Psychology Test 1 (Ch 1-4)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, [food, water, shelter] (level 2) Safety and Security, [employment] (level 3) Social, [family, friends] (level 4) Self Esteem, [self worth] (level 5) Self Actualization [inner fulfillment]

Hallucinogens

- cause changes in sensory and perceptual experiences

Non-REM Sleep

- no dreams - stages 1-4 Antonia- muscular immobility caused by total relaxation of muscles (sleep paralysis)

REM Sleep

- vivid/strong-like dreams - 90-120 minutes each night

Depressants

-suppress central nervous system activity - quieting affect on brain - alcohol - ADHD - anxiety medications

Gesalt Principles

1) Law of Proximity 2) Law of Similarity 3) Law of Continuity

Stages of Sleep

1) light sleep 2) stage 1 with sleep spindles 3) deep sleep/ hard to be awaken 4) deep sleep with delta waves REM SLEEP

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis? an idea that proves a theory a means of explaining social phenomena a way of looking at the world a tentative explanation

Answer: A tentative explanation

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity? consistently precision accuracy repetition

Answer: Accuracy

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different _____. chromotypes chronologies chronotypes chromatins

Answer: Chronotypes

The scientific process is _____, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning. circular iatrogenic iterative correlational

Answer: Circular

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? clinical social cognitive developmental

Answer: Clinical

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of the nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of _________. conscience consciousness sleep unconsciousness

Answer: Consciousness

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in___ psychology. cognitive developmental personality social

Answer: Developmental

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? cognitive behavioral dependent evolutionary Freudian

Answer: Evolutionary

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? cognitive social clinical forensic

Answer: Forensic

A series of dots is arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of_______. Gestalt Psychology Humanism Psychoanalytic Theory Structuralism

Answer: Gestalt Psychology

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans? Behaviorism Gestalt Humanism Structuralism

Answer: Humanism

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in _______. behaviorism client-centered therapy introspection psychoanalysis

Answer: Introspection

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ____ content. ego-driven preconscious latent manifest

Answer: Latent

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Frued would say Marlowe is focused on the _______ content biological circadian latent manifest

Answer: Latent

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) __________ design. cross-sectional experimental longitudinal survey

Answer: Longitudinal

A(n) ______ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest. experimental plan hypothesis theory operational definition

Answer: Operational definition

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term reliability? applicability precision accuracy repetition

Answer: Precision

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known? Classical conditioning of non-human animals Dream analysis for the latent and manifest content of a dream Studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Answer: Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

The fact that some well-known studies have been reported without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) _____ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields. repeatability emergency replication crisis validity conundrum reliability enigma

Answer: Replication crisis

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? critical thinking hypothesis statistical validation scientific theory

Answer: Scientific theory

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function Extreme sleep deprivation can lead to hallucinations Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms

Answer: Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of _______. Gestalt psychology social psychology psychoanalysis personality

Answer: Social psychology

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. stimulant depressant hallucinogenic antipsychotic

Answer: Stimulant

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests studying over behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influences behavior

Answer: Studying over behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines _____ as objectively as possible. another person's consciousness their own conscious experience their own unconscious wishes the social construction of consciousness

Answer: Their own conscious experience

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ___________. smoking causes lung cancer smoking contributes to lung cancer there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Answer: There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime

Answer: They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner expereince.

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of____. physical dependence psychological dependence tolerance withdrawal

Answer: Tolerance

A(n) _______ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. confounding control dependent independent

Answer: confounding

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. darkness; light light; darkness pulsing light; steady light twilight; gloom

Answer: darkness; light

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. antipsychotic depressant hallucinogen stimulant

Answer: depressant

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? correctional experimental quasi-experimental archival

Answer: experimental

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. theory factual assertion illusory correlation internal attribution

Answer: illusory correlation

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. control; experimental dependent; independent experimental; control independent; dependent

Answer: independent; dependent

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. lucid dreaming parasomnias Proto consciousness somnambulism

Answer: parasomnias

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify? physical dependence psychological dependence synergistic effects polysubstance abuse disorder

Answer: psychological dependence

Psychology refers to the _____________. empirical study of humanity experimental study of individuals scientific study of the mind and behavior systematic study of human interaction

Answer: scientific study of the mind and behavior

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. falls asleep in the middle of the day sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period suffers from chronic sleep deprivation suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of financial debt

Answer: suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and __________. explaining the subconscious the operation of individual parts of the mind the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts understanding the id, ego, and superego

Answer: the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

manifest content

according the Freud, the actual content of a dream

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

validity

accuracy

indigenized psychology

adapting western psychology such that it aligns with local culture

Narcolepsy

attacks of sleep

Humanism

can't change how you think or behave one brain is developed - everyone is born "good" - person control - intentionality

causation

changes in independent variable result in changes of dependent variable

psychological dependence

chronic use of substance to cope with emotional/psychological distress

Stimulants

- increase level of neural activity - dopamine agonists - caffeine - nicotine

Mescaline is considered a(n) ______ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. depressant stimulant hallucinogenic antipsychotic

Answer: Hallucinogenic

Reliability

precision

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

theory

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

insomnia

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

Halluncinogen Persisting Perception Disorder

Type 1: Experiencing random, brief flashbacks Type 2: Experiencing ongoing changes to vision, which may come and go

Sleep-wake cycle

a daily, naturally occurring 24-hour circadian rhythm of sleep and wake states regulated by a biological clock

Functionalism

determining purpose of various elements of psyche - psychological elements exist for a reason - how mental activities help an organism fit into the environment - evolution psychology

Structuralism

focus on the contents of mental processes rather than their function - breaking into parts

Inductive Reasoning

general premise to specific observations

slept debt

insufficent sleep on chronic basis

physicological dependence

involves changes in normal body functions and withdrawal symptoms

delta waves

low frequency, high amplitude (desynchronized)

alpha waves

low frequency, high amplitude (synchronized)

theta waves

low frequency, low amplitude

archival research

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

indigenous psychology

native science (science developed in America)

naturalistic observation

observation of behavior in its natural setting -observer bias

Parasomnias

patterns of waking behavior that appear during sleep

illusory correlation

perception of a relationship where none exists,

Psychoanalytic Theory

problems arise from the unconscious mind - issues are made at childhood - clinical psychology - treating the problems

correlation

relationship between two variables

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

cross-sectional study

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

sleep rebound

shorter time falling asleep if sleep deprived

deductive reasoning

specific observations to general premise

Sleep Apnea

stop breathing during sleep

case study

study of one individual in great detail

confirmation bias

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

hypothesis

tentative/testable statement

survey

the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions

Tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

Behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

westernized psychology

using psychology based on western culture in not western cultures