Psychology Study Exam 3
Freud
Humanist Psychologists disagreed with _______________
make your own life
Humanist psychologists believed that even though your childhood was terrible, when you are an adult, you have the ability to _____________________
a positive self concept
Humanistic Psychology emphasizes the importance of __________________
self-determination self-realization
Humanistic Theories focused on the ways people strive for _____________________ and ______________________
amnesia
Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. This is called infantile _____.
_____________, _____________, and __________ are based on movement of psychic forces within the mind
Id, ego, superego
The Cerebellum
Implicit Memory formation needs what part of the brain?
Egocentrism
In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Preoperational stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
Sensorimotor stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
Concrete operational stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal operational stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
Contact Comfort
In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact The basis of the infant's first attachment (Harry Harlow)
Free Association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Defense Mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, this is the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Sex
In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females
Gender
In psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women
reunion
In the "strange situation" experiment, the researchers are testing to see the.....
Rorschach Test
Ink Blot Test
Carl Rogers
Interested in Rogerian Therapy
secure
Kids needs to be touched in order to feel ____________
Fetus
Latin for offspring
BOTH
Life requires ____________ stability and change
Unconditional Positive Regard
Love and support for people just as they are, with no strings attached.
biological
Maturation is the orderly sequence of _____ growth.
Superego
Moral ideals, conscience (hands out guilt and shame as well as feelings of pride)
individuals and their situations.
Much as nature and nurture always work together, so do.......
Inheritance
Nature =
senses
Newborn babies have all five _______
When does the oral stage occur?
Newborn to up until potty training
bit by bit
Noam Chomsky says that language is too complex to be learned ______________
Experiences
Nurture =
List the five stages of Psychosexual Development by Freud
OAPLG Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital
Phallic stage focus on
Oedipus Complex and emerging personality
Id
Operates according to the pleasure principle (Sophie, childish)
Distributed
Our brain has limitless long term memory because it has __________________ the memories all throughout the brain. It is not stored on one particular spot.
Power Assertion
Parent uses punishment and authority to correct misbehavior
sleepless nights
People who feel good about themselves have fewer _______________________
Theory of Mind
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
Adolescence
Period of life from puberty until adulthood
Cultural Influences
Personality influences obtained from how you were raised
does not change over time
Personality is stable and.......
Projective Tests
Personality tests such as the Enneagram that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Behavioral Perspective
Perspective that looks at your environments and rewards and punishments
Anal Stage happens during
Potty training, to about three years old
ages 2-7
Preoperational stage- very egocentric, cannot reason very well
Gender Typing
Process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture
Neo-Freudians
Psychologists who were in general agreement with freud's basic interpretation of the structure of personality, minus all of the sexual stuff.
social-cognitive
Reciprocal determinism involves environmental, behavioral, and internal cognitive factors that are proposed by the _____ perspective.
Rehearsal
Review or practice of to-be-remembered material.
humanistic
Rogers and Maslow are the key proponents to which personality theory?
grammer
Semantics plus syntax equals _____.
Ages birth to 2
Sensorimoter, learning object permanence
Who came up with the theory of Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Example of Rationalization
Smoking, "We are all gonna die anyway" not studying, "there were too many things happening all at once"
Short term memory long term memory
Spoken rehearsal helps to move information from your _____________ memory to ______________
Objective Tests
Standardized questionnaire that requires a written response
Three ways to study effects of genetics on personality
Studying other species (dogs, rats, etc) Studying temperaments of human infants and children Studying twins and adopted individuals
Frontal Lobe
Teens are so reckless because their____________________ is not maturing at the same rate as their pubescent physical body
Recency Effect
Tendency to remember stuff at the end of a list
Primary Effect
Tendency to remember stuff at the start of a list
Social Learning Theory
The Theory that we learn social behavior by observing or imitating, or being rewarded or punished
social cognitive
The _____ perspective involves the concept of reciprocal determinism.
