Psychology Test 3

__________________ is the creation of new ways of responding to objects or looking at the world.

Accommodation

_________________________ are the arousal-producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior.

Activating effects

_____________________ can sabotage the efforts of overweight people to maintain a slender profile.

Adaptive thermogenesis

_________________ are male sex hormones that masculinize the sex organs in the embryonic stage.

Androgens

_____________________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

Biological factors

_____________ is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that take root anywhere in the body.

Cancer

______________ are more likely to conform to group judgement.

Collectivists

_____________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives.

Conflict

____________ is an environmental hassle.

Crime

_______________ is Hans Selye's term for stress that is healthful.

Eustress

_____________ are inferred from behavior.

Motives

________________ are nearsighted when they are born.

Newborns

______________________ presents respondents with a standardized group of test items.

Objective tests

________________ learning is one of the foundations of social cognitive theory.

Observational

_______________ is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.

Overeating

________________ assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to CHD.

Overtime work

___________ is an example of a psychological need.

Power

___________________ allows us to brace ourselves for the inevitable and, in many cases, plan way of coping with it.

Predictability

__________________ factors play an important role in the human hunger drive.

Psychological

______________ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.

Rooting

____________ is best defined as a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust.

Stress

____________________ hormones can heighten the sex drive in women.

Testosterone

_____________ parents are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.

Uninvolved

Psychological need for approval, __________________, and belonging gives rise to drives.

achievement

The resistance stage of the GAS is also known as the ____________________ stage.

adaptation

In the context of the GAS, the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are secreted by the _______________________.

adrenal medulla

High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by low levels of _____________________ and noradrenaline.

adrenaline

The ___________________ stage is the first stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the GAS.

alarm reaction

The ________________ is a sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus.

amniotic sac

Carl Jung developed the psychodynamic theory called ______________ psychology.

analytical

Ovaries produce ____________ in women.

androgens

In the context of _______________________, affluent females may be at greater risk because they have greater access to fitness centers and health clubs.

anorexia nervosa

The persistent secretion of steroids interferes with the formation of ________________.

antibodies

In the _________________________ conflicts both goals are attainable.

approach-approach

Carl Jung's analytical psychology emphasizes the collective unconscious and ____________.

archetypes

Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concept of _________________ and accommodation.

assimilation

According to James and Lange emotions are the cognitive representations of ________________ physiological and behavioral responses.

automatic

According to Erikson, toddlers through about the age of three are said to be in the stage of ____________.

autonomy

Men and women have similar _____________ responses to sexual stimulation.

biological

A person romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females is most likely to be labeled ___________.

bisexual

A feature of Erikson's intimacy verses isolation stage is the establishment of ________ relationships.

close

According to Piaget's ____________ developmental theory, people try to eliminate inconsistencies or discrepancies in information.

cognitive

The multiple approach-avoidance conflicts are the most ____________.

complex

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, ___________________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.

conscientiousness

Freud labeled the region of the iceberg that pokes into the light of awareness the ____________ part of the mind.

conscious

Erik Erikson believed that to a large extent a person is a ___________________________ of his or her own personality.

conscious architect

People with type A personality traits find it difficult to surrender ______________ or share power.

control

A ___________ period is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.

critical

Social relationships are a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and __________________.

development

In the context of the _______________________ acquired drives are developed through experience.

drive-reduction theory

According to Erikson, adolescents who do not develop _______________ may experience role diffusion..

ego identity

Freud believed that the ____________________ develops in the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

electra complex

The belief that one must be preoccupied by threats is a prescription for perpetual _____________________.

emotional upheaval

Feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are defined as _____________.

emotions

The ________________ stage is the third stage in the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion

A high ______________________ ratio is a biological factor responsible for obesity.

fat-to-muscle

In the context of prenatal development, the ______________ lasts from the beginning of third month of pregnancy until birth.

fetal stage

The __________________ is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not been implanted in the uterine wall.

germinal stage

In the context of the GAS, the mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline arouses the body by accelerating the __________________.

heart rate

The __________________________ theories do not predict the sorts of traits and interests we will develop.

humanistic-existential

Research suggests that __________ can moderate the effects of stress.

humor

The ____________ of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.

illusion

The concept of the _____________ audience may drive the intense adolescent desire for privacy.

