Psychology/Sociology
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
1 to 3 yearsErikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt and persistent external locus of control
Upper Class (what percentage of people, income)
1% of people, including celebrities, business executives, heirs, and other extremely wealthy people, typically with an annual salary greater than $500,000
alertness
consciousness in which we are awake and able to think; can perceive, process, access, and verbalize info - certain level of physiological arousal, higher cortisol levels, and EEG wave patterns - maintained by reticular formation
Canal of schlemm
drains aqueous humor of eye
Generativity vs. Stagnation
individual is capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society; if not overcome- the person becomes self indulgent, bored, and self centered with little care of others
Four primary factors that influence motivation
instincts, arousal, drives, and needs
Intellectual disability causes, FAS, and cognitive development
intellectual disability--caused by trauma during birth, injury, illness, chem exposuresAlcohol use during pregnancy---causes FASFAS and intellectual disability lead to slowed cognitive development
social capital
investments people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards; higher social capital=higher social integration ex: social network is a type of social capital
anterior cingulate gyrus
involved in major depression; failure to shut down cortisol here: in charge of regulating autonomic processes
Semicircular canals
involved in rotational circulation, each of them are perpindicular to one another. Have an ampulla where hair cells are rotated. Endolhymph resists motion
Aligning actions strategy
making questionable behavior acceptable thru excuses (missing deadlines cause of sleeping); impression management
polygyny
male with multiple females
Conflict theory
focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to maintenance of social order
Social cognitive Perspective
focuses on how we interact with environment
altruism
heping behavior in which person's intent is to benefit somone else at some cost to him or herself. remember that the motives behind helping someone in an altruistic manner can be selfish, egotistic or empathetic
Galton argued that intelligence was a _____ trait.
hereditary
Criminal behavior, IQ have some patterns of ________.
heritability
Activation Synthesis Theory
dreams are caused by widespread random activation of neural circuitry which mimics incoming sensory information, unmet needs and other experiences - cortex attempts to link up this unrelated info together- which results in weird, but familiar genes
Problem Solving Dream theories
dreams are ways in which you can solve problems while sleeping as in dreams you are untethered by rules of real world and so you can interpret things differently from when you are sleeping.
role exit
dropping one identity for another
Maladaptive Coping strategies
drugs, entertainment, not really getting at the root of the problem
For transgender individuals, the DSM 5 still lists the diagnosis of gender________
dysphoria
Persistent Depressive Disorder
dythymia for at least 2 years; does not meet category for MDD
self discrepancy theory
each of has has 3 selves- Self concept makes up ACTUAL SELF- the way we see ourselves currently IDEAL SELF- person we would like to be OUGHT SELF- our representation of the way others think we should be the closer the actual, ideal, and ought selves are the greater the self esteem or self worth
REM Rebound
earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep as compared to normal
Activities of daily living (5) that tend to relate to decline in intellectual abilities
eating, bathing, toileting, dressing, ambulation
Repression
ego's way of forcing undesired thoughts or urges or unconscious forgetting
Stressor
element, external condition, event that leads to stress response (5) 1. Environmental (temp, sounds, weather) 2. Daily events (unexpected occurrences, lost items, etc) 3. Workplace or academic issues (meeting with folks, assignments, etc) 4. Social Expectations- (demands placed on you by society, family, friends 5. chemical an dbiological stressors- diet alcohol etc
good continuation
elements appear to follow the same pathway are grouped together.
Malthusian theory
exponential growth of pop can outpace food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder; catastrophe is when third world nations industrialize, go thru transition and pace of world pop growth willl be higher leading to outweighing available food and mass starvation
attitude
expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing, or scenario; develop from experiences with others who affect our opinions and behaviors 3 pts: affective, behavioral, cognitive (ABC)
Distinctiveness cues
extent to which a person engages in a similar behavior across a series of scenaiors; if their behavior varies across scenarios we form a situational attribution.
Consensus cues
extent to which a person's behavior differs from others; if person deviates from socially expected beahvior we are likely to form a dispositional attribution
locus of control (2)
extent to which people believe they have control of their lives and the events which affect theminternal locus of control and external locus of control
stigma
extreme disapproval or dislike of a person/group based on perceived differences from rest of society
agents of socialization
factors that drive and influence socializationex: children- parents and family life are agentsteen-- it is your social circles that influences socializationadults-- workplace, media, etc
Explicit declarative memory
facts and stories
Shadowing ear task
falls under selective attention theory studies; the shadowing task - you have a headphone with different information coming from both ears. Told to repeat what was said in one ear and ignore the other ear; Three major theories stem from this.
misinformation effect
false info can make people prone to forming false memories; we tend to replace things in our memory with things that are similar
Those with low self esteem view themselves as worthless
false; they just tend to be more critical of themselves and they take criticism poorly.
Automatic processing
familr or routine actions that don't require undivided, or controlled/effortful processing
kinship vs. family
family- a group of people related by blood, marriage, adoption or law kinship= extension of family; refers less to blood relations and more to who we consider belonging to our family.
Separation anxiety age
fear of being separated by caregiver- occurs at 1 yr
Agoraphobia
fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
mass hysteria
features elements of groupthink; shared intense concern about threats to society
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
feelings of detachment from the mind and body from environment
IQ tests
first generated by Alfred Bient, then a dude at Standford created his own version
Primacy effect
first impressions are more important than later impression
Sensory memory
first recall of visual info, quick short term; type subtypes are iconic and echoic memory
Sensorimotor Stage
first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development; birth-2y child manipulates physical environment thru circular reactions. ends with establishment of object permanence and beginning of representational thought
Sensorimotor Stage
first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development; birth-2y;;child manipulates physical environment thru circular reactions.;ends with establishment of object permanence and beginning of representational thought
Hermann Von helholtz
first to measure speed of nerve impulse; by measuring speed in terms of reaction times he allowed psychology to be more scientific like
Example of representativeness heuristic
flip coin 10 times land on heads each time, what about probability of 11th- head or tail based on stereotypical expectation- you may say heads or protypical tails, or you may ignore the 50% probability or numerical info--basal rate fallacy
Selective Attention
focus on one part of sensorium while ignoring other stimuli - originally if a stimulus was off interest it would pass thru filter and be processed and all other things would be ignored but this may not be the case (cocktail party phenomenon)
microsociology perspective to health
focus on smaller scale group interactions for depression
Force Field Theory by Kurt Lewin
focuses little on past or future, fixed traits, habits, structures like the id/ego/superego. He defined the field as one's current state of mind which was the sum of influences on the individual at that time. focusing on how people attain self realization
strain theory
focuses on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance.
Spatial inequality
focuses on social stratification across territories and populations; how geo affects social processes. Social categories like race class etnicity and gender define how people use space (perhaps as a means of family life, culture, and entertainment for ex) and this affects spatial inequality.
phenomenological research
focuses on subjective elements of an experience by trying to understand individuals' perceptions, perspectives and understanding of a particular situation or event. Often, this is done by way of collecting narratives from multiple subjects regarding the same situation or experience, in order to make generalizations about the research topic.
Attention
focusing on one aspect of sensory environment or SENSORIUM
Carl Roger's incongruence theory
for someone to reach self actulization they need to be in a state of congurence, in other words, this is when a person's ideal self (who they want to be) is aligned with their actual behavior (self image)
Korsakoff syndrome
form of mem loss caused by thiamine deficiency; marked by retrograde and anterograde amnesia in an attempt to fill in gaps of mem, the brain engages in confabulation
ritual
formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group regularly engage; has a certain order of events, rules, including important behaviors
algorithms
formula or procedure for solving certain problem, could be set of instructions or math for desired solution
Hawk Dove game
game or model to explain how access to food resources works. Hawks- FIGHTER STRAT--- display aggression until wins or injures Doves- FIGHT AVOIDANCE STRAT- display aggression first but retreat if fighting escalates
Cornea
gathers and focuses incoming light
Standford Binet IQ test
general IQ calculation: IQ= mental age/chronological age *100
intellectual ability is determined by
genes, environment, educational experiences--shown to run in families, SES, parental expectations, and nutrition also correlate
Convergence
gives humans idea of depth and how much eyeballs have turned
Self disclosure strategy
giving info about oneself to establish an identity (premed student to patients); impression management
Test-Test reliability
good test should give stable results over time
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
graph of words recalled (%) vs. days- we tend to forget things
motor skills development progression
gross motor skills tend to develop in a head to toe order starting with ability to lift head, stabilize trunk, and finally walking
when is group affliation greatest?
group affliation or attraction/commitment increases when the members share similar knowledge, preferences, skills, and other aspects of cultural capital.
choice shift
group may shift towards caution as a group as well
Group conformity
group that holds power over its members, creates group pressure, and shapes the group behavior
subcultures
groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from their primary culture symbolic attachmentof clothing/music that differentiate this group could be based on race/gender/ethnicity/sexuality countercultures- negative subcultures
Out groups
groups that an individual competes with or is opposition to
Reference groups
groups that establish terms by which individual evaluates themselves (ex: medical applicant will use accepted students at a medical school as a reference group for their suitability for aparticular school
in group
groups to which an individual belongs
BP 2
has at least one hypomanic episode and 1 major depressive episode
magnocellularcells
have high temporal resolution, not much color spatial resolution.