Object permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Past Behavior Patterns
The best predictor for future job performance is past job performance because of
Genes
The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes segments of DNA capable of synthesizing protein
Heritability
The distribution or variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
The explanation for similarities and differences in behavior across differing situations/groups
Stranger Anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
Gender Identity
The fundamental sense of being male or female, independent of whether the person conforms to social and cultural rules of gender
Childhood
The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life
Interaction
The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (hereditary)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The most widely used of projective tests, a set of 10 inkblots seeks to identify someones inner feelings by analyzing their perspective of the blots
Oral Stage focus is on _____________
The mouth, babies put everything into their mouth to understand the world
Amnesia
The partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information
Conservation
The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
Natural Selection
The principle that, among the range of the inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Deep Processing
The processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus. The more meaning the information has for you, the better you will do at memorizing it in your LTM.
Placenta
The role of the _________________ is to be the life-link that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo
morphemes
The smallest unit of language that carries meaning is called........
Evolutionary Psychology
The study of the evolution of the behavior of the mind using principles of natural selection
Behavior Genetics
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Molecular Behavior Genetics
The subfield of biology that studies the function of genes and how they interact with our environment and influence our behavior
Molecular Genetics
The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure of genes
Replacement
The theory that new information entering memory can wipe out old information In one study, researchers showed subjects slides of a traffic accident.
Embryo
The zygotes inner cells become the ______________
Definition of Psychodynamic Theories
Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious dynamics within the individual
implantation
There are no pregnancy symptoms until...
Genetic Influences
These are Personality influences passed down from parents
Chromosomes
These are threadlike structures made of DNA Molecules that contain the genes
Inner Experiences
These experiences are how Personality is influenced by what happens to you individually
Erogenous zones
These zones are pleasure areas of the body
All Defense mechanisms share two characteristics:
They protect the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality They operate unconsciously so that we are not aware a distortion of reality has taken place
Psychoanalysis
This Attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Psychodynamic Influences
This Effects personality and unconscious thoughts
Self-Concept
This concept is used to describe All of the thoughts and feelings in response to the question, "Who am I?"
Aggression
This is Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
Collective Unconscious
This is a name for a theory that there is a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history
Environment
This is every non-genetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Electra Complex
This is the Female version of the oedipus complex
Person-centered Perspective
This perspective states a that People are basically good and are endowed by self-actualizing tendencies
procedural
To turn on cold water in the bathroom, in which direction is the handle turned? To answer this question, one probably thought not in words but with _____ memory.
Characteristics of an "adult" mind
Unselfish focused on others needs willingness to help not afraid to be unpopular
limitless
We have ________________________ capacity in our long term memory
Mood Congruent Memory
We remember better when the material matches our current mood
German Measles
What agent across the placenta causes deafness?
Sexually transmitted diseases
What causes mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders?
weights of rats brains in different environments
What did Rosenberg study?
Emotions
What do we have limited control over when it comes to our reactions to certain events?
Autism Spectrum Disorder
What does ASD Stand For?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
What does FAS stand for?
Thematic Apprehension Test
What does TAT Stand for?
Gaining weight and immunities
What does the baby do between the 36-40th weeks of pregnancy?
Boys
What gender is more likely to have ASD?
the person-environment interaction
What is reciprocal determinism?
To protect the baby
What is the job of the placenta?
Healthy, creative people
What kind of people did Maslow study?
The placenta
What part of the body grows with a baby?
Psychosocial Psychological Development
What type of psychological development did Erik Erikson study?
Cognitive Psychological Development
What type of psychological development did Jean Piaget study?
Moral Psychological Development
What type of psychological development did Lawrence Kohlberg study?
appropriately considered
When culture is not ________________________,people attribute unusual behavior to personality. (personal space/hygiene)
Frontal lobes and Hippocampus
Where in the brain do we store our Explicit memories?
Albert Bandura
Who came up with the social cognitive perspective?
