions of stimuli that make up our experience of the world
Characteristics of a client-centered session
There usually is silence because the therapist is only responding to the cues of the client
What's the major humanist critique of Freud and Behaviorism?
Those theories are too deterministic and don't give Humans credit for their actions
Explain the Semantic Differential/Polar Adjective test
You must pick between polar opposite descriptions once for your real self and once for your ideal self
Explain the Q-sort test
You're given a set of cards with adjectives and asked to arrange them based off of how well they apply to you. You then do it again based off of how well they apply to who you want to be; the discrepancy can be measured to discover a correlation
What is congruence?
Your self-concept aligns with how you act and experience the world
Draw out/Explain the Flow Chart for Roger's theory
idk do it yourself