Eustachian tube
helps to equalize pressure between the middle ear and environment
belief perseverence
refers to the inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary.
socioeconomic gradient in health
reflects that those with the lowest status are less healthy than those in the middle, who are less healthy than those at the top
Reference group
self concept depends on who we are comparing ourselves too. So even tho docs make above the national median income, they may perceive themselves as less wealthy as they are comparing themselves to others who make a lot of money as well
altruistic behavior
self-sacrificing behavior that benefits another individual
distal stimulus
stimuli that originate outside the body prior to reaching the body are considered the distal stimuli (ex: campfire). physical object or event in the external world that reflects light; that light or energy that is coming is the proximal stimulus and it excites receptors in our eyes--leads to perception
Bystandard effect
social groups wherein individuals don't intervene to help others when others are present vars that impact participation is degree of responsiblity felt, social etiquette degree of danger, and cohesiveness of group
group polarization
tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than individual ideas and inclinations of members within the group (can lead to riskier or more cautious activity)
stimulus generalization
tendency of a new stimulus to evoke responses or behaviors elicited by another stimulus (ex: sound of a bell and sound of a tone may both cause salivation)
Game theory
social interaction is a game where some will be winners and some will be loosers
Schacter-Singer theory
both arousal and labeling of arousal is based on the environment and must occur for an emotion to be experienced "I am excited bc my heart is racing and everyone else is happy" Exp: they have injections of EPI or placebo in ignorant, misinformed, and informed subjects and they manipulated external cues by having an actor act happy or angry EPI--- resulted in higher arousal--less emotion those that were misinformed or ignorant had high levels of emotion and labeled themselves as happy or sad based on environment
Kohlberg's moral reasoning B. Conventional morality
individual starts to see themselves based on their relationships to others iii. Conformity- good boy or nice girl orientation to seek approval of others iv. Law and Order- maintains social order in high regard
Reaction formation
individuals suppress urges by unsconsciously converting them to their exact opposites (ex: dude does like female celebrity and can't be with her so he dislikes her)
self serving bias
individuals view their own successes based on internal factors and failures based on external factors
relative deprivation theory
individuals who perceive themselves as having less resources than others will often act in ways to obtain these resources
Somatic Disorder
bodily/somatic symptoms can cause stress and impairment to sufferer.lacks identifiable causeimpaired by irrational fears of having a disease; illness anxiety disorder
Asch's line conformity experiment
individuals will often conform to group opinion even if its wrong; incorrectly answered 1/3 of time; people sometimes knowingly give wrong answer in order to not go against the group
priviledge
inequality in networks and social capital leads to an inequality in opportunity
Sir Charles Sherrington
inferred existence of synapses; incorrectly deemed them to be more electrical in nature
informational influence
influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality; looking to others
normative influence
influence to conform w/expectations of others to gain social approval
Elaborative Rehearsal
info consolidated into longe term memory by relating information to our own llives or other information already stored
Mores
informal norms that carry major importance for society, and if broken, can result in severe social sanctions
How is information processed in brain?
information is encoded, stored, and retrieved; the mechanism behind this is controversial. In 1950s- mind likened to computer
Glycine
inhibitory neurotransmitter founding spinal cord and brain stem
Inner Ear Anatomy
inner ear constains 3 semicircular canals which are orthogonal or right angles to one another (posterior, lateral and anterior)- each contain endolymph
social interaction
both people influence others behavior
circadian rhythms
daily 24 hour cycle is regulated by external cues of light from melatonin (serotonin derive) released by pineal gland
Mortality
deaths caused by given disease
pheromones
debatable on humans; play role in mediating animal foraging, mating, social beahviors
situational modification
decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to solve new probs
relative deprivation
decrease in resources, rights, etc that push people toward proactive change
Synaptic Pruning
decrease in synapses that occurs as we age and in development to get rid of weak synapses, meanwhile strong ones are kept
Partial report technique
testing memory in which only some of the total information is presented to be recalled (ex: several rows of letter are shown to the participate and a cue given afterward will only ask them to recall one particular row)
___________ of task you are analyzing determines how long it takes to filter and when filtering occurs
the DIFFICULTY of task you are analyzing determines how long it takes to filter and when filtering occurs
Social cognition/perception (3)
the way we generate impressions about people, includes 3 parts: 1. PERCEIVER- person making the impression 2. TARGET=- who the impression is about 3. SITUATION- this is the social context of scenario
Ekman's hypothesis
there are (7) universal human emotions:;anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise
Stage 1 sleep on EEG is detected by appearance of _____ waves
theta
Stage 2 waves eeg waves again show ____ waves and ________ and _______
theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes
animals without amygdala
they are docile, less aggression, and hypersexual
Secondary group
interactions are superficial with few emotional bonds, last for shorter period of times
primary group
interactions that are direct, close bonds that are warm, personal, with intimate relationships among members
responses to conformity include ______ and _____.;
internalizaton and identification
discrimination
involves action or negative treatment of person/group as a result of prejudice- often individual's action- institutional policies can enable justification/unintentional promotion of discrimination
formal sanction
involves an official way of promoting a behavior/normalizing a behavior POSITIVE- an official reward for an action or behavior NEGATIVE- official punishment for an action or behavior
Dependent PD
involves continous need for reassurance
Narcissistic PD
involves gradiose sense of self importance and need for admiration
positive growth rate negative growth rate
involves increase in birth rates and influx of people Neg Growth rate- death rate and efflux of people
Obsessive Compulsive PD
involves perfectionism, infelxibility, and preoccupation with rules
Compulsive Stimulation seeking coping
involves shopping gambling physical activity, stuff that entails avoidance of the problem- avoidance coping
social withdrawal/excessive autonomy coping
involves social isolation, disconnection, withdrawal, exaggerated focus on self reliance rather than relying on others etc
Shading and contour
involves using light and shadows to perceive depth and colors
Specific phobias
irrational fears about specific objects or situations
theta waves
irregular waveforms with slower frequencies and higher voltage
Narcolepsy what is it- symptoms(5)
irrestible, sudden urge to sleep which lasts from a few min to half an hour. symptoms include: 1. cataplexy (loss of muscle control), 2.sudden intrusion of REM sleep (emotional triggers), 3.sleep paralysis(awake but can't move), 4.hypnagogic or 5.hypnapompic hallucinations
interpersonal attraction (4)
it is based on multiple factors (4) 1. Self Disclosure 2. Reciprocity 3. Proximity 4. Attractiveness (golden ratio proportions)
when does rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occur
it is interspersed between stages 1-4 of NREM sleep
Avoidance learning
it is meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen (studying for an exam, cleaning the house, or making chai before people ask)
Criticisms of Kohlberg's moral reasoning model
it is more geared to individualistic societies and is not considerate of collectivist cultures. his exps were also only on male subjects which can cloud differences in reasoning patterns.
Erikson's Psychosexual Development- what does it say about not passing stage?
it is possible to fail at resolving the conflict, but that doesn't mean that mastery is required to move onto the next stage; success= answering existential question associated with the stage
Similarity
items that are similar to one another are grouped together by the brainex: brain automatically organizes these squares and circles in terms of similarities
Just world hypothesis
its like secular karma; people believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
prospective memory (age?)
remembering to do something in the future like taking medicine; time based prospective memory (like when to take meds) declines with age semantic based prospective memory (like remembering to buy milk when looking in the fridge) does not decline with age.
Primary circular rxns
repetition of body movement-originally it was by chance but child finds soothing (sucking thumb)
Broca's area
located in inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe, controls motor function of speech via connections with motor cortex; damage this we get Broca's or EXPRESSIVE aphasia- understand everything but can't speak properly
olfactory chemoreceptors/nerves
located in olfactory epithelium in the upper part of the nasal cavity. Chem stimuli directly bind to these chemoreceptors to cause a signal)
Wernicke's area
located in superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe-involved in language comprehension, damage this- no comprehension- very frustrating as they can't express themselves---Expressive aphasia
Personality Disorder
long lasting, maladaptive patterns of behavior that impair cognition, emotion, interpersonal behavior, communication, and/or impulse control
Paranoid personality disorder
long term pattern of distrust and suspicion with others; doesn't have full blown psychotic disorder.
Muzafer Sherif's Robbers Cave Study (examined?)
looked at intergroup conflicts which arise over limited resources
Distant networks
looser, contain weaker ties (acquaintences)
Agnosia
loss of ability to recognize objects, people, sounds, etc usually manifests as loss of one of the three; typically due to neurological disorders like MS or stroke
Schiophrenia (negative symptoms)
loss of behavior, cognition, avolition, affect
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past
Poverty
low SES and a lack of possessions or financial resources; handed down from generation to generation
GABA
main inhibitory neurotrans of CNS; it hyperpolarizes cells to reduce AP firing
excessive orderliness/obsessionality overcompensation; maladaptive coping.
maintains strict order, tight self control, hihg lievel of predictability planning , etc; tries to find best way to avoid disappointment---maladaptive coping
lowball technique
requestor will get initial commitment from an individual and raise the cost of commitment (this cost could be money effort or time) ex: Gina tells you that she needs help filling out some forms for her new house, but then asks you to help her move in
Effortful encoding
requires attention and conscious effort
National identity
requires citizenship
false consciousness
misperception of one's actual position within society; members of the proletariat either don't see just how bad conditions are or they don't recognize commonalities between their experience. Prevents class consciousness
William Sheldon's somatotypes
personality is based on body type or somatotype short stocky people= jolly tall people= very high strung and aloof medium people= strong and well adjusted
Hans Eysenck
personality theorist; asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion; devised the PEN model
Superego
personality's perfectionist, judges actions and responds with pride at accomplishments; subdivided into the conscience and ego ideal. CONSCIENCE- all the improper actions you were punished for as a kid EGO IDEAL= proper actions child is rewarded for; a system of right and wrong substitutes for these rewards and punishments
Nativist Theory
proposed by Chomsky; advocates for innate language capacity - believe in critical period for language acquisition ( 2yrs-puberty) - if no language in this time- kid can't learn language -evidence: child abuse periods -innate ability to learn language---language aquisition device (LAD) is theoretical pathway that allows kids to process rules - focused on transformational grammer and syntactic transformations (word order changes and same meaning)
statistical power
potential or likelihood of study to detect a real diff in outcome of interest, it depends on the size and magnitude of the effect of interest (depends on the sample size)
Relative poverty
poverty is compared to the larger pop in which they live. (poor person compared to a manhattan lawyer
preparedness
predisposition to learn beahviors (ex: it'll be easier to train birds to perform a pecking based behvaior with the reward of food because they already peck for food)
Trait theorists
prefer to describe individual personality based on the summation of characteristic beahviors.
reticular formation
prefrontal cortex interacts with this structure(in brain stem) to keep the cortex awake.
