Psychology Study Exam 3

Freud

Humanist Psychologists disagreed with _______________

make your own life

Humanist psychologists believed that even though your childhood was terrible, when you are an adult, you have the ability to _____________________

a positive self concept

Humanistic Psychology emphasizes the importance of __________________

self-determination self-realization

Humanistic Theories focused on the ways people strive for _____________________ and ______________________

amnesia

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. This is called infantile _____.

_____________, _____________, and __________ are based on movement of psychic forces within the mind

Id, ego, superego

The Cerebellum

Implicit Memory formation needs what part of the brain?

Egocentrism

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Preoperational stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Sensorimotor stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Concrete operational stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Formal operational stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Contact Comfort

In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact The basis of the infant's first attachment (Harry Harlow)

Free Association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Defense Mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, this is the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Sex

In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females

Gender

In psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women

reunion

In the "strange situation" experiment, the researchers are testing to see the.....

Rorschach Test

Ink Blot Test

Carl Rogers

Interested in Rogerian Therapy

secure

Kids needs to be touched in order to feel ____________

Fetus

Latin for offspring

BOTH

Life requires ____________ stability and change

Unconditional Positive Regard

Love and support for people just as they are, with no strings attached.

biological

Maturation is the orderly sequence of _____ growth.

Superego

Moral ideals, conscience (hands out guilt and shame as well as feelings of pride)

individuals and their situations.

Much as nature and nurture always work together, so do.......

Inheritance

Nature =

senses

Newborn babies have all five _______

When does the oral stage occur?

Newborn to up until potty training

bit by bit

Noam Chomsky says that language is too complex to be learned ______________

Experiences

Nurture =

List the five stages of Psychosexual Development by Freud

OAPLG Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital

Phallic stage focus on

Oedipus Complex and emerging personality

Id

Operates according to the pleasure principle (Sophie, childish)

Distributed

Our brain has limitless long term memory because it has __________________ the memories all throughout the brain. It is not stored on one particular spot.

Power Assertion

Parent uses punishment and authority to correct misbehavior

sleepless nights

People who feel good about themselves have fewer _______________________

Theory of Mind

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Adolescence

Period of life from puberty until adulthood

Cultural Influences

Personality influences obtained from how you were raised

does not change over time

Personality is stable and.......

Projective Tests

Personality tests such as the Enneagram that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Behavioral Perspective

Perspective that looks at your environments and rewards and punishments

Anal Stage happens during

Potty training, to about three years old

ages 2-7

Preoperational stage- very egocentric, cannot reason very well

Gender Typing

Process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture

Neo-Freudians

Psychologists who were in general agreement with freud's basic interpretation of the structure of personality, minus all of the sexual stuff.

social-cognitive

Reciprocal determinism involves environmental, behavioral, and internal cognitive factors that are proposed by the _____ perspective.

Rehearsal

Review or practice of to-be-remembered material.

humanistic

Rogers and Maslow are the key proponents to which personality theory?

grammer

Semantics plus syntax equals _____.

Ages birth to 2

Sensorimoter, learning object permanence

Who came up with the theory of Psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

Example of Rationalization

Smoking, "We are all gonna die anyway" not studying, "there were too many things happening all at once"

Short term memory long term memory

Spoken rehearsal helps to move information from your _____________ memory to ______________

Objective Tests

Standardized questionnaire that requires a written response

Three ways to study effects of genetics on personality

Studying other species (dogs, rats, etc) Studying temperaments of human infants and children Studying twins and adopted individuals

Frontal Lobe

Teens are so reckless because their____________________ is not maturing at the same rate as their pubescent physical body

Recency Effect

Tendency to remember stuff at the end of a list

Primary Effect

Tendency to remember stuff at the start of a list

Social Learning Theory

The Theory that we learn social behavior by observing or imitating, or being rewarded or punished

social cognitive

The _____ perspective involves the concept of reciprocal determinism.