Gordon Allport
Who is one of the most influential psychologists concerning personality?
Maslow
Who proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs?
Harry Harlow
Who studied Attachment in hairy monkeys?
Mary Ainsworth
Who studied separation anxiety?
Calvin Trillian
Who was the writer that worked with the optimistic girl named Alice who was convinced she found the "Secret to Life?"
Fraternal Twins
(dizygotic twins) Develop from separate fertilized eggs who share a prenatal environment but are otherwise brother and sister
Identical Twins
(monozygotic twins) developed from a single fertilized egg that splits in two creating two genetic organisms that are literally the same
Embryonic Stage
2 weeks after conception (implantation). Lasts until 8th week.
Visual abilities
6-8 weeks the newborn has 20/20 vision
Heritability of personality traits about 50% of the time
Within a group of people, about 50% of the variation associated with a given trait is attributable to genetic differences among individuals in the group.
uterine wall
Zygote attaches to the ___________ and begins to form
Wernicke's
____ area controls language reception and is involved in language comprehension and accurate expression.
Cognition
_____ includes all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.
Maturation
_____ is the orderly sequence of biological growth.
Syntax
_____ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
Grammer
_____ refers to the system of rules of a language that enables people to communicate with and understand others speaking the same language.
Behavior
____________ emerges from the interplay of external and internal influences.
Retrieval Cues
_______________ are important for remembering
childhood experiences
________________ are NOT a psychological influence on the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality?
The primary motor area
_______________________ of the cerebral cortex develops rapidly after birth
Assessment Center Exercises
__________________________ are the most revealing psychological tests
Positive Psychology
___________________________ had its foundation made by Maslow and Rogers theories
productive
A baby's ability to comprehend speech is known as receptive language; his or her ability to produce words is known as _____ language.
Oedipus Complex
A boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred toward the rival father
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes or interprets information
Habituation
A decrease in responding with repeated stimulation
Attachment
A deep emotional bond that an infant develops with its primary caretaker (s)
Rationalization
A defense mechanism in which an individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations for the real reasons for behaviors
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.
Purpose
A key task in adolescence is to achieve a sense of _____.
Carl Jung's Theory of Collective Unconsciousness
A kind of universal memory bank that contains all ancestral memories, images, symbols, and ideas that humans have accumulated throughout their environment
Spermarche
A males first ejactulation, usually a wet dream
Zygotes
A name for fertilized eggs
Grasping
A newborn ability in the hands
Sucking
A newborn ability reflex to eat
Swallowing
A newborn ability reflex when eating
Babinski
A newborn ability that in response to touch on the bottom of the foot, the baby will splay his toes outwards and then curl them in
Moro
A newborn ability that is in the arms
Stepping
A newborn ability that makes leg movement motions with the feet
Rooting
A newborn ability that makes the baby open its mouth like it wants food i you touch the side of their face
Insecure Attachment
A parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion.
Secure Attachment
A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion.
Temperament
A persons characteristic and emotional reactivity and intensity
Encoding Specificity Principle
A principle that describes the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
Flashbulb Memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
Reaction Formation
a defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously replaces unacceptable inpulses with their opposites
Displacement
a defense mechanism that directs our emotions towards animals, things, etc.
Denial
a defense mechanism that makes it so that you refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening (abuse)
Regression
a defense mechanism that reverts to previous phase of functioning
Menarche
a girls first menstral period
Fixation
a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved
Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Alzheimer's Disease
a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities
Emerging Adulthood
a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults
Puberty
a period of sexual maturation, when a human can start reproducing
Reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
Unconscious
a reservoir of unacceptable thoughts wishes feelings and memories, processing information of which we are unaware
id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexuak agressives drives
Role
a set of expectations in a social position, and behaving to fit such expectations
Cross Sectional Study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
Retroactive Interference
a type of forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously
Explicit Memory
a type of memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."