ageism
prejudice or discrimination on basis of a person's age
Illness Anxiety disorder
preoccupation with thoughts about coming down with a serious disease
stereotypes
prevalent, but oversimplified idea or set of ideas about a group [generally applied]prejudice is a preconceived notion/judgement that specifically target people
Urban Decay
previously functional portion of a city deteriorates and becomes decrepit over time
Tertiary Kin
primary kin of one's primary kin's primary kin (your grandparent's sister) or the secondary kin of one's primary kin (your cousins or husband's grandmother)
Knowledge function of functional attitudes theory
providees consistency and stability; attitudes allow for organization of thoughts and experiences; allows us to predict others' actions
schlera
provides structural support
network support
providing a sense of belonging to a person
material support
providing physical or monetary resources to aid person
informaitonal support
providing useful info to a person
Arousal
psychological and physiological state of being awake (arousal) involves the brainstem, autonm nervous system and endocrine
General Paresis
psychosis that can arise from advanced stage of syphilis/disease attacks brain cells. Also claled Paralytic dementia
Schizophrenia is a _______disorder
psychotic; this term means that those with schizophrenia may also experience at least one of the following symptoms:;delusionsdisorganized thoughtshallucinationscattonianegative symptoms
motivation
purpose or driving force behind our actions Extrinisic motivation=external forces coming from outside of ourselves like praise or getting a good grade Intrinsic motivation= driven out of interest for a task or just pure enjoyment of self
state religion
religious organization that includes most people in society, officially recognized, many not be tolerant of outsiders. Need not be a theocracy (sweden state govt is lutheranism but its govt is secular)
churches
religious organizations integrated in society, interested in the day to day, codified set of rules, people born into it but they can join
sects
religious organizations not integrated into society; formed after split from larger religious organization. People can be born into it or convert. Some are isolated from society to practice beliefs
anchoring
relying too much on the first information encountered
Yerkes Dodson Law
performance of behavior tends to be neg impacted at too high or low levels of arousalthere is an optimum level of arousal for performancex axis=arousaly axis=performanceparabolic shapethis optimum level of arousal varies from person to person and situation to situation
Mood Disorders (4)
persistent, abnorm elevation or lowering of moodincludes;bipolar disordersdepression-;mania-;major depressive disorder(MDD)
Biological perspective
personality can be explained by genetic expression in the brain
Schizotypal personality disorder
personality disorder characterized by a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, and unconventional beliefs.
retrospective memory
remembering past events
Types of kinship (5)
primary kinship secondary kinship (grand parents and grandchild) tertiary kinship (your husband's grandmother) affinal kinship (no blood relationship; most common is marriage) consanguineal kinship (kinship related via genetics
______ and ______ circular reactions are often repeated as; a child gets a ________ from the environment
primary, secondary, response (ex: parent picking up toy)
prmiary reinforcer
prmiary reinforcer creates natural responses that occur even when no learning or conditiioning takes place
Social movements (2)
proactive- want change; reactive- resist change
Fluid intelligence
problem solving skills; peaks in early adulthood, subject to decline with age
assimilation
process by which an individual's group's behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group and those groups begin to merge into one; typically not an even blend of cultures
anticipatory socialization
process by which we prepare for future change we anticipate;(ex: trying to change sleeping habits with night shift)
urbanization
process of dense areas of population creating pull for migration or creating cities
George Kelly's definition of psychotherapy
process of insight whereby individual acquires new constructs which will allow him or her to successfully predict troublesome events.
globalization
process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping foreign labor markets
acquisition
process of latching an unconditioned stimulus to a neutral stimulus to produce a conditioned response
affect heuristic
process of making a judgement based on emotions that are evoked.
encoding
process of putting new info into memory
Encoding
process of putting new info into memory; can be automatic (passive, like taking in something as you stroll) effortful (active, something like flash cards)
confabulation
process of recreating vivide but fabricated memories which is thought to be an attempt made by brain to fill in gaps of missing memories (commonly seen with Korsakofff's syndrome)
shaping
process of rewarding increasingly specific behavior (training pigeon to turn around 3 times and press a lever)
resocialization
process through which we get rid of old behaviors to take on new behaviors(ex: training of soldiers to obey orders or helping those in jail transition back to societal norms)
Ciliary body
prod aqueous humor; accomodation of lens
Dementia
progressive loss of fxn and intellectual decline; starts off with impaired memory and will later progress to impaired judgement and confusion...personality changes also commonAlzeheimer's- about 60-80% of all dementia cases/most common cause
Lev Vygotsky
promosed that child's internalization of culture [interpersonal and societal rules, symbols, lang enables child's cognitive devkid looks to adults and others to develop cognitive skills
Behaviorist/Learning theory:
proposed by BF skinner in terms of operant conditions language acquisition occurs by reinforcement based on parental phoneme output kids start to prefer phoneme sounds of native language by 6 mos still can't explain explosion of vocab in early lang
word association testing
researcher provides a series of words to the individual, for each word the participants are asked to say the first word that comes to mind (what they associated); Freud thought it provided insight into people's personality
collective efficacy
respondents perception that members of their community were likely to help one another out (could be measured by prosocial behaviors)
Albert Bandura
responsible for Bobo doll experiments which showed that children can display observational learning for aggressive behavior when they watch adults exhibit such behavior
Long Term Potentiation
responsible for the conversion of short term memory into long term memory; which involves strengthening of synapses with glutamate/other ntrans release (NMDA receptors)
External validity
results of experiment can be generalized to other settings; experimental group is rep of larger population;- need to control situational variables
Duplexity/Duplicity Theory of Vision
retina contains 2 kinds of photoreceptors specialized for light/dark and color detection
reproductive memory
retrieval that is hypothesized to be an accurate recall of information; but this is subject to constructive or restructive memory issues
retrospective chart review
retrospective---looking at records from the past
Regression
reversion to earlier developmental state; older children when faced with stress may return to earlier behaviors; like thumb sucking, throwing tantrums, clinging to mothers.
prosody
rhythm, cadence, inflection of our voices can also effect pragmatics
vestibular sense
rotational and lienar acceleration
Plutocracy
rule by upper classes
Secondary circular rxns:
rxns occur when manipulation of environment is focused on something outside of the body- like repeatedly throwing toys
Secondary circular rxns:;
rxns occur when manipulation of environment is focused on something; outside of the body- like repeatedly throwing toys
Kinsey scale
scale of 0-6 with 0 being complete heterosexuality and 6 being complete homosexuality
Dopamine levels in schizophrenia vs. Parkinson's Disease
schizophrenia has high levels of dopamine (so treatment overdose could result in symptoms similar to PD) PD--low dopamine
Bootstrapping
semantic bootstrapping hypothesis proposes that children acquire their native language through exposure to sentences of the language paired with structured representations of their meaning, whose component substructures can be associated with words and syntactic structures used to express these concepts. The child's task is then to learn a language-specific grammar and lexicon based on (probably contextually ambiguous, possibly somewhat noisy) pairs of sentences and their meaning representations (logical forms)
Proprioception and Adaptation (exp)
sense of position of body in spaceexperiment: goggles that make everything upside down-- at first you would be disoriented but overtime you would be able to get a sense of where everything is and flip over glasses
Sensory adaptation
senses are adaptable and can change their sensitivity to different stimuli
3 stages of memory
sensory mem STM LTM
haptic memory
sensory memory which involves theorretically hearing and touch
in focused mission
serves itself by maximizing profit or market share
Cultural Syndrome
shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture organized around a central theme. - these dictate how one should express or suppress emotions (ex: happiness is more individualistic pursuit in US, whereas its more collective in Japan) (ex: men shouldn't cry and women shouldn't express anger)
/Self disclosure
sharing fears, thoughts, goals, with another person who is empathetic and non judgemental
McDonaldization
shift in focus to efficiency, predictability calculability control in societies original model was a fast food model, but could also include stuff like bite size headlines to make efficient and predictable info source and Corportations going thru big data to make business decisions using controlled, standardized methods (calculability)
Mcdonaldization
shift toward efficient and practical; involves 4 aspects like increasing efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control.
noise trials
signal is not presented in trials for signal detection theory
False Alarm
signal not present, person says present
Miss
signal present, no response
Hit
signal present, subject said present
endorphins/endephalins
similar to morphine and oopiods these are endogenous peptide hormones released by the anterior pituitary responsible for euphoria/pain relief
Heuristics
simplified principles used to make decisions; ie: rules of thumb---2 kinds: availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic
cognitive dissonance
simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions which leads to discomfort that manifests as fear, anger, confusion, and anxiety
sleep cycle
single, complete progression thru stages 1-4 with REM sleep.
informational social influence
situation where one turns to others to determine how they should act or what way of acting is correct
Reappraisal
situations that require constant apprisal and monitoring
implicit non declarative memory
skills and conditioning
Parasomnias
sleep disorders in which abnormal movements like night terrors, movements, behaviors, and sleepwalking occur while sleep; norm during NREM sleep mainly Disorder exs: Sleepwalking/somnambulism REM rebound Night Terrors
Somnambulism
sleepwalking; normally occurs during SWS (slow wavelength sleep); they can eat, talk, have sex, or drive far with no recollection of events- most return to beds in borning with no knowledge of nighttime activities waking them up won't harm them- but you should quietly guide them back to bed to avoid disturbing SWS
ethnic enclaves
slow assimilation as this highly concentrated area of one specific ethnicity
Cult
small religious organization which have bliefs out of the norm. Could grow into major religion.
foot in the door technique
small request is made, and after gaining compliance a larger request is made
norms provide means of _____control
social
social capital______= ________ social inequality= ________social cohesion
social capital INC______= __DEC______ social inequality= ___INC_____social cohesion
Albert Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism and personality
social cognitive perspective (we affect our surroudings) Reciprocal determinism- idea that our thoughts, feelings, and environment interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation
race
social construct based on phenotypic differences; can place people at risk for certain diseases
Ethnicity
social construct; language, nationality, religion, others facs we identify with
weak ties
social conxns that are personally superficial like associates but large in number (ex: social media websites)1
sociobiology
social differences are rooted in biology (ex: FEV KO mice are more aggressive and violent, so FEV trans fac may play role in regulating aggression.;theory of behavior
relative poverty
social disadvantage by income/wealth in the US compared to social advantages linked to income or wealth;
cultural relativism
social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms
social reproduction
social inequality both poverty and wealth can be reproduced or passed on from one generation to another ex: poverty- feelings of powerlessness, isolaiton and apathy that accompany poverty are passed down
social inequality is highest among _________, ___________, and _______. Most prevalent among ____________.