Object permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Past Behavior Patterns

The best predictor for future job performance is past job performance because of

Genes

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes segments of DNA capable of synthesizing protein

Heritability

The distribution or variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

Social Cognitive Learning Theory

The explanation for similarities and differences in behavior across differing situations/groups

Stranger Anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Gender Identity

The fundamental sense of being male or female, independent of whether the person conforms to social and cultural rules of gender

Childhood

The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life

Interaction

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (hereditary)

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The most widely used of projective tests, a set of 10 inkblots seeks to identify someones inner feelings by analyzing their perspective of the blots

Oral Stage focus is on _____________

The mouth, babies put everything into their mouth to understand the world

Amnesia

The partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information

Conservation

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Natural Selection

The principle that, among the range of the inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

Deep Processing

The processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus. The more meaning the information has for you, the better you will do at memorizing it in your LTM.

Placenta

The role of the _________________ is to be the life-link that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo

morphemes

The smallest unit of language that carries meaning is called........

Evolutionary Psychology

The study of the evolution of the behavior of the mind using principles of natural selection

Behavior Genetics

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Molecular Behavior Genetics

The subfield of biology that studies the function of genes and how they interact with our environment and influence our behavior

Molecular Genetics

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure of genes

Replacement

The theory that new information entering memory can wipe out old information In one study, researchers showed subjects slides of a traffic accident.

Embryo

The zygotes inner cells become the ______________

Definition of Psychodynamic Theories

Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious dynamics within the individual

implantation

There are no pregnancy symptoms until...

Genetic Influences

These are Personality influences passed down from parents

Chromosomes

These are threadlike structures made of DNA Molecules that contain the genes

Inner Experiences

These experiences are how Personality is influenced by what happens to you individually

Erogenous zones

These zones are pleasure areas of the body

All Defense mechanisms share two characteristics:

They protect the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality They operate unconsciously so that we are not aware a distortion of reality has taken place

Psychoanalysis

This Attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Psychodynamic Influences

This Effects personality and unconscious thoughts

Self-Concept

This concept is used to describe All of the thoughts and feelings in response to the question, "Who am I?"

Aggression

This is Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Collective Unconscious

This is a name for a theory that there is a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history

Environment

This is every non-genetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Electra Complex

This is the Female version of the oedipus complex

Person-centered Perspective

This perspective states a that People are basically good and are endowed by self-actualizing tendencies

procedural

To turn on cold water in the bathroom, in which direction is the handle turned? To answer this question, one probably thought not in words but with _____ memory.

Characteristics of an "adult" mind

Unselfish focused on others needs willingness to help not afraid to be unpopular

limitless

We have ________________________ capacity in our long term memory

Mood Congruent Memory

We remember better when the material matches our current mood

German Measles

What agent across the placenta causes deafness?

Sexually transmitted diseases

What causes mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders?

weights of rats brains in different environments

What did Rosenberg study?

Emotions

What do we have limited control over when it comes to our reactions to certain events?

Autism Spectrum Disorder

What does ASD Stand For?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

What does FAS stand for?

Thematic Apprehension Test

What does TAT Stand for?

Gaining weight and immunities

What does the baby do between the 36-40th weeks of pregnancy?

Boys

What gender is more likely to have ASD?

the person-environment interaction

What is reciprocal determinism?

To protect the baby

What is the job of the placenta?

Healthy, creative people

What kind of people did Maslow study?

The placenta

What part of the body grows with a baby?

Psychosocial Psychological Development

What type of psychological development did Erik Erikson study?

Cognitive Psychological Development

What type of psychological development did Jean Piaget study?

Moral Psychological Development

What type of psychological development did Lawrence Kohlberg study?

appropriately considered

When culture is not ________________________,people attribute unusual behavior to personality. (personal space/hygiene)

Frontal lobes and Hippocampus

Where in the brain do we store our Explicit memories?