Mutation
A random error in gene replication that leads to change
Gender role
A set of expected behaviors, attitudes or traits that are different for both males and females
Conditional Positive Regard
A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one's behavior
Positive and Negative emotionality
A term for How easy it is to get an emotional reaction from a baby
Androgyny
A term that means a person Displays both masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
Individualism
A term that means: Giving priority to ones own goals rather than the goals of a group and their identification
Collectivism
A term that means: Giving priority to the goals of a group and defining ones identity accordingly
Terror Management Theory
A theory of death related anxiety explores peoples emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
Culture
A word that means: The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
What causes Insecure Attachment?
Abandonment and deprivation in the first two years of life Parenting that is abusive, neglectful, or erratic Child's genetically influenced temperament Stressful circumstances in the family
Assimilation
Absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures (different kinds of dogs in the file cabinet labeled, "dogs")
acetylcholine
According to recent research, one primary cause of Alzheimer's disease seems to be deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter _____.
Teratogens
Agents such as viruses or drugs that can damage the embryo or fetus
Transgender
An umbrella term to describe people who's gender identity or expression differs from that of their birth sex
Definition of a Defense Mechanism
An unconscious maneuver that shields the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality
Norm
An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior.
Rubella
Another name for German Measles
Neuroticism vs emotional stability
Anxiety, impulse control, anger, depression and the tendency to feel these things
two
Ape language appears to be less complex than human adult language. In addition, ape vocabularies and sentences are simpler, much like those of a _____-year-old child.
250 million
Approximately how much sperm is released during intercourse on average?
7 months
As young as _________________, children can derive simple linguistic rules from a string of sounds
Brain Cells
At birth you will have the most _______ you will ever have.
25%
At birth, the brain is only about _____ of its adult weight
12 months
At what age do infants use words to label objects?
11 months
At what month does an infant use symbolic gestures?
feeding
Attachment does not depend on __________
Induction
Authoritative democratic parenting
universal
Babies are born with ________________ grammar
determined
Babies are born with a genetically ______________ temperament
Womb
Babies begin to learn language during their time in the _________________
highly reactive
Babies who are born _________________ tend to stay that way throughout life, having increased heart rate and brain activity to new situations
36 weeks
Baby considered full term at how many weeks?
sponges
Baby's brains are _______________ for language
6 weeks
Baby's heart is pounding at 6 weeks
Erik Erikson
Basic trust as a tenet of social development was proposed by:
a person's specific language shapes his or her thinking.
Benjamin Whorf's linguistic determination hypothesis states that:
Genetic Relatives
Biological parents and siblings are know as ....
Biological Factors
Biological researchers believe that early play and toy preferences have a basis in prenatal hormones, genes, and brain organization
4
By _____ months of age, babies can discriminate speech sounds and read lips.
10 months
By the age of _____, an infant's typical babbling has changed so that a trained ear can identify the language of the household.
Who Came up with Collective Unconscious
Carl Jung
Three examples of Neo Freudians
Carl Jung Alfred Adler Karen Horney
The concept of self
Carl Rogers studied.....
Cigarette Smoking
Causes SIDS, miscarriage, low birth weight, learning difficulties
adult
Children learn to speak or sign correctly without ________________ correction
ages 7 to 12
Concrete Operations-very rational and dep conversation,
Anal Stage focus on
Control, being tidy, or messy.
Social Script
Culturally Modeled guide for how to act in various situations
Traits
Definition: A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking and feeling
Definition of Personality
Definition: Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, mannerisms, motives and emotions that characterizes an individual
Definition of Anxiety
Definition: Free Floating fear or apprehension that may occur with or without an easily identifiable source
Gene-Environment Interaction
Definition: Our genetically influenced traits evoke certain responses from others, which may nudge us in one direction or another.