social inequality is highest among __elderly_______, __female headed familes_________, and ___racial/ethnic minorties____. Most prevalent among __low SES__________.
peer pressure
social influence placed on an individual by group of people or another person (peers=people you are equal to)
anomie
social instability caused by breakdown of social bonds- like social norms between individuals and communities; lack of social norms
What is the most important characteristic of gorups that strengthens them
social interaction
Meta-analysis
statistical technique involving the aggregation of smaller studies pertaining to a certain research question in order to draw a conclusion that is statistically stronger than those of the individual studies.
demographics
statistics of populations and are mathematical applications of sociology
ascribed status
status that one is given at birth such as race, ethnicity, gender, family background
self fulfilling prophecy
stereotyeps can lead to expectations of certain groups which can create conditions that leaad to confirmation of stereotype
Subliminal Stimuli
stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation
James Lange Theory
stimulus triggers PHYSIOLOGICAL response which THEN leads to a subjective, conscious experience of emotion (ex: climb a hill, asked to rank someone's attractiveness- may perceive more attraction)limits: multiple emotions may correspond to same physiological responses (tears-happy or sad, heart rate changes- fear or excitement)
Holmes and Rahe stress scale
stress associated with life events and 43 major things associated as life stressors
Distress
stress caused by negative stressors
Eustress
stress is the result of positive conditions like getting a high MCAT score, married, etc
Centration
tendency to focus on only one aspect of phenomenon; inability to detect conservation (ex: give kid two pieces of pizza, same size, but one is in 2 pieces other is whole)- child can't say they are equal
self-serving bias
tendency to have people credit successes to themselves and failures either to the actions of others or to situations
representativeness heuristic
tendency to make decisions about actions or events based on our own standard reps of those events
representativeness heuristic
tendency to make decisions about actions or events based on our own standard reps of those events; cateogorizing items based on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category
Reliance on central traits
tendency to organize perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to perceiver
overconfidence effect
tendency to overestimate accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements
fundamental attribution error
tendency to place less importance on the import of a situation or context on behavior, instead place emphasis on dispositional or internal qualities to explain behavior.
Piaget's pendulum exp
used to find diff between concrete operational stage and formal operational stagekids over 11 were able to design exp and figure which of 4 vars involved in increasing pendulum force (inital angle of swing, force of push, weight of pendulum, length of string)
ordinal vars
vars ranked for comparison (ex: education level)
Grasping reflex
child closes fingers around object placed in hand
9-12mos language development
all children, even deaf children babble- reaches peak at this time period
Age 5
child conforms to peers and romantic feeelings for others develop
Stranger anxiety age
child has a fear of unfamiliar individuals- occurs at 7 months
attrition bias
participants of group drop out of a long term exp
cultural transmission
passage of elements of culture from one generation to another
Medicaid
patients with significant financial need
reconstructive bias
bias related to memory;;memories of past not as accurate especially when it relates to stress
in group bias
bias where you favor those who you perceive to be in group
Bainski reflex
child's toes spread apart automatically when the sole of the foot is stimulated
mirror neurons
located in frontal and parietal lobe; tend to play a role in observational learning. may play role in empathy
Two point threshold
min distance needed btw two points such that the points will be perceived as two distinct stimuli
Symmetry
mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point
Motion parallax
relative motion; such as things that are farther away move slower and those that are closer move faster. This is possible due to monocular cues
birth rate
relative to a pop size over time is the number of births per 1000 people per year
Compliance/Dependance
relies on others, affliation, passive, clings, avoids conflict---surrender maladaptive stress response
response bias
tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors
self serving bias
tendency people have to credit successes to themselves and failures to actions of others
belief bias
tendency people have to judge things based on beliefs rather than logic
mental set
tendency to approach similar problems in the same way
overconfidence
tendency to erroneously interpret one's decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible
Confirmation bias
tendency to focus on info that is in agreement with already held beliefs rather than info contrary to those beliefs
Confirmation bias
tendency to focus on info that is in agreement with already held beliefs rather than info contrary to those beliefs, contributes to overconfidence and decision making
ROLE TAKING
when children grow they can be better able to view things from others perspectives by "playing house" or school.
internalization
when individual agrees with values/behaviors/attitudes that he/she is conforming with and finds that behavior to be rewarding
negativity bias
when negative aspects of situation are focused on.
Problem focused coping
working to overcome a stressor like reaching out ot family or friends for support or taking it on head on
Ethnocentrism
world view in which one's own culture and traditions are seen as more superior to those of other peoplepropagated from one generation to the next thru variety of cultural channels like family
cocktail party phenomenon
you're at a party talking to a friend and you hear your name from one side of the room- attention shifts; so selective tension may involve a filter that still allows some things ot be processed in the background
In ___________ cross sections tend to include neurofibrillary angles and Beta Amyloid plaques. Thought to be caused by the loss of cholinergic neurons to hippocampus
Alzeheimer's disease
Intensity (2 types in somatosensation)
an attribute of different types of somatosensation; it is how quickly the neurons fire for us to notice;1. Slow= low intensity2. Fast= high intensity
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
claims that high dopamine or oversensitivity to dopamine is responsible for disease but this doesn't account for all symptoms of schizophrenia
Myers Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)
classic personality test, uses Jung's notion of personality (E vs. I, N vs S, T vs. F) as the ground work
adaptive coping
confronting problems directly, making realistic appraisal of problems, recognizing and changing unhealthy emotional reactions
stages ___ of sleep are apart of Non Rapid Eye Movement sleep
1-4
4 primary factors used to assess assimilation degree
1. SES 2. Geographic distribution 3. Language attainment 4. intermarriage
Language is largely mastered by age of ___.
5
polyandry
female with multiple males
primary aging
aging of biological factors and physical body
dreaming occurs in which phase predominately
REM
Functional attitudes theory
attitudes serve 4 fxns: 1. Knowledge 2. Ego 3. Expression 4. Ego defense
Cerebellum
damage to this area can cause slurred speech, clumsiness, lack of balance; impaired alcohol
social construction of illness
diagnosis of disease changes (illness is a social designation) behavior/social state
attribution theory (2)
focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other's behavior; 2 types of causes: 1. DISPOSITIONAL (internal) 2. SITUATIONAL (externall)
Continuity
lines are seen to be following the smoothest path
Why do we get stuck with problems
may get stuck when we haven't framed the problem efficently
taboo
unacceptable, disgusting, reprehensible;
value
what a person deems important in life,
social exclusion
arises from sense of powerlessness when poor individuals are segregated and isolated from society; can create further obstacles to achieving self help, independence, and self respect
strategic alternatives for socially influenced competitors (4)
Altruism- recipient benefits, donor does not Spite- neither donor nor recipient benefit Cooperation- both receipient and donor benefit Selfishness- donor benefits and recipient does not
Dermatomes
";area of skin that is mainly supplied by afferent nerve fibers from a single dorsal root of spinal nerve There are 8 cervical nerves <font color=""#f011ff"">(C1 being an exception with no dermatome)</font>, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves and 5 sacral nerves.A dermatome also refers to the part of an embryonic somite. Along the thorax and abdomen the dermatomes are like a stack of discs forming a human, each supplied by a different spinal nerve.;Along the arms and the legs, the pattern is different: the dermatomes run longitudinally along the limbs.;precise areas of innervation are; unique to individual< src=""375px-Grant_1962_663.png"">;"
The minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of time
"Absolute threshold of sensation
Timing of Somatosensation- What are the 3 ways for timing in somatosensation?
"1. Non Adapting</b>- neuron consistly fires at a constant rate2. Slow Adapting-neuron fires in the beginning of the stimulus, calms after some time3. Fast Adapting-neuron fires as soon as the stimulus starts, and then stops firing. It starts again when the stimulus stops< src=""paste-6790f020af3f3a36f7b073a43a76d1341746227c.jpg"">"
Weber's Law with example
"2 vs 2.2 lbs-----Just noticeable diff- 5 vs. 5.5 lbs----Just noticeable diff-I= initial stimulus deltaI= just noticeable differenceWeber's law: >Just Noticeable Differencif we rearrange this equation it forms a linear relationship between the incremental threshold and background intensity:
Four tenets of medical ethics
1. beneficence,-healthcare professionals have a responsibility to act in the best interests of the patient 2.nonmaleficence- the responsibility to not harm the patient 3.respect for patient autonomy- respect for patients consent and wishes which has some exceptions like when the patient has a disorder or psychiatric illness that obscures rational thinking 4. justice- give healthcare service fairly and justly and to not treat some better than other
"Signal Detection theory claims that there is a relationship between <font color=""#ff267d"">d'/</font>___________ and; <font color=""#0000ff"">c_</font>________ that is performed"
"Signal Detection Theory claims that there is a relationship between <font color=""#f011ff"">STRENGTH (d') </font>and <font color=""#0055ff"">STRATERGY (c)</font>d' is strong/large----hit>missd' is weak------ miss> hit2 kinds of strategy:;Conservative- always say no unless 100% sure signal is presentLiberal- always say yes, even if false alarms"
categorical perception and auditory constancy definitions
- need to learn that meaning of word is same even though there are different pronounciations (categorical perception) and ex of auditory constancy
compliance techniques
1. foot in the door 2. door in the face 3. lowball technique 4. thats not all technique
Shape constancy
"a changing shape still maintains the same shape perceptionEx: a door opening means the shape is changing, but we still believe the door is a rectangle
Size constancy
"an object may appear larger because it is closer but in actuality it is the same size
Closure
"objects grouped together are seen as whole; mind fills in missing information;< src=""paste-f089aa99f5c3f9b717ab7d8781929ffe91a5d663.jpg"">"
Interposition/Overlap
"perception that one object is in front of another; the object that is in front seems to be close
Stroop Effect
"phenomena in which its harder for individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar information of collor(word ""yellow"" in blue)"
Relative Height
"things that are higher are perceived to be farther away than those that are closer (think of linear perspective)
Top Down Processing
"uses background knowledge to influence perception- driven by a theory and the perception is influenced by our expectation- requires deductive reasoningex2: friends- rachel is looking at her ultrasound and trying to look for babycreating a cube tho it isn't there: ex: mirror box and phantom limb" (ex: seeing a word with a missing letter and being able to id it); uses memories and expectiations
Fundamental attribution error
"way of interpreting behavior; can potentially lead to biastendency to place less importance on effect of situation/context on behavior and instead place alot of undue emphasis on internal qualities/disposition to explain behavior.;""people are as they act"""
sleep disorders
(2) categories: Parasomnias and Dyssomnias
bipolar disorders;
(swings between extremes)type of mood disorder
Opiates
- derived from poppy plant- includes morphine and codeine- causes sense of eurphoria and depressed reaction to pain- binds to opioid receptors in nervous system- can cause death if overdose- as brain may stop sending signals for
General Adaptation Syndrome- Hans Selye
- describes body's short term and long term reactions to stress; involved 2 major systems of the body-> nervous system and endocrine. Outlined three stages in syndrome's evolution: ALARM REACTION (AR) [cortisol levels go up with release of ACTH, lower immune response, high EPI and NE by Symp NS , stage of resistance (SR), continuous release of hormones nd stage of exhaustion (SE)- more susceptible to illnesses, medical conditions like high BP and ulcers, organ systems can deteriorate
Abstract thinking development requires...