Albert Bandura

Who came up with the social cognitive perspective?

Gordon Allport

Who is one of the most influential psychologists concerning personality?

Maslow

Who proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs?

Harry Harlow

Who studied Attachment in hairy monkeys?

Mary Ainsworth

Who studied separation anxiety?

Calvin Trillian

Who was the writer that worked with the optimistic girl named Alice who was convinced she found the "Secret to Life?"

Fraternal Twins

(dizygotic twins) Develop from separate fertilized eggs who share a prenatal environment but are otherwise brother and sister

Identical Twins

(monozygotic twins) developed from a single fertilized egg that splits in two creating two genetic organisms that are literally the same

Embryonic Stage

2 weeks after conception (implantation). Lasts until 8th week.

Visual abilities

6-8 weeks the newborn has 20/20 vision

Heritability of personality traits about 50% of the time

Within a group of people, about 50% of the variation associated with a given trait is attributable to genetic differences among individuals in the group.

uterine wall

Zygote attaches to the ___________ and begins to form

Wernicke's

____ area controls language reception and is involved in language comprehension and accurate expression.

Cognition

_____ includes all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.

Maturation

_____ is the orderly sequence of biological growth.

Syntax

_____ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Grammer

_____ refers to the system of rules of a language that enables people to communicate with and understand others speaking the same language.

Behavior

____________ emerges from the interplay of external and internal influences.

Retrieval Cues

_______________ are important for remembering

childhood experiences

________________ are NOT a psychological influence on the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality?

The primary motor area

_______________________ of the cerebral cortex develops rapidly after birth

Assessment Center Exercises

__________________________ are the most revealing psychological tests

Positive Psychology

___________________________ had its foundation made by Maslow and Rogers theories

productive

A baby's ability to comprehend speech is known as receptive language; his or her ability to produce words is known as _____ language.

Oedipus Complex

A boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred toward the rival father

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes or interprets information

Habituation

A decrease in responding with repeated stimulation

Attachment

A deep emotional bond that an infant develops with its primary caretaker (s)

Rationalization

A defense mechanism in which an individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations for the real reasons for behaviors

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Purpose

A key task in adolescence is to achieve a sense of _____.

Carl Jung's Theory of Collective Unconsciousness

A kind of universal memory bank that contains all ancestral memories, images, symbols, and ideas that humans have accumulated throughout their environment

Spermarche

A males first ejactulation, usually a wet dream

Zygotes

A name for fertilized eggs

Grasping

A newborn ability in the hands

Sucking

A newborn ability reflex to eat

Swallowing

A newborn ability reflex when eating

Babinski

A newborn ability that in response to touch on the bottom of the foot, the baby will splay his toes outwards and then curl them in

Moro

A newborn ability that is in the arms

Stepping

A newborn ability that makes leg movement motions with the feet

Rooting

A newborn ability that makes the baby open its mouth like it wants food i you touch the side of their face

Insecure Attachment

A parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion.

Secure Attachment

A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion.

Temperament

A persons characteristic and emotional reactivity and intensity

Encoding Specificity Principle

A principle that describes the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Flashbulb Memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

Reaction Formation

a defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously replaces unacceptable inpulses with their opposites

Displacement

a defense mechanism that directs our emotions towards animals, things, etc.

Denial

a defense mechanism that makes it so that you refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening (abuse)

Regression

a defense mechanism that reverts to previous phase of functioning

Menarche

a girls first menstral period

Fixation

a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved

Recall

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Alzheimer's Disease

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

Emerging Adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

Puberty

a period of sexual maturation, when a human can start reproducing

Reconsolidation

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Unconscious

a reservoir of unacceptable thoughts wishes feelings and memories, processing information of which we are unaware

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexuak agressives drives

Role

a set of expectations in a social position, and behaving to fit such expectations

Cross Sectional Study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Retroactive Interference

a type of forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously

Explicit Memory

a type of memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."

