Psychology Test 3
__________________ is the creation of new ways of responding to objects or looking at the world.
Accommodation
_________________________ are the arousal-producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior.
Activating effects
_____________________ can sabotage the efforts of overweight people to maintain a slender profile.
Adaptive thermogenesis
_________________ are male sex hormones that masculinize the sex organs in the embryonic stage.
Androgens
_____________________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.
Biological factors
_____________ is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that take root anywhere in the body.
Cancer
______________ are more likely to conform to group judgement.
Collectivists
_____________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives.
Conflict
____________ is an environmental hassle.
Crime
_______________ is Hans Selye's term for stress that is healthful.
Eustress
_____________ are inferred from behavior.
Motives
________________ are nearsighted when they are born.
Newborns
______________________ presents respondents with a standardized group of test items.
Objective tests
________________ learning is one of the foundations of social cognitive theory.
Observational
_______________ is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Overeating
________________ assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to CHD.
Overtime work
___________ is an example of a psychological need.
Power
___________________ allows us to brace ourselves for the inevitable and, in many cases, plan way of coping with it.
Predictability
__________________ factors play an important role in the human hunger drive.
Psychological
______________ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.
Rooting
____________ is best defined as a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust.
Stress
____________________ hormones can heighten the sex drive in women.
Testosterone
_____________ parents are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.
Uninvolved
Psychological need for approval, __________________, and belonging gives rise to drives.
achievement
The resistance stage of the GAS is also known as the ____________________ stage.
adaptation
In the context of the GAS, the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are secreted by the _______________________.
adrenal medulla
High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by low levels of _____________________ and noradrenaline.
adrenaline
The ___________________ stage is the first stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the GAS.
alarm reaction
The ________________ is a sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus.
amniotic sac
Carl Jung developed the psychodynamic theory called ______________ psychology.
analytical
Ovaries produce ____________ in women.
androgens
In the context of _______________________, affluent females may be at greater risk because they have greater access to fitness centers and health clubs.
anorexia nervosa
The persistent secretion of steroids interferes with the formation of ________________.
antibodies
In the _________________________ conflicts both goals are attainable.
approach-approach
Carl Jung's analytical psychology emphasizes the collective unconscious and ____________.
archetypes
Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concept of _________________ and accommodation.
assimilation
According to James and Lange emotions are the cognitive representations of ________________ physiological and behavioral responses.
automatic
According to Erikson, toddlers through about the age of three are said to be in the stage of ____________.
autonomy
Men and women have similar _____________ responses to sexual stimulation.
biological
A person romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females is most likely to be labeled ___________.
bisexual
A feature of Erikson's intimacy verses isolation stage is the establishment of ________ relationships.
close
According to Piaget's ____________ developmental theory, people try to eliminate inconsistencies or discrepancies in information.
cognitive
The multiple approach-avoidance conflicts are the most ____________.
complex
According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, ___________________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.
conscientiousness
Freud labeled the region of the iceberg that pokes into the light of awareness the ____________ part of the mind.
conscious
Erik Erikson believed that to a large extent a person is a ___________________________ of his or her own personality.
conscious architect
People with type A personality traits find it difficult to surrender ______________ or share power.
control
A ___________ period is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.
critical
Social relationships are a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and __________________.
development
In the context of the _______________________ acquired drives are developed through experience.
drive-reduction theory
According to Erikson, adolescents who do not develop _______________ may experience role diffusion..
ego identity
Freud believed that the ____________________ develops in the phallic stage of psychosexual development.
electra complex
The belief that one must be preoccupied by threats is a prescription for perpetual _____________________.
emotional upheaval
Feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are defined as _____________.
emotions
The ________________ stage is the third stage in the general adaptation syndrome.
exhaustion
A high ______________________ ratio is a biological factor responsible for obesity.
fat-to-muscle
In the context of prenatal development, the ______________ lasts from the beginning of third month of pregnancy until birth.
fetal stage
The __________________ is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not been implanted in the uterine wall.
germinal stage
In the context of the GAS, the mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline arouses the body by accelerating the __________________.
heart rate
The __________________________ theories do not predict the sorts of traits and interests we will develop.
humanistic-existential
Research suggests that __________ can moderate the effects of stress.
humor
The ____________ of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.
illusion
The concept of the _____________ audience may drive the intense adolescent desire for privacy.