- increases in working memory and mental capacity - ability to process info in abstract manner
Abstract thinking development requires...
- increases in working memory and mental capacity- ability to process info in abstract manner
depression
- persistent sadness and lack of energy- type of mood disorder
Moro reflex
- should disappear after 4 months of age- if not this is a strong suggestion of development difficulties - infant extends arms, slowly withdraws them, and then cries - if there is an imbalance or asymmetry in the mororeflex- indicative of neuromuscular problems
Anxiety Disorder
- state of excessive worry, panic, or apprehension- heightened physical arousal that can inhibit normal fxning
Opponent Process Theory
- theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use - when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology (ex: if you take alcohol, your body will overcompensate by making you more alert or aroused, but when the effects of alcohol where off you will still be hyped with jitteriness or irritability etc so you will seek the drug again to feel less hyped)
Gestalt Principles or Laws of Grouping(5)
- tries to explain how we perceive things the way we do theoretical approach that emphasized the idea that the ways in which people's perceptual experience is organized result from how human brains are organized - 5 broad ways of grouping:;1. Similarity2. Proganz3. Proximity4.Continuity5. Closure
What factors effect cognitive decline in aging? (5)
1. higher level of education2. performance of intellectual activities3. socializing4. stimulating environment
DIENCEPHALON
-basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and limbic system
TELENCPHALON
-basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and limbic system
Trust vs. mistrust
0 to 1 year; child will come to trust environment and themselves otherwise they will be suspicious of the world.
Ekman's basic emotions
1. Anger 2. Contempt 3. Disgust 4. Fear 5. Happiness 6. Sadness 7,. surprise
Common psych disorders include these 3
1. Anxiety 2. depressive disorders 3. Substance abuse disorders
Bandura's observational learning and the influence of others on identity formation
children learn from observational learning of others around them like older same sex siblings, parents, etc.
4 tenets of medicine
1. Beneficience (in the best interest of patient) 2. Non maleficience ( avoiding at risk treatments) 3. Justice (equal treatment of others and distribution of equal resources) 4. Respect for others autonomy (respectiving rights to make decisions about own healthcare)
Steps of problem solving (3)
1. Frame problem- create mental image or schematic of the issue 2. generate potential solns (perhaps from mental set) and test them 3. evaluate the results and consider other potential solns that are more effective
5 stages of Demographic Transition Model
1. High birth rates and high death rates (religious aspects, lack of technology, most countries until 18th century)- stationary birth , small old pop, large small (like a triangle) 2. Population rises, with lower death rates and high birth rates (W. Europe post industrial revolution) [wider triangle] 3. Death rates continue to drop and birth rate lower (better health care, contraceptive, kids not working) [south america and middle east; smaller pop]-- parabola with equal top and bottom widths 4. lower birth rates, death rates drop (more people career focused, women working-ex: US and Austraila)--smaller young people more old (like a rectangle with a upside down parabola at the end [_, 5. World population forced to stabilize, maybe run into food storage (hunger and malnutrition persist)--or pop would decrease over time. diamond shape; fewer young people and fewer old
What are (4) options/outcomes when presented with uncertainty and one needs to discern between important and unimportant stimuli?
1. Hit-subject responds that signal is present when it was present2. False alarm- </b>subject perceived signal when no such signal was present3. Correct Rejection-correct negative answer for no signal4. Miss</b>- a negative response to a present signal
Transtheoretical Model of Change (5 steps) (PCP AM); PCP are met in the AM
1. Precontemplation- don't see the problem 2. Contemplation- see the problem and you are beginning to think about how to fix it. 3. Preparation- person is aware of problem and is actively planning to change 4. Action 5. Maintenance- trying to make the behavioral change stick *Relapse- not apart of steps but it is a theoretical addition to the stages of change model. Describes when a perso nmakes a change but begins to experience the problem again after sometime.
Treisman's Attenuation Theory
1. Sensory register 2. Attenuator 3. Perceptual processes 4. cognitive processes kind of in between early and late selection; instead of a complete filter we have an attentuator- that doesn't eliminate everything in unattended ear- but its not as high priority. If you realize something is important in that ear, then you can gear perceptual processes towards it.
Stressors (4)
1. Significant Life Change (ex: going to college, death, marriage, etc) 2. Catastrophic events (cyclone, accident, etc) 3. Daily Hassles (SES hassles, unemployment probs, seen as most sig form by some) 4. Ambient Stressors- global stressors- like war, pollution, poverty, noise, etc
Information Processing Model (4 components)
1. Thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage of stimuli 2. Stimuli are NOT responded to automatically, instead needs to be analyzed by brain 3. Situational Modification-decision to one situ extrapolated and adjusted to new probs 4. Prob solving is dependent on person's cognition level and context of problem.
Information Processing Model (4 components)
1. Thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage of stimuli2. Stimuli are NOT responded to automatically, instead needs to be analyzed by brain3. Situational Modification-decision to one situ extrapolated and adjusted to new probs4. Prob solving is dependent on person's cognition level and context of problem.;
Groupthink and Janis's 8 factors
1. illusion of invulnerability (encouragement of risk taking) 2. collective rationalization (ignoring warnings agains the ideas of a group) 3. illusion of morality (belief that groups decisions are morally correct) 4. excessive stereotyping-construction of stereotypes against outside opinions 5. pressure for conformity-pressure put by anyone in group who expresses opinions against the group; viewed as disloyal 6. self censorship-withholding individual views 7. illlusion of unanimity- false sense of agreement within group 8. Mindguards- appointment of members tothe role of protecting against opposing views
Primary reasons low income groups have higher mortality rates:
1. poor access to qulaity medical care 2. poor nutrition 3. Feeling less in control of life 4. Language/cultural barriers.
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
1. trust vs. mistrust 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. initiative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. role confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. integrity vs. despair
Mesolimbic Reward Pathway
1/4 dopaminergic brain pathways includes structures like the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and conxn btw these two areas medial forebrain bundle (MFB) normally also involved in things like motivation, emotional response, gambling, falling in love, drug use- in way that creates dependence
Pediatricians monitor language development for children, if 2 yo uses less than _words has significant developmental delay and could be referred to speech therapist
10
Formal Operational stage
11 y; stage 4/4 of Piaget's cognitive developmentability to reason about abstract concepts and problem solvechildren can run thru experiment (Piaget's pendulum exp/)
Identity vs. role confusion
12 to 20 years- physiological revolution occurs, the person sees themselves as unique; unfavorable outcomes are amorphous personality and confusion about identity
Intimacy vs. Isolation
20 to 40 years- favorable outcomes are love, ability to have intimate relationships, and committing oneself to another person and those person's goals. not resolved favorably- avoidance of commitment, alienation, and distancing oneself from others and their ideals.
Preoperational stage
2nd stage of Piaget's cognitive development (2y-7y)child engages in symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centrationinability to understand conservation
Gordon Alloport
3 basic types of traits in personality: cardinal traits- people organize life around attribute central traits- characteristics inferred from person's behavior secondary traits- when person is in a certain social situation.
incentive stimulus
3 fundamental properties: 1. attract, elicit approach towards them 2. they are wanted, animals work to get them 3. Spur ongoing instrumental actions to obtain the associated award
Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6 years; favorable outcomes includes sense of purpose, enjoying accomplishment, if guilt wins out they are overcome of fear of punishment and them may try to overcome the fear by punishming themselves or restricting themselves
working class,
32% of people, accounts for clerical and blue-collar workers who often have low job security, little to no college education, and who make between $16,000 and $30,000 annually.
lower middle class
32% of people, accounts for semi-professionals and craftsmen with some college education, typically with an annual salary in the mid-five figures.
EEG in sleep
4 characteristic waves in sleep are alpha and beta (during awake times) as well as theta and delta (stages 3 and 4 of sleep)
based on parental phoneme output kids start to prefer phoneme sounds of native language by _ mos
6 months
Industry vs. Inferiority
6 to 12 yrs; favorable- child will feel competent about themselves and their intelligence. Failure to move past this is a sense of inadquancy, sense of inability to act in a competent way, low self esteem.
Concrete Operational Stage
7y-11y; third stage of Piaget's cognitive developmentchildren understand conservation and consider perspectives of otherscan engage in logical thought as long as there are concrete objects or info directly availableNOT YET engaging in abstract thinking
language development (times and stages) 9-12 mos 12 to 18 mos 18 to 20 mos 2-3 yrs 5 years
9-12 mos----babbling 12-18 mos---combining words, 1 word/mth 18-20 mos--- explosion of language and combining words 2-3 yrs--- longer sentences (3 words or more) 5 years---language rules mastered
Hawthorne Effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
Social Readjustment rating scale
A scale of major life events over the past year, each of which is assigned a point value. The higher the score, the greater the chance of having a serious medical event.; it is married in life change units
dichotic listening task
A task in which a person hears two or more different, specially recorded messages over earphones and is asked to attend to one of them.