Mutation

A random error in gene replication that leads to change

Gender role

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes or traits that are different for both males and females

Conditional Positive Regard

A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one's behavior

Positive and Negative emotionality

A term for How easy it is to get an emotional reaction from a baby

Androgyny

A term that means a person Displays both masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

Individualism

A term that means: Giving priority to ones own goals rather than the goals of a group and their identification

Collectivism

A term that means: Giving priority to the goals of a group and defining ones identity accordingly

Terror Management Theory

A theory of death related anxiety explores peoples emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Culture

A word that means: The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

What causes Insecure Attachment?

Abandonment and deprivation in the first two years of life Parenting that is abusive, neglectful, or erratic Child's genetically influenced temperament Stressful circumstances in the family

Assimilation

Absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures (different kinds of dogs in the file cabinet labeled, "dogs")

acetylcholine

According to recent research, one primary cause of Alzheimer's disease seems to be deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter _____.

Teratogens

Agents such as viruses or drugs that can damage the embryo or fetus

Transgender

An umbrella term to describe people who's gender identity or expression differs from that of their birth sex

Definition of a Defense Mechanism

An unconscious maneuver that shields the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality

Norm

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior.

Rubella

Another name for German Measles

Neuroticism vs emotional stability

Anxiety, impulse control, anger, depression and the tendency to feel these things

two

Ape language appears to be less complex than human adult language. In addition, ape vocabularies and sentences are simpler, much like those of a _____-year-old child.

250 million

Approximately how much sperm is released during intercourse on average?

7 months

As young as _________________, children can derive simple linguistic rules from a string of sounds

Brain Cells

At birth you will have the most _______ you will ever have.

25%

At birth, the brain is only about _____ of its adult weight

12 months

At what age do infants use words to label objects?

11 months

At what month does an infant use symbolic gestures?

feeding

Attachment does not depend on __________

Induction

Authoritative democratic parenting

universal

Babies are born with ________________ grammar

determined

Babies are born with a genetically ______________ temperament

Womb

Babies begin to learn language during their time in the _________________

highly reactive

Babies who are born _________________ tend to stay that way throughout life, having increased heart rate and brain activity to new situations

36 weeks

Baby considered full term at how many weeks?

sponges

Baby's brains are _______________ for language

6 weeks

Baby's heart is pounding at 6 weeks

Erik Erikson

Basic trust as a tenet of social development was proposed by:

a person's specific language shapes his or her thinking.

Benjamin Whorf's linguistic determination hypothesis states that:

Genetic Relatives

Biological parents and siblings are know as ....

Biological Factors

Biological researchers believe that early play and toy preferences have a basis in prenatal hormones, genes, and brain organization

4

By _____ months of age, babies can discriminate speech sounds and read lips.

10 months

By the age of _____, an infant's typical babbling has changed so that a trained ear can identify the language of the household.

Who Came up with Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung

Three examples of Neo Freudians

Carl Jung Alfred Adler Karen Horney

The concept of self

Carl Rogers studied.....

Cigarette Smoking

Causes SIDS, miscarriage, low birth weight, learning difficulties

adult

Children learn to speak or sign correctly without ________________ correction

ages 7 to 12

Concrete Operations-very rational and dep conversation,

Anal Stage focus on

Control, being tidy, or messy.

Social Script

Culturally Modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Traits

Definition: A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking and feeling

Definition of Personality

Definition: Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, mannerisms, motives and emotions that characterizes an individual

Definition of Anxiety

Definition: Free Floating fear or apprehension that may occur with or without an easily identifiable source

Gene-Environment Interaction

Definition: Our genetically influenced traits evoke certain responses from others, which may nudge us in one direction or another.