imaginary
People whose __________________ is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer.
immune system
Type A people are highly driven, competitive, ________________, hostile, and aggressive.
impatient
Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on the role of feelings of _____________ and the creative self in the formation of personality.
inferiority
Feeling lonely and being socially isolated are examples of ____________________________.
inner concern hassles
Life changes occur at ____________ intervals, whereas daily hassles occur regularly.
irregular
The _____________ stage of psychosexual development is characterized by repression of sexual impulses.
latency
The ________________________ is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center.
lateral hypothalamus
Type B people are less ambitious and _______________________.
less impatient
Eros is fueled by psychological, or psychic energy, which Freud labeled ____________.
libido
The risk of coronary heart disease can be reduced by _____________ LDL serum cholesterol.
lowering
Maslow's theory suggests that human behavior is not just _____________ and aimed toward survival and the reduction of tension.
mechanical
Cognitive theorists note that people represents their world _____________.
mentally
Fatty tissue in the body _______________ food more slowly than muscle tissue does.
metabolizes
Children at the preconventional level base their _________ judgments on the consequences of behavior.
moral
In the concrete operational stage, children center on the ____________ of wrongdoers as well as the amount of damage.
motives
In the context of hunger, we get signals of satiety from the _________.
mouth
A(n) __________ is a state of deprivation.
need
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an _______________ test.
objective
The trait theory focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their ____________.
origins
According to research, more than two out of three adult Americans are ____________.
overweight
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is an example of an objective ________________ test.
personality
The correct sequence of stages of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development is oral, anal, _________, latency, and genital.
phallic
The ______________ acts as a medium for the passage of nutrients from the mother to the embryo.
placenta
The ____________ is the second phase of the sexual cycle.
plateau
According to Freud, the id follows the ____________ principle.
pleasure
Moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _____________________ level.
postconventional
Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely the conscious, ____________________, and unconscious.
preconscious
Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on Western cultural ______________.
prejudice
According to Piaget, the _________________ stage is the second stage of cognitive development in children.
preoperational
Adaptive thermogenesis is a mechanism that would help _________________ in times of famine.
preserve life
The far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality is a focus of the _______________ theory.
psychodynamic
Many health problems are affected by ____________________ such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.
psychological factors
Erikson labeled the first stage of _________________ development as the stage of trust versus mistrust.
psychosocial
According to Freud, the ego stands for ____________ ways of coping with frustrations.
rational
Skinner believed that the effects of ____________________ on behavior should be emphasized.
reinforement
Infants with ____________ attachment will alternately cling to and push their mother away.
resistant
According to Maslow, once physiological needs are satisfied, people try to fulfill their need for __________.
safety
In the context of hunger, __________ is the state of being satisfied.
satiety
According to Ainsworth, ___________ attached children seek interaction with mother upon reunion.
securely
The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers defined the ________ as the center of experience.
self
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called ______________________.
self-actualization
Maslow believed that we are separated from other animals by our capacity for _______________________.
self-actualization
People with higher levels of __________________ are more likely to control their alcohol intake.
self-efficacy
In Piaget's stages of cognitive development of children, the ______________ stage comes to a close with the acquisition of the basics of language at about age two.
sensorimotor
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development the _________________ start to differentiate.
sex organs
The ___________________ theory pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior.
social cognitive
In the case of stimulus motives, organisms seek to increase _________________.
stimulation
According to the general adaptation syndrome, the alarm reaction is first triggered by perception of a ______________.
stressor
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the _____________ functions according to the moral principle.
superego
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on the influence of ___________ on children's cognitive development.
teachers
Psychological hardiness is a cluster of __________ that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.
traits
The embryo is connected to the placenta by the ________________.
umbilical cord
The _______________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.
unconscious
In psychological testing, __________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
validity
Fixation is the amount of time spent looking at a ___________________ by an infant.
visual stimulus
Crystallized intelligence is shown more generally by _____________.
vocabulary
Newborns use the _____________________ to avoid painful stimuli.
withdrawal reflex
During the germinal stage of prenatal development the __________ divides repeatedly while moving to the uterus.
zygote
_______________ refers to some animals that become attached to the first moving object they encounter.
Imprinting
The ____________________ test contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations.
Thematic Apperception
_____________ are reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior.
Traits