Fear is associated with increased activity in the ____, a limbic system structure found in the ______ lobes of brain. It is also involved in interpreting facial expressions
AMYGDALA, TEMPORAL
Accomodation
Accomodation=process by which existing schemata are MODIFIED to encompass new info
Adler's social imperatives of fam/society on unconscious factors
Adler came up with the inferiority complex- individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfection and inferiority physically and socially. and striving for superiority drives behavior Striving enhances personality when its oriented toward benefitting society and it can cause disorder when selfish
OUtcoem of stereotype content model that has high warmth and high competence
Admiration stereotype (in group stereotypes, close allies)
__________neighborhoods tend to have more professionals and managers, college grads and higher quality schools____________neighborhoods have greater poverty, unemployment rates, and higher rates of homelessness.
Affluent neighborhoods tend to have more professionals and managers, college grads and higher quality schools. Low income neighborhoods have greater poverty, unemployment rates, and higher rates of homelessness.
________ males have the lowest life expactancy of any other racial or gender category.
African American males have the lowest life expactancy of any other racial or gender category.
Broadbent's Early Selection theory
All info in environment goes into 1. sensory register 2. selective filter rwhich filters out stuff in unattended ear and what you don't need to understand it (accents, as well as aspects about the sound of interest like pitch speed, accent etc.), 3. perceptual processes identifies friend's voice and assigns meaning to words. (assign meaning; its my friends voice:i.e.) 4. you can engage in other cognitive processes.
2-3 yrs lang dev
children speak longer sentences includes ERRORS OF GROWTH- wrong grammatical rule (often morpheme) is applied- ex: I sawed it
James Lange Criticism
An afferent nerve study in cats conducted by Cannon and Bard showed that when exposed to a stimulus, sensory info is sent to the cortex and sympathetic nervous system by the thalamus AT THE SAME TIME. so J-L can't be true.
Which viruses/bacteria can cross the placental barrier and cause birth defects?
Rubella/German measles (catarcts, deafness, heart defects, intellectual (dis)ability) Measles Mumps Herpes Hepatitus Varicella/Checkenpox
18-20 mos language develop
children start to combine words like that lado, eat lado etcetera , context and gesture become important
Absolute poverty
SE condition in which people don't have enough money or resources to maintain living with basic necessities like shelter, food, clothing, and water (applies to individuals, communities, and individual
What diseases are assoc/w/ delayed cognitive development?
Down Syndrome and Fragile X syndrome
Urban renewal
city land is reclaimed and renovated for public or private use
Sight Adaptation (Up and Down regulation)
Down regulation occurs in response to high light intensities- when it is bright outside your pupils constrict--less light in back of eye---rods and cones become desensitizedUp regulation occurs in response to dark regulation; pupils dilate, rods and cones start to synthesize light sensitive molecules
Cluster B PD (4)
Dramatic, emotional erratic 1. Antisocial 2. Borderline 3. Histrionic 4. Narcissistic PD
What causes dizziness even after reaching state of rest?
Even after we may stop spinning (like after a roller coaster), the endolymph doesn't stop spinning and continues to move which falsely indicates to brain that we are moving though we have stopped
Excess anomic conditions can lead to _____________, _________________, ______________.
Excess anomic conditions can lead to ISOLATION, EXCESSIVE INDIVIDUALISM, and SOCIAL INEQUALITY
how are the James Lange and Schacter Singer theory different?
SST includes conscious cognitive appraisal or thought about how situation impacts emotion
Hindbrain=________encephalon with the subdivisions and destined parts.
Hindbrain- Rhombencephalon------2 pts 1. Metencephalon= PONS and Cerebellum 2. Myelencephalon= Medulla Oblongata
Assimilation
Assimilation= process of classifying new info into EXISTING schema
atypical antipsychotics vs. neuroleptics
Atypical antipsychotics relieve both positive and negative symptoms, but neuroleptics tend to only relieve positive and either worsen or maintain negative symptoms.
Contextual Effects
Context in which stimuli are presented and the processes of perceptual organization that contribute to how people perceive those stimuli and the context that can establish the way stimuli are organized
Hippocampus normally involved in controlling ________ memory, but overtime, that info is moved to ____________-
Hippocampus normally involved in controlling ___LTM_____ memory, but overtime, that info is moved to _____cerebral cortex_______-
What is sequential order of brain waves
BATD Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta a bat sleeps in day (BATD)
Behaviorist
BF Skinner is basis; He reasoned that personality is just a reflection of the behaviors that have been reinforced over time. Therapy should thus focus on changing behavior
baby Reflexes innate (4)
Babinski Reflex Rooting reflex Moro reflex grasping reflex
BP I
Bipolar I disorder has at least 1 manic episode
parts of brain involved in language (5)
Broca's area*** Wernicke's area*** Arctuate fasciculus** primary auditory cortex angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus
Hippocampus
STM is mainly stored here; this structure is also responsible for consolidating the short term mem to long term memory (this is why patient HM couldn't really form new long term mems)
Cognitive process dream theory
dreams are apart of stream of consciousness-ex: you may be thinking about something like what you are going to do over the weekend so you may dream about.
Depression- which hormone is increased and which are reduce?
Cortisol- high Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and dopamine are reduced
Cognitive Appraisal of Stress
C.Appraisal- subjective eval of situation that induces stress 2 stages: S1: Primary appraisal- initial evaluation of environment and associated threat S2: Secondary appraisal- can I cope with that stress; involves three things like harm/damage caused, threat or damage in the future, and challenge or the potential to overcome and benefit from the event.
Gordon Alloport's 3 basic types of traits or dispositions
Cardinal- traits around which a person organizes his or her life Central- rep major characteristics that are easy to infer Secondary-- more limited; aspects of one's other personal characteristics that are more limited and show up in specific settings
Defense mechanisms and id/ego/superego
Clash between id and superego can cause ego distress so ego opts for 8 defense mechs: Repression, Suppression, Regression, Rationalization, Displacement, Sublimation
STM is stored in __________ LTM is stored in ___________ Info is recalled with the help of ________ and ________ lobes
STM is stored in hippocampus in temporal lobe LTM is stored in the cerebral cortex Memory can manipulated as working memory in hippocampus and stored for later recall with the help of frontal and parietal lobes
Early in the night ____ sleep predominates, later in the night ______ sleep dominates
SWS- early sleep, later sleep- REM
endolymph vs. perilymph
Sala media=endo=K Vestibuli/Typmani=peri=Na
hearing adaptation (what causes it? provide ex)
as a result of higher noise, muscles of inner ear contract---this dampens vibrations and protects ear drum- takes a few seconds to work so for stuff like gun shot, you won't be able to demonstrate hearing adaptation but for a rock concert you'd become desensitized
context effect
aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus (plays a role in top down processing)
4 different classes of consciousness altering drugs
Depressants Stimulants Opiates hallucinogens **marijuana acts likea stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen
Classes of psychoactive drugs (5)
DepressantsOpiatesStimulantsHallucinogensMarijuana (like stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen)
Kluver Bucy Syndrome
Heinrich Kluver and Bucy did studies that linked the amygdala with defensive and aggressive behavior; when Rh monkey amygdala was removed they noted increase in sexual behavior and hyperorality- or using mouth to investigate symptoms
Secondary kinship
exists between individual and the primary kin of that person's primary kin, so someone like your grandparents, they are the primary kin of your primary kin (parents)
The smallest differencethat can be detected 50% of time
Difference Threshold/Just Noticeable Difference
Visuospatial sketchpad
explains ability to store visual and spatial information and manipulate it (Baddeley and HItch)-----this is why we can look at a puzzle and figure out how it works
Kubler-Ross Model of Death and Dying
Death always brings definite acceptance: 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance
neuroleptics
Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia; specifically only the positive symptoms
ego
EGO- takes account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the ID/pleasure principle. It is involved in the REALITY principle as it takes into account surruoundings and moderating superego. involved in SECONDARY PROCESS- which is the moderation of the id's pleasure principle
Epinephrine is mainly produced as a hormone by the ___________. NE is mainly a __________.
Epinephrine is mainly produced as a hormone by the __ADRENAL MEDULLA_________. NE is mainly a _NEUROTRANSMITTER_________.
Ethnic identity vs. National identity
Ethnic identity- determined by birth, common ancestry and common language National identity- political borders and cultural identity of nation
For objects that are far away the muscles of the eye are ________. For objects that are close to us muscles of the eye______.;
For objects that are far away the muscles of the eye relax. For objects that are close to us muscles of eye contract
Forebrain/_______encephalon
Forebrain/proencephalon-----2 parts DIENCEPHALON-thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland TELENCPHALON-basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and limbic system
Kohlberg's moral reasoning A. Preconventional Morality
I. Obedience- concerned with consequences of moral choice like avoiding punishment ii. Self Interest- gaining rewards (spending more time with wife) or INSTRUMENTAL RELATIVIST STAGE- as we are concerned with reciprocity and sharing ( having her back cause she'd have mine)
Freud's psychoanalytic theory
ID= basic primal INBORN urges to survive and reproduce which fxns in accordance with the PLEASURE PRINICPLE (immediate gratification) EGO- takes account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the ID/pleasure principle. It is involved in the REALITY principle as it takes into account surruoundings and moderating superego. SUPEREGO- personality's perfectionist, judges actions and responds with pride at accomplishments; subdivided into the conscience and ego ideal.
Id
ID= basic primal INBORN urges to survive and reproduce which fxns in accordance with the PLEASURE PRINICPLE (immediate gratification) involved in the primary process= obtain satisifcation now, not later
Freud postulated that our behaviors are also influenced by _________.
INSTINCTS- innate psychological representation of a biological need
Freud's instincts
INSTINCTS- innate psychological representation of a biological need; two types of instincts: 1. LIFE INSTINCTS/EROS= individual's quest to survive thirst, hunger, and sexual needs 2. DEATH INSTINCTS/THANATOS=unconscious wish for death and destruction (ex: people reenacting trauma or focusing on traumatic experiences)
Subrubanization
explains why there's a greater conc of poor individuals in urban centers
social constructionism
asserts people develop understandings and knowledge of the world thru interactions with other people- these understandings and knowledge from interactions are created thru language-ideas about world aren't from nature of reality itself, but it is socially constructed thru language based interactions or merging.