Genuineness

Definition: When people are open and willing to offer unconditional positive regard

Self-serving bias

Definition: a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

Long Term Potentiation

Definition: an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Definition of one's self

Definition: an organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions; the center of personality

Self-Esteem

Definition: our feelings of self worth

Self-efficacy

Definition: our sense of competence on a task

Empathy

Definition: sharing and mirroring others feelings and reflecting on its meanings

Existentialism

Definition: studying the meaning of life and death

Self-transcendence

Definition: the purpose, meaning and communion beyond the self

Extroversion vs introversion

Describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy

Men tend to be more __________ while women tend to be more ______________

Directive Democratic

delivered

During birth, the ________________ has to be delivered

Definition of Object Relations

Emphasizes the importance of the infant's first two years of life and the baby's formative relationships, especially with the mother

Fallopian Tubes

Fertilization takes place in the....

peers

For most adolescents, the most important people in their lives are their:

ages 12 to adulthood

Formal operations- to think abstractly

Carl Jung was originally friends with

Freud

Learning Factors

Gender appropriate play may be reinforced by parents, teachers, and peers

Cognitive Factors

Gender schema ~ knowledge and beliefs and expectations about what it means to be a boy or girl Once a boy or girl can label themselves as such, they begin to prefer gender specific toys and same-sex playmates

personality traits

Genetics and environments affect _________________

William James

He said, "If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing."

Nature vs Nurture

Heredity and Temperament are both understood through.....

Who designed the TAT inkblots

Hermann Rorschach

Less than half

How many zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks of fertilization?

Neurocognitive disorder

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

Humans have an enormous _________________ capacity

adaptive

Environmental Relatives

adoptive parents and siblings are known as....

When does the Phallic Stage occur

ages 3 to 6

Self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Anterograde Amnesia

an inability to form new memories

Retrograde Amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Personality

an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting

Critical Period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

Elaborative Rehearsal

association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable. Leads to LTM

90%

at five years, the brain is _______ of its adult weight

50%

at six months, the brain is ___________ of its adult weight

75%

at two years, the brain is ____________ of its adult weight

24 months

at what age do toddlers combine 2-3 words into speech (Telegraphic Speech)

Source Amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

Because of Freud's overemphasis of sexual tension, Carl Jung......

became an outspoken critic of Freud's theory, even though they used to be best friends

Germinal Stage

begins at fertilization. Fertilized cell is called a zygote.

Rats who lived in communal cages rather than solitary cages had a heavier and thicker ______________

brain cortex

95%

by age 10, the brain is ____________ of its adult weight

Psychosexual Stages

childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Adult behavior and problems are determined by

early childhood

Short Term

electroconvulsive therapy will affect _____ memory.

height

example of a highly genetic trait

table manners

example of a low genetic personality trait

In psychosexual Development, a child will remain ________________ on a certain stage if too much anxiety or conflict is present

fixated

Psychological developments occurres in ____________ stages

fixed

Proactive Interference

forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material

Evocative Trait

gene-environment correlation happens when an individual's (heritable) behavior evokes an environmental response.

Collectivist Culture

group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual, and the self is defined in the context of relationships and the community

Realm of unconscious includes

guilty secrets, unspeakable yearnings, and conflicts between desire and duty

Soothability

how easy it is to calm an upset baby

Reactivity

how excitable, arousable, or responsive a baby is

Recognition

identifying items previously learned. A multiple-choice question tests your recognition.

Intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

The central problem in life is finding a balance between ___________________ and ________________________

independence connection with others

Individualistic Culture

independence of individual takes precedence over the needs of the group and the self is often defined as a collection of personality traits.

All defense mechanisms function......

indirectly and unconsciously

America has an _______________

individualistic culture

Genetic predisposition is not genetic _________________

inevitability

Decay Theory

information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed

Separation Anxiety

is common in infants between the ages of 6 months to age 3

menarche

is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans. From both social and medical perspectives, it is often considered the central event of female puberty, as it signals the possibility of fertility.

Example of Displacement

kicking a dog after a bad day

Relearning

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time. When you study for a final exam or engage a language used in early childhood, you will relearn the material more easily than you did initially.

