Psychology quiz 3
The descriptors "positive" and "negative'", when used in reference to reinforcers, are synonyms for
Add and remove
Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is
Bandura
___ reporter that watching violent behavior makes children more likely to behave violently
Bandura
___ is a example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ___ is an example of a secondary reinforcer
Candy; gold star
Secondary reinforcement differ from primary reinforces in that secondary reinforcers
Don't satisfy physical needs
The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that ____ a response
Follows and strengthens
Positive reinforcers _______ the likelihood of ensuring responses
Increase
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.
Ivan Pavlov
In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the
Loud noise
Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?
Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
Four major kinds of consequences that function in the process of operate conditioning
Positive, negative, punishment, and extinction
Jane's dog will listen to her commands but ignores her sister's commands. Jane's dog would be demonstrating
Stimulus discrimination
In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following components "elicits" a response?
UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, is known as
acquisition
punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the ______________. a. primary stimulus b. positive reinforcer c. conditioned stimulus d. secondary reinforcer
c. conditioned stimulus
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.
classical conditioning
In the Pavlov study, the salivation to the tone represents the ________ after conditioning.
conditioned response (CR)
After acquisition of classical conditioning, the ________ now has the ability to elicit a response that resembles the UCR.
conditioned stimulus
The abbreviation CS stands for _____________. a. conditioned stimulus b. correlated stimulus c. conventional structure d. conditional situation
conditioned stimulus
A punisher __________ the probability of a response; a negative reinforcer __________ the probability of a response.
decreases, increases,
Learning always occurs as a result of
experience
Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?
extinction
When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called ______________.
extinction
Your friend works in a lab and is paid for each three blood smears analyzed. Your friend is operating on which schedule of reinforcement.
fixed ratio
Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
fixed ratio scheduleq
Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.
food
_______ refers to the process of experience producing a lasting change in behavior.
learning
operate conditioning
learning from the consequences of behavior
When Joe thinks about his sorely missed girlfriend he drinks alcohol, which helps dull his feelings. This best illustrates:
negative reinforcement
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.
operant conditioning
A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________.
operant conditioning
A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
primary
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
punishment
Thorndike was known for his work with ________.
puzzle box
An eye blink is an example of
reflex
Negative reinforcement involves
removal of an unpleasant stimulus
________ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors.
rewards and punishments
A _____ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a ____ reinforcer,
secondary; primary
The difference between negative and positive punishment is whether
something has been taken away or given
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called
stimulus generalization
A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior.
strengthens; weakens
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response
The abbreviation UCR stands for _____________.
unconditioned response
When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________.
unconditioned response
Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ________.
unconditioned stimulus
The abbreviation UCS stands for
unconditioned stimulus
Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
variable interval
Your professor likes to give pop quizzes in your psychology class, thus she is promoting ____ schedule of reinforcement.
variable interval
A telemarketer is working according to a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable ratio