Just Noticeable Difference (with ex)
JND; Just noticeable difference: it is the threshold at which you're able to notice a change in sensationex: 2 vs. 2.05 lb weight feel the same, but a 2 vs. 2.2 lb weight differently- the 0.2= JNDex2: 5 lb weight vs. 5.5 lb weight- notice difference in weight= JND
Jung's Personality types
Jung described 3 dichotomies of personality: Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I)----orientation toward external world or internal, personal world Sensing (S) or Intuiting (N)---obtaining information about the world or working with info abstractly Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)- T=logic and reason; f= value system or personal beliefs
George Kelly's personal construct psychology
Kelly thought of people as scientists that devised exps and made predictions about the behavior of significant people in his or her life. Anxious focus- rather than having internal conflict (psychodynamic) have difficulty understanding variables in their environment.
As group size increases, the group has_______intimacy for the sake of more stability
LESS intimacy for sake of stability (think of an office or company)
Alcoholism rates tend to be higher for those of ____ socioeconomic status, but _____ SES alcoholics tend to recovery at higher rates
LOW, LOW
Projection areas for Visual System
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of thalamus via radiations of optic chiasm to other parts of the brain
reticular activating system
Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal. Can be active/involved when waking up as well as in stress response
We can analyze the types of somatosensation in terms of these 3 attributes
LocationTimingIntensity
What are risks associated with lower levels of monoamine oxidase (MAO)
MAO breaks down catecholamines like NE and Epi. If you have lower levels of Mao, less Epi and NE breakdown and can lead to taking on higher risk activities.
Depressive disorders
MDD and SAD are included
social constructionism
explores ways individuals and groups make decisions or agree upon a given social reality
_________have worse mortality rates. ___________have higher morbidity rates.____________ tend to participate in risk taking behavior, hypermasculnity, and have dangerous employment which puts them at risk.
Males have worse mortality rates. Women have higher morbidity rates. Males tend to participate in risk taking behavior, hypermasculnity, and have dangerous employment which puts them at risk.
Midbrain/_____encephelon
Mesencephalon-midbrain reflexes-superior and inferior colliculous
What neural pathways are involved in drug addiction and reward?
Mesolimbic reward pathway 1/4 dopaminergic brain pathways includes structures like the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and conxn btw these two areas medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
________ neurons which are located in the frontal and parietal lobes have a major role in observational learning. They function in response to emotions and thus play a role in human______.
Mirror neurons; human empathy
Classes of Psychological disorders (6)
Mood DisordersAnxiety DisordersTrauma and Stress Related DisordersSomatic DisordersDissociative DisordersPersonality Disorders
Most people have ___________ as the dominant hemisphere.
Most people have ______LEFT HEMI_____ as the dominant hemisphere.
Demographic transition theory
Multistage model, based on Western Europe's experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level positive growth rate for most countries today (the country's pop is increasing)
humans use ________ and ___________ comunication to interact with domesticated animals
NONVERBAL and VERBAL communication
_____________ have the highest suicide rates, diabetes than any other racial category
Native Americans _
Neurulation takes place at ______________(time). It involves the development of a neural tube which as 2 major components. _________plate destiened to be sensory neurons and ________ plate destined to be motor neurons swellings?
Neurulation takes place at ___3-4 wks gestational age___________(time). It involves the development of a neural tube which as 2 major components. ___ALAR______plate destiened to be sensory neurons and _BASAL_______ plate destined to be motor neurons. Neural tube first has 3 swellings: proencephalon, mesencephalon,and rhomencephalon then it has 5 swellings diencephalon, teloencephalon, mesencepalon, metencephelon, myelencephalon
Otolithic organs (2) and significance in vestibular system
Otolithic organs include the utricle and saccule- helps us to detect linear acceleration and head positioning- contains CaCO3 crystals attached to hair cells---go from lying down to standing up, the crystals; move and this triggers action potential- without gravity- doesn't work well; buoyancy can also cause fuzziness if it weren't for visual cues
Freud says our access to the id, go, and superego falls into three categories:
PRECONCIOUS- thinks we aren't currently aware of. UNCONSCIOUS- thoughts that have been repressed CONSCIOUS- thoughts we readily have access to.
Embryonic brain development (name the 3 parts and subdivisions)
PROENCEPHALON (FOREBRAIN- it has 2 subdivisions= Telencephalon and the Diencephalon) MESENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN) RHOMBENCEPHALON (HINDBRAIN- it has 2 subdivisions- METENCEPHALON and the MYELENCEPHALON)
5 somatosensory receptors
Pacinian corpuscles- deep pressure and vibration Meissner's corpuscles- respond to light touch Merkel cells- respond to deep pressure and texture Ruffini endings= respond to stretch Free Nerve Endings- respond to pain and temperature.
Outcome of stereotype content model that has high warmth and low competence
Paternalistic stereotypes (ex: housewives, elderly folk, disabled people)
Abstract thinking is absent in what disease? what cognitive test can be used to assess this mental disorder?
Schizophrenia= abstract thinking lost test: give them cliche and ask them to interpret ex: don't count chickens before they hatch----schizophrenic patients focus on the chickens
David McClelland's Need for Achievement Personality (N-Ach)
People that were rate high on N-Ach have pride in their accomplishments and are concerned with achievement They avoid high risks (avoid falling) and low risks (easy tasks won't generate a sense of achievement) stop striving for goal if success isn't eminent.
Jung's collective unconscious and Archetypes
Persona= mask worn in public that is adapative to social interactions, emphasizing qualities that improve our social standing and suppressing our less desirable qualities. Anima- feminine in man Animus- masculine in woman Shadow- responsible for unpleasant and socially inappropriate feelings, actions, reprehensible thoughts Self-intersection between the collective unconscious, personal unconscious and conscious mind; viewed the mandala as an expression of opposites and promoter of harmony
Jung divided the unconscious into 2 parts:
Personal unconscious- similar to Freud's notion of the unconcious Collective unconscious- system that is shared among all humans and is considered a residue of experiences of our early ancesters;these building blocks are images of common experiences with an emotional element- ARCHETYPES (ex: having parents)
Adapatation of Schema(2)
Piaget proposed that new info is placed in schemas. New info is processed thru this process and there are 2 types: Assimilation= process of classifying new info into EXISTING schema Accomodation=process by which existing schemata are MODIFIED to encompass new info
Adapatation of Schema(2)
Piaget proposed that new info is placed in schemas. New info is processed thru this process and there are 2 types:;Assimilation= process of classifying new info into EXISTING schemaAccomodation=process by which existing schemata are MODIFIED to encompass new info
Abstract thinking is absent in what disease? what cognitive test can be used to assess this mental disorder?
Schizophrenia= abstract thinking losttest: give them cliche and ask them to interpretex: don't count chickens before they hatch----schizophrenic patients focus on the chickens
Jean Piaget
believed that passage thru each of the 4 stages of cognitive development was continuous and sequential; completion of each stage prepares for subsequent stage
Mutations involved in Alzeheimers risk
Presenilin genes on chromosomes 1 and 14 Beta Amyloid precursor protein gene or chromosomes 21 mutations in these 3 are associated with alzehimers
REM sleep is associated ore with _____ memory consolidation and SWS/slow wave (NREM) sleep has been associated with____ memory consolidation
REM- procedural SWS-declarative
Recognition of info is _________ than recall
Recognition of information is stronger than recall
Relative size can be inferred with one or two eyes?
Relative size can be inferred with one eye; the closer the object is the bigger it is perceived
Binocular Cues give people_____disparity.;
Retinal Disparity; eyes are 2.5 inches apart which allows humans to get different views of an object and bring them together
Dishabituation
Reversal of habituation; you are not used to something anymore.; this can occur when a second stimulus intervenes which causes a re sensitization to the original stimulus (ex: you give someone lemon juice and measure salivation and then once habituated you give them lime juice)
Jean Piaget;
believed that passage thru each of the 4 stages of cognitive development was continuous and sequential; completion of each stage prepares for subsequent stage
Atypical antipsychotics
Second Generation Antipsychotic Drugs. These new medications were approved for use in the 1990s. Clozapine, asenapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, paliperidone, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine, and aripiprazole are atypical antipsychotic drugs. With the discovery of clozapine in 1959, it became evident that this drug was less likely to produce extrapyramidal effects (physical symptoms such as tremors, paranoia, anxiety, dystonia, etc. as a result of improper doses or adverse reactions to this class of drug) in humans at clinically effective doses than some other types of antipsychotics. Clozapine was categorized as the first atypical antipsychotic drug. This category of drugs has also been of great value in studying the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other psychoses.
Self- by Jung
Self-intersection between the collective unconscious, personal unconscious and conscious mind; viewed the mandala as an expression of opposites and promoter of harmony
3 methods of encoding best to worst
Semantic encoding, acousting encoding visual encoding
Piaget's stages of cognitive development w/age ranges
Sensorimotor (birth-2y) Preoperational(2y-7y) Concrete operational (7y-11y) Formal Operational (11y-onwards)
Piaget's stages of cognitive development w/age ranges
Sensorimotor (birth-2y)Preoperational(2y-7y)Concrete operational (7y-11y)Formal Operational (11y-onwards)
Sensory and short term memory are transient and based on _________ activity.
Sensory and short term memory are transient and based on ___NEUROTRANSMITTER______ activity.
that's not all technique
individual is made an offer, but before making the decision they are told that their deal is even better than expected.
_______ waves have been associated with cognitive recovery and memory consolidation, and growth hormone release
Slow wave sleep (delta waves)
Somatosensation involving _______ stimuli by nerves sent to brain. it relies on ______.;
Somatosensation involving _location specific_ stimuli by nerves are sent to brain. It relies on DERMATOMES
Auditory pathways
Sound -> vestibulocochlear nerve -> medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) -> auditory cortex -> or it can go to superior olive (sound localization in medial and lateral olive) & inferior colliculus (startle reflex)
Stereotypes and prejudices are examples of ______.;
Stereotype- cognitive; prejudice- affective, discrimination- behavioral----all 3 make up a racist attitude F
SYMLOG
System of Multiple Level Observation among groups new version of Interaction process analysis for viewing small groups judges small groups on 3 dimensions 1. Dominance vs. Submission 2. Friendliness vs. Unfriendliness 3. Instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive.
infections in brain can cause slowed development T/F
T. infections in brain can upset electrical normalities and thus lead to slowed development
People in urab areas have more options than those in rural areas with respect to careers true or false
TRUE
the capacity for retrieving general information (i.e., semantic memory, crystallized intelligence) is unaffected by aging. (true or false)
TRUE!