imaginary

People whose __________________ is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer.

immune system

Type A people are highly driven, competitive, ________________, hostile, and aggressive.

impatient

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on the role of feelings of _____________ and the creative self in the formation of personality.

inferiority

Feeling lonely and being socially isolated are examples of ____________________________.

inner concern hassles

Life changes occur at ____________ intervals, whereas daily hassles occur regularly.

irregular

The _____________ stage of psychosexual development is characterized by repression of sexual impulses.

latency

The ________________________ is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center.

lateral hypothalamus

Type B people are less ambitious and _______________________.

less impatient

Eros is fueled by psychological, or psychic energy, which Freud labeled ____________.

libido

The risk of coronary heart disease can be reduced by _____________ LDL serum cholesterol.

lowering

Maslow's theory suggests that human behavior is not just _____________ and aimed toward survival and the reduction of tension.

mechanical

Cognitive theorists note that people represents their world _____________.

mentally

Fatty tissue in the body _______________ food more slowly than muscle tissue does.

metabolizes

Children at the preconventional level base their _________ judgments on the consequences of behavior.

moral

In the concrete operational stage, children center on the ____________ of wrongdoers as well as the amount of damage.

motives

In the context of hunger, we get signals of satiety from the _________.

mouth

A(n) __________ is a state of deprivation.

need

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an _______________ test.

objective

The trait theory focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their ____________.

origins

According to research, more than two out of three adult Americans are ____________.

overweight

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is an example of an objective ________________ test.

personality

The correct sequence of stages of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development is oral, anal, _________, latency, and genital.

phallic

The ______________ acts as a medium for the passage of nutrients from the mother to the embryo.

placenta

The ____________ is the second phase of the sexual cycle.

plateau

According to Freud, the id follows the ____________ principle.

pleasure

Moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _____________________ level.

postconventional

Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely the conscious, ____________________, and unconscious.

preconscious

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on Western cultural ______________.

prejudice

According to Piaget, the _________________ stage is the second stage of cognitive development in children.

preoperational

Adaptive thermogenesis is a mechanism that would help _________________ in times of famine.

preserve life

The far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality is a focus of the _______________ theory.

psychodynamic

Many health problems are affected by ____________________ such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.

psychological factors

Erikson labeled the first stage of _________________ development as the stage of trust versus mistrust.

psychosocial

According to Freud, the ego stands for ____________ ways of coping with frustrations.

rational

Skinner believed that the effects of ____________________ on behavior should be emphasized.

reinforement

Infants with ____________ attachment will alternately cling to and push their mother away.

resistant

According to Maslow, once physiological needs are satisfied, people try to fulfill their need for __________.

safety

In the context of hunger, __________ is the state of being satisfied.

satiety

According to Ainsworth, ___________ attached children seek interaction with mother upon reunion.

securely

The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers defined the ________ as the center of experience.

self

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called ______________________.

self-actualization

Maslow believed that we are separated from other animals by our capacity for _______________________.

self-actualization

People with higher levels of __________________ are more likely to control their alcohol intake.

self-efficacy

In Piaget's stages of cognitive development of children, the ______________ stage comes to a close with the acquisition of the basics of language at about age two.

sensorimotor

During the embryonic stage of prenatal development the _________________ start to differentiate.

sex organs

The ___________________ theory pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior.

social cognitive

In the case of stimulus motives, organisms seek to increase _________________.

stimulation

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the alarm reaction is first triggered by perception of a ______________.

stressor

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the _____________ functions according to the moral principle.

superego

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on the influence of ___________ on children's cognitive development.

teachers

Psychological hardiness is a cluster of __________ that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.

traits

The embryo is connected to the placenta by the ________________.

umbilical cord

The _______________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.

unconscious

In psychological testing, __________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

validity

Fixation is the amount of time spent looking at a ___________________ by an infant.

visual stimulus

Crystallized intelligence is shown more generally by _____________.

vocabulary

Newborns use the _____________________ to avoid painful stimuli.

withdrawal reflex

During the germinal stage of prenatal development the __________ divides repeatedly while moving to the uterus.

zygote

_______________ refers to some animals that become attached to the first moving object they encounter.

Imprinting

The ____________________ test contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations.

Thematic Apperception

_____________ are reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior.

Traits