Childhood anxiety triggers our desire for

love and security

Ego

mediates among the demands of the id, which will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Accommodation

modifying existing structures in response to new information (Making a whole new fire cabinet for a folder labeled, "Cat")

Secondary sex characteristics

non reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Fetal Stage

now called a fetus, lasts from 8th week of pregnancy until 40th.

Identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating your own appearance, performance, and blunders is known as...

Authoritarian Parenting

parents are coercive. They impose rules and expect obedience: "Don't interrupt." "Keep your room clean." "Don't stay out late or you'll be grounded." "Why? Because I said so."

Authoritative Parenting

parents are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.

Permissive Parenting

parents are unrestrained. They make few demands and use little punishment. They may be indifferent, unresponsive, or unwilling to set limits.

Unconscious fantasies and symbols are main influences on____________

personality

Carl Jung's theory on Archetypes

powerful, emotionally charged universal images or concepts in Carl Jung's theory of the collective unconscious

Repression

pushing upsetting information into the unconscious mind (a controversial proposition

Maintenance Rehearsal

repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory. Often remains in STM

__________________ underlies all other defense mechanisms

repression

Primary Sex Characteristics

reproductive sexual traits that make reproduction possible

Longitudinal Study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Implicit Memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

Genital Stage focus on

sexual tension from the time you hit puberty to you die

Babies who have experienced ___________________contact with their mothers grew up better, slept longer, had less stress, and ate healthier

skin-to-skin

The unconscious reveals itself in free association and through _____________________

slips of the tongue

interact

social-cognitive theorists focus on how we and our environment ____________

Mnemonics

strategies for encoding, storing and retaining information.

Latency Stage focus on

subsiding sexual feelings, the only stage where sexual tension is not present

Deja vu

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Social Identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.

Psychogenic Amnesia

the causes of forgetting are psychological such as the need to escape feelings of embarrassment, guilt, shame or disappointment

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes

Social Clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Myelin

the fatty tissue that forms around axons and speeds neurotransmission, enables better communication with other brain regions

Carl Rogers believed in.........

the idea of Person-centered Perspective

One key aspect on the definition of personality is an emphasis on_______________

the individual

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones, (found in both male and females), stimulates the growth of the male sex organs

Memory Consolidation

the neural storage of a long-term memory.

Carl Jung's theory of Personal Unconscious

the part of the unconscious that is akin to Freud's concept of a reservoir of all repressed thoughts and feelings

Memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

Identification

the process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos

Retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Encoding

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning

Parallel Processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions

X Chromosome

the sex chromosome found in both males and females

Y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA Change

State Dependent Memory

the tendency to remember something when you are in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning

Menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Peak Experiences

these rare moments of rapture are caused by attainment of excellence or the experience of beauty

Humanistic Approach

this approach to psychology states that: Biology may hand us temperamental dispositions that limits us, the environment may deal us some tough experiences, our parents may treat us as we would not have wished, but we have free will to transcend these forces

Abraham Maslow

this person Developed an approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential

Rollo May

this psychologist brought aspects of existentialism into American psychology

Polychronic Cultures

to this type of culture, time is ordered horizontally, people valued over schedules and deadlines

Monochronic Cultures

to this type of culture, time is ordered sequentially, schedules and deadlines valued over people

Reciprocal Determinism

two way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits (answers question of why siblings differ)

Freud believed that the _____________ have more power to control behavior than conscious thought

unconscious forces

Instead if nature versus nurture, we must say nature _______ nurture because both act in tune with the other

via

Psychodynamic Theories

view personality within a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Alcohol

what causes mental impairment in babies?

40%

what is the percent of zygotes that successfully implant?

Misinformation Effect

when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event

Traumatic Amnesia

~ the forgetting of known information as a result of specific traumatic events, sometimes for many years.