Genuineness
Definition: When people are open and willing to offer unconditional positive regard
Self-serving bias
Definition: a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably
Long Term Potentiation
Definition: an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Definition of one's self
Definition: an organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions; the center of personality
Self-Esteem
Definition: our feelings of self worth
Self-efficacy
Definition: our sense of competence on a task
Empathy
Definition: sharing and mirroring others feelings and reflecting on its meanings
Existentialism
Definition: studying the meaning of life and death
Self-transcendence
Definition: the purpose, meaning and communion beyond the self
Extroversion vs introversion
Describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy
Men tend to be more __________ while women tend to be more ______________
Directive Democratic
delivered
During birth, the ________________ has to be delivered
Definition of Object Relations
Emphasizes the importance of the infant's first two years of life and the baby's formative relationships, especially with the mother
Fallopian Tubes
Fertilization takes place in the....
peers
For most adolescents, the most important people in their lives are their:
ages 12 to adulthood
Formal operations- to think abstractly
Carl Jung was originally friends with
Freud
Learning Factors
Gender appropriate play may be reinforced by parents, teachers, and peers
Cognitive Factors
Gender schema ~ knowledge and beliefs and expectations about what it means to be a boy or girl Once a boy or girl can label themselves as such, they begin to prefer gender specific toys and same-sex playmates
personality traits
Genetics and environments affect _________________
William James
He said, "If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing."
Nature vs Nurture
Heredity and Temperament are both understood through.....
Who designed the TAT inkblots
Hermann Rorschach
Less than half
How many zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks of fertilization?
Neurocognitive disorder
acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia
Humans have an enormous _________________ capacity
adaptive
Environmental Relatives
adoptive parents and siblings are known as....
When does the Phallic Stage occur
ages 3 to 6
Self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Anterograde Amnesia
an inability to form new memories
Retrograde Amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
Personality
an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting
Critical Period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
Elaborative Rehearsal
association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable. Leads to LTM
90%
at five years, the brain is _______ of its adult weight
50%
at six months, the brain is ___________ of its adult weight
75%
at two years, the brain is ____________ of its adult weight
24 months
at what age do toddlers combine 2-3 words into speech (Telegraphic Speech)
Source Amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories
Because of Freud's overemphasis of sexual tension, Carl Jung......
became an outspoken critic of Freud's theory, even though they used to be best friends
Germinal Stage
begins at fertilization. Fertilized cell is called a zygote.
Rats who lived in communal cages rather than solitary cages had a heavier and thicker ______________
brain cortex
95%
by age 10, the brain is ____________ of its adult weight
Psychosexual Stages
childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Adult behavior and problems are determined by
early childhood
Short Term
electroconvulsive therapy will affect _____ memory.
height
example of a highly genetic trait
table manners
example of a low genetic personality trait
In psychosexual Development, a child will remain ________________ on a certain stage if too much anxiety or conflict is present
fixated
Psychological developments occurres in ____________ stages
fixed
Proactive Interference
forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material
Evocative Trait
gene-environment correlation happens when an individual's (heritable) behavior evokes an environmental response.
Collectivist Culture
group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual, and the self is defined in the context of relationships and the community
Realm of unconscious includes
guilty secrets, unspeakable yearnings, and conflicts between desire and duty
Soothability
how easy it is to calm an upset baby
Reactivity
how excitable, arousable, or responsive a baby is
Recognition
identifying items previously learned. A multiple-choice question tests your recognition.
Intimacy
in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood
The central problem in life is finding a balance between ___________________ and ________________________
independence connection with others
Individualistic Culture
independence of individual takes precedence over the needs of the group and the self is often defined as a collection of personality traits.
All defense mechanisms function......
indirectly and unconsciously
America has an _______________
individualistic culture
Genetic predisposition is not genetic _________________
inevitability
Decay Theory
information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed
Separation Anxiety
is common in infants between the ages of 6 months to age 3
menarche
is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans. From both social and medical perspectives, it is often considered the central event of female puberty, as it signals the possibility of fertility.
