Psychology Quizzes 6-9

What is meant by crystallized intelligence?

acquired knowledge and the application of that knowledge to familiar problems. Usually includes verbal information.

crystallized intelligence

acquired skills and knowledge that you have soaked through life and experience

reinforcement

any experience that INCREASE the probability of the response re-occurring

anterograde amnesia

difficulty learning new information

retrograde amnesia

difficulty retrieving old memories

A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears one sound but not another. This effect is called _______________?

discrimination

validity

is the test testing what it's supposed to? (EX.) the shoe-sized IQ test from before is NOT valid

The savings method of testing memory _________________?

measures whether someone relearns faster than he or she learned the first time

Morphemes

more than one phoneme units of meaning usually syllables or words

fixed-interval schedule

provides reinforcement after a specific and uniform time interval (EX.) a person who is paid every two weeks

how many phonemes and morphemes in the word "doggedly"?

Phonemes: 7 Morphemes: 3

conditioned response (CR)

the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus due to training

implicit memory

that which we know although we don't experience conscious awareness of that knowledge (Ex.) morning routine; riding a bike

What is the Stroop effect?

the difficulty of saying the color of the ink instead of reading the word

positive reinforcement

GIVING something in order to increase the probability of the behavior happening again (EX.) giving a dog a treat after performing a trick

positive punishment

GIVING something negative in order to decrease the chances of that behavior in the future (EX.) spanking a child for biting their sibling

negative punishment

REMOVAL of a desirable condition in order to decrease chances of that behavior in the future (EX.) taking away a child's privileges for missing curfew

negative reinforcement

TAKING AWAY something unpleasant in order to increase the probability of the desired behavior in the future (EX.) a teenager cleans his room to avoid listening to anymore of his dads nagging

A puff of air is blown into a rabbit's eye just after a musical tone is played. After several repetitions of this procedure, the rabbit closes its eye when the musical tone is played.

UCS = puff of air UCR = closing the eye CS = musical tone CR = closing of the eye after tone

conditioned stimulus (CS)

after several repeated presentations with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral one elicits the same response as the UCS

unconditioned response (UCR)

an action that the unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits

punishment

an event that DECREASE the probability of a response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

an event that consistently and automatically elicits and unconditioned response

What does "psychometric" mean?

based on measurements of individual differences

reliability

being consistent repeatability of test scores (EX.) a new intelligence test has been devised. A person's shoes size is divided by 6 and multiplied by 100. (This is reliable because the score won't change unless your shoe size would)

If you remember the 12-digit number "100110021003" as three numbers "1001-1002-1003" you improve your ability to recall it by means of ___________________?

chunking

Ten years later, the chess player achieves grandmaster status. Is this a result of fluid or crystallized intelligence?

crystallized

While at a hardware store, you are looking at several shades of light green paint trying to pick the one that matches the color on the the walls of your home. What type of memory is this?

cued recall; recognition

In working memory, the component responsible for governing shifts of attention is called __________________?

executive functioning

An experimenter pairs a tone with a puff of air to the eyes and establishes a conditioned response. If the experimenter now repeatedly presents the tone alone, with no air puff, what happens?

extinction

A 16 year old learns to play chess and quickly becomes proficient enough to be accepted into the schools chess club. Is this fluid or crystallized?

fluid

If you solve a problem of a type you never saw before, what type of intelligence do you show?

fluid intelligence

Which one of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

food

If asked to tell your social security number (without looking it up), you are are being asked to perform which type of memory test?

free recall

When Spearman described the "g" factor in intelligence, what did the "g" stand for?

general

variable-ratio schedule

gives reinforcement after a varying number of responses working out to an average in the long run (EX.) slot machines

explicit memory

information we know or know we should know (Ex.) when asked to name a state capital

retroactive interference

learning new material makes it hard to recall old material

You develop the belief (hypothesis) that your significant other wants to break up with you. You have a phone conversation in which your significant other sounds stressed out but says several nice things about you. According to the confirmation bias, you are most likely to _________________?

notice and remember the tone of voice while ignoring the nice comments

Which of the following is the main basis for diagnosing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

observations of behavior

Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of which type of memory?

procedural

variable-interval schedule

provides reinforcement after varying amounts of time have elapsed (EX.) your newspaper delivery boy is inconsistent and delivers your paper at 5:30 one day and 7:15 the next day. You now don't know when to look for it and may not actively look for it at all.

fixed-ratio schedule

provides reinforcement only after a set number of correct responses (EX.) a coffee shop offers a special when you buy 9 drinks, the 10th is free

declarative memory

recall of fact (semantic and episodic)

procedural memory

recall of how to do something

The bonus question on your introductory psychology test asks you to name the states of the human sleep cycle. What type of memory test is this?

recall; explicit

proactive interference

retaining old material makes it hard to recall new material

Phoneme

single units of sound usually made up of a single letter

You were stung by a bee and now you fear certain other insects. You are displaying _________________?

stimulus generalization

What are heuristics?

strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation

What is the relationship between the sentences "The building is big" and "It is a large building"?

they have the same deep structures but different surface structures

Which of the following does a behaviorist AVOID studying?

thought processes

What was originally, and still is, the main purpose of IQ tests?

to help researchers test the theories of intelligence

fluid intelligence

used in active reasoning and problem solving and applying information to a new problem