Taste pathway
Taste pathway involves info being sent from the taste buds to the taste afferents to the brainstem to the taste center in the thalamus before going to higher order regions.
What are the 4 factors that impact the absolute threshold?
The 4 psychological factors that impact the absolute threshold are:;1. Expectations2. Experience3. Motivation4. Alertness
The __________ is part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their rewards and punishments (if or if not something is a threat); The _____________ of the brain is responsible for reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness.
The ___AMYGDALA_______ is part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their rewards and punishments (if or if not something is a threat); The _DORSAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX____________ of the brain is responsible for reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness.
How do we detect orientation/balance?
The ear canal is filled with endolymph- when we rotate, fluid shifts in the semi circular canals----gives us an idea of how quickley endolymph is moving from which we can detect strength of rotation
cultural capital
benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills.
selection bias
bias in the ways in which individuals are chosen to participate in a study;
Freud's Psychosexual development stages
There are 5 stages: ORAL- (0-1)libidinal energy centered around mouth ANAL- (1-3) toilet training occurs; leads to excessive order/messiness PHALLIC- (3 to 5) oedipal or Electra conflict is resolved LATENCY- libido is sublimated during stage GENITAL -@puberty= if successful previous stage, person enters normal heterosexual relationship
There are ______ pairs of spinal nerves and ______ paris of cranial nerves apart ofthe ______nervous system.
There are __31____ pairs of spinal nerves and _12_____ paris of cranial nerves apart ofthe __PERIPHERAL____nervous system.
Somatosensation (4 types name them)
Thermoception- temperaturePressure- mechanoceptionPain- nociceptionPosition- proprioception
deutch and deutch's late selection theory
This moved Broadbent's selective filter from the second step to the 4th. So it went from: 1. Sensory Register 2. Perceptual processes- you register and assign everything meaning 3. Selective filter- decides what is important for cognitive processes 4. Other cognitive processes Flaws: wouldn't it be energetically wasteful to go thru perceptual processing if you aren't going to use that info
Black Report of 1980
This report in the UK in 1980 reviewed the evidence on socioeconomic differences in health and discussed possible explanations for these differences.
medicalization of illness
This term explains how certain behaviors that were once considered a normal (not diseased) part of the range of human behavior are now considered medical illnesses. To be clear, the "normal" behavior isn't necessarily healthy, adaptive, or approved of, but it nonetheless wouldn't have previously been considered a medical concern. ex: Also, a child's inability to focus in school may now be evidence of the child's illness (ADHD) and medication may be prescribed to mitigate the symptoms. Eating disorders, psychological disorders, abusive behavior, and deviance (see above) have also been increasingly medicalized.
Those with mental health illness may find that _____________ is out of their reach and lack both ____ and _______ ties.
Those with mental health illness may find that __SOCIAL CAPITAL___________ is out of their reach and lack both _WEAK ___ and __STRONG_____ ties.
TYPE A and B personality
Type A- behavior that is competitive and compulsive and more prone to HD Type B- laid back and relaxed nothing can be said on relative mortality rates
Fundamental Attribution Error
bias in which we make dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions with regard to others' actions
emotional support
listening, affirming, empathizing with another's feelings
social action
Weber described this action; it is defined as the actions and behaviors individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around; human behavior is thus dependent on social environment
Ideal Bureacracy-7 traits-
Weber established 6 of these traits, Northcote Parkinson added 7th 1. Has formal hierarchical structure 2 Managed by set of specific rules and regulations 3. Organized by functional specialty- with different workers performing specialized tasks 4. Has unified mission (upfocused or infocused) 5.Purposefully impersonal 6. employment is based on technical qualifications 7. (grows at steady rate)
Evolutionary Stable Strategy
When ESS is adopted by a society, it will prevent alternative strats from arising
_____ or diacetylmorphine was created as a substitute for morphine, but it became more used and was immediately metabolized to morphine. Afterwards, prescription opioids like ______ and ______ were used more widely.
_HEROIN____ or diacetylmorphine was created as a substitute for morphine, but it became more used and was immediately metabolized to morphine. Afterwards, prescription opioids like _OXYCODONE_____ and __HYDROCODONE____ were used more widely.
social desirability bias
bias related to how people respond to research questions and may alter responses to conform to expectations
Signal Detection Theory applications/exs in psych
When presented with two lists 1 and 2 and then asked which words on list 2 were in list 1, this subject is in a state of uncertainty where they must discern difference between important and non-important stimuliex2- traffic signal on a foggy day- how strong does the signal need to be in order for you to drive
______, a steroid hormone produced in _______ increases early in the morning. This is because of increasing levels of _______ which also increases levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone released fro the anterior pituitary
_CORTISOL_____, a steroid hormone produced in _ADRENAL CORTEX______ increases early in the morning. This is because of increasing levels of __CRF CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR (hypothalamus)_____ which also increases levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone released fro the anterior pituitary
__________prefrontal cortex is involved in attn and cognition ___________prefrontal cortex is associated with emotion, particularly the ____________ prefrontal cortex is thought to play a role in decision making and controlling responses from the amygdala
__DORSAL________prefrontal cortex is involved in attn and cognition __VENTRAL_________prefrontal cortex is associated with emotion, particularly the ___VENTROMEDIAL_________ prefrontal cortex is thought to play a role in decision making and controlling responses from the amygdala
__________________ hypothalamus is responsible for feeding behavior. The __________________ hypothalamus is responsible for satiety.
__LATERAL________________ hypothalamus is responsible for feeding behavior. The ___VENTROMEDIAL_______________ hypothalamus is responsible for satiety.
________ is located at the precentral gyrus. _________ is located on the postcentral gyrus. The central sulcus separate the ________ and ______ lobes.
__PRIMARY MOTOR______ is located at the precentral gyrus. ___SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX______ is located on the postcentral gyrus. The central sulcus separate the __FRONTAL ______ and __PARIETAL____ lobes.
Skin Temperature when you are angry? fearful? HR when you are angry/fearful/happy? ________BP is increased when you are angry, followed by fear, sadness happiness.
___DIASTOLIC_____BP is increased when you are angry, followed by fear, sadness happiness. Skin temp- hot when angry, cold when fearful HR when you are angry and fearful is high, low heart rate when you are happy
________ and ___________ have a lower rate of death assoc/w/ cancer, hd, diabetes and infant mortality
________ and ___________ have a lower rate of death assoc/w/ cancer, hd, diabetes and infant mortality; Asian American and specific highlander
Dysthymia
a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression
life course approach to health
a holistic perspective that calls attention to developmental processes and other experiences across a person's life
reciprocal determinism
a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment
Emotion (3 pts)
a person's instinctive current state of mind based on mood, circumstances, and interactions with othersinfluences problem-solving, decision making, and social interaction<u></u><u>3; components:;</u>1. Body language and facial expression (ACTION)2. Cognitive or brain's interpretation of feeling (COGNITIVE/MIND)3.Changes in HR, respiration and arousal of Sympathetic NS (PHYSIOLOGICAL)
Object relations Theory
a personality theory; OBJECT= represntaiton of parents and caregivers based on subjective experiences in infancy. They can affect our interactions with others and our predictions of others' behaviors
social proof/informational social influence
a psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation; using other behavior to gage how you should think, act, behave (i.e. seeking some expert's advice)
overconfidence
a risk of too high a self efficacy; it can lead to frustration, humiliation, and even self injury
Roger's unconditional positive regard
a therapeutic technique by which the therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic environment
Sensitive period
a time when environmental input has maximal effect on development of that ability (ex: for lang its before puberty)
a within subject study design with -----subjects is equal to similar between subject study with ------ subjects.
a within subject study design with 45 subjects is equal to similar between subject study with 90
intuition
ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by evidence; its your gut feeling doctor knows just by looking who's having a heart attack
Power
ability to affect others' behavior through real and perceived rewards; can maintain order, organize economic systems and conduct warfare.
Parallel processing
ability to analyze and combine info about color shape and motion of an object
Communication
ability to convey info by speech, writing, signals, or behavior; foundation of social interaction
Divided Attention
ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time; more familar tasks can deal with divided attention, but new unfamilar tasks may not
Symbolic thinking
ability to play pretend, make believe, have imagination
perceptual organization
ability to use top down and bottom up processing together with sensory clues about an object to create a complete picture or idea of whats going on; involves depth, form, motion, constancy and we often use Gestalt principles
Pierre Flourens
abltaions on regions of brains of pigeons and rabbits to characterize specific functions of organs in brain
identification
acceptance of other people's ideas without thinking about them critically
Negative reinforcers
act similarly in that they increase the frequency of a beahvior, but do so by taking away something to provide relief or a position (mice are rewarded for pushing lever by removing electrical shock:ex)
informal sanction
action by peer or group that is meant to make behavior more normative NEGATIVE , usually involves shaming or ridiculing others (considered a punishment) for non-normative behavior POSITIVE- usually involves rewarding exhibited behaviors
circular reactions (2)
actions child performs repetitively-marker of the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's cognitive development 2 types ofc circular reactions-primary and secondary
circular reactions (2)
actions child performs repetitively-marker of the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's cognitive development2 types ofc circular reactions-primary and secondary
phonology
actual sound of language, children learn to produce and recognize the sounds of language and differentiate from other sounds like coughing - kids need to also learn how to differentiate speech sounds from one another - need to learn that meaning of word is same even though there are different pronounciations (categorical perception) and ex of auditory constancy
Delirium tremens
acute episode of delirium associated with withdrawal from alcohol
Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)
adding behaviors, cognition, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior
esteem support
affirming qualities and skills of the person
what are the accepted states of consciousness and altered states of consciousness
alertness, sleep, dreaming altered states= hyponosis, drug induced altered states, meditation, sickness, dementia, delirium