Example of Displacement
kicking a dog after a bad day
Relearning
learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time. When you study for a final exam or engage a language used in early childhood, you will relearn the material more easily than you did initially.
Childhood anxiety triggers our desire for
love and security
Ego
mediates among the demands of the id, which will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Accommodation
modifying existing structures in response to new information (Making a whole new fire cabinet for a folder labeled, "Cat")
Secondary sex characteristics
non reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
Fetal Stage
now called a fetus, lasts from 8th week of pregnancy until 40th.
Identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
spotlight effect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating your own appearance, performance, and blunders is known as...
Authoritarian Parenting
parents are coercive. They impose rules and expect obedience: "Don't interrupt." "Keep your room clean." "Don't stay out late or you'll be grounded." "Why? Because I said so."
Authoritative Parenting
parents are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.
Permissive Parenting
parents are unrestrained. They make few demands and use little punishment. They may be indifferent, unresponsive, or unwilling to set limits.
Unconscious fantasies and symbols are main influences on____________
personality
Carl Jung's theory on Archetypes
powerful, emotionally charged universal images or concepts in Carl Jung's theory of the collective unconscious
Repression
pushing upsetting information into the unconscious mind (a controversial proposition
Maintenance Rehearsal
repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory. Often remains in STM
__________________ underlies all other defense mechanisms
repression
Primary Sex Characteristics
reproductive sexual traits that make reproduction possible
Longitudinal Study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
Implicit Memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
Genital Stage focus on
sexual tension from the time you hit puberty to you die
Babies who have experienced ___________________contact with their mothers grew up better, slept longer, had less stress, and ate healthier
skin-to-skin
The unconscious reveals itself in free association and through _____________________
slips of the tongue
interact
social-cognitive theorists focus on how we and our environment ____________
Mnemonics
strategies for encoding, storing and retaining information.
Latency Stage focus on
subsiding sexual feelings, the only stage where sexual tension is not present
Deja vu
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Social Identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.
Psychogenic Amnesia
the causes of forgetting are psychological such as the need to escape feelings of embarrassment, guilt, shame or disappointment
Genome
the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes
Social Clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
Myelin
the fatty tissue that forms around axons and speeds neurotransmission, enables better communication with other brain regions
Carl Rogers believed in.........
the idea of Person-centered Perspective
One key aspect on the definition of personality is an emphasis on_______________
the individual
Testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones, (found in both male and females), stimulates the growth of the male sex organs
Memory Consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory.
Carl Jung's theory of Personal Unconscious
the part of the unconscious that is akin to Freud's concept of a reservoir of all repressed thoughts and feelings
Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
Identification
the process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos
Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage.
Storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning
Parallel Processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions
X Chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both males and females
Y chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in males
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA Change
State Dependent Memory
the tendency to remember something when you are in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning
Menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
Peak Experiences
these rare moments of rapture are caused by attainment of excellence or the experience of beauty
Humanistic Approach
this approach to psychology states that: Biology may hand us temperamental dispositions that limits us, the environment may deal us some tough experiences, our parents may treat us as we would not have wished, but we have free will to transcend these forces
Abraham Maslow
this person Developed an approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential
Rollo May
this psychologist brought aspects of existentialism into American psychology
Polychronic Cultures
to this type of culture, time is ordered horizontally, people valued over schedules and deadlines
Monochronic Cultures
to this type of culture, time is ordered sequentially, schedules and deadlines valued over people
Reciprocal Determinism
two way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits (answers question of why siblings differ)
Freud believed that the _____________ have more power to control behavior than conscious thought
unconscious forces
Instead if nature versus nurture, we must say nature _______ nurture because both act in tune with the other
via
Psychodynamic Theories
view personality within a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
Alcohol
what causes mental impairment in babies?
40%
what is the percent of zygotes that successfully implant?
Misinformation Effect
when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event
Traumatic Amnesia
~ the forgetting of known information as a result of specific traumatic events, sometimes for many years.
