Psychology quiz 3

The descriptors "positive" and "negative'", when used in reference to reinforcers, are synonyms for

Add and remove

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is

Bandura

___ reporter that watching violent behavior makes children more likely to behave violently

Bandura

___ is a example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ___ is an example of a secondary reinforcer

Candy; gold star

Secondary reinforcement differ from primary reinforces in that secondary reinforcers

Don't satisfy physical needs

The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that ____ a response

Follows and strengthens

Positive reinforcers _______ the likelihood of ensuring responses

Increase

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.

Ivan Pavlov

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the

Loud noise

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.

Four major kinds of consequences that function in the process of operate conditioning

Positive, negative, punishment, and extinction

Jane's dog will listen to her commands but ignores her sister's commands. Jane's dog would be demonstrating

Stimulus discrimination

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following components "elicits" a response?

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, is known as

acquisition

punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the ______________. a. primary stimulus b. positive reinforcer c. conditioned stimulus d. secondary reinforcer

c. conditioned stimulus

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.

classical conditioning

In the Pavlov study, the salivation to the tone represents the ________ after conditioning.

conditioned response (CR)

After acquisition of classical conditioning, the ________ now has the ability to elicit a response that resembles the UCR.

conditioned stimulus

The abbreviation CS stands for _____________. a. conditioned stimulus b. correlated stimulus c. conventional structure d. conditional situation

conditioned stimulus

A punisher __________ the probability of a response; a negative reinforcer __________ the probability of a response.

decreases, increases,

Learning always occurs as a result of

experience

Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?

extinction

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called ______________.

extinction

Your friend works in a lab and is paid for each three blood smears analyzed. Your friend is operating on which schedule of reinforcement.

fixed ratio

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

fixed ratio scheduleq

Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.

food

_______ refers to the process of experience producing a lasting change in behavior.

learning

operate conditioning

learning from the consequences of behavior

When Joe thinks about his sorely missed girlfriend he drinks alcohol, which helps dull his feelings. This best illustrates:

negative reinforcement

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.

operant conditioning

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________.

operant conditioning

A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.

primary

What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?

punishment

Thorndike was known for his work with ________.

puzzle box

An eye blink is an example of

reflex

Negative reinforcement involves

removal of an unpleasant stimulus

________ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors.

rewards and punishments

A _____ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a ____ reinforcer,

secondary; primary

The difference between negative and positive punishment is whether

something has been taken away or given

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called

stimulus generalization

A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior.

strengthens; weakens

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

The abbreviation UCR stands for _____________.

unconditioned response

When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________.

unconditioned response

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ________.

unconditioned stimulus

The abbreviation UCS stands for

unconditioned stimulus

Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

variable interval

Your professor likes to give pop quizzes in your psychology class, thus she is promoting ____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable interval

A telemarketer is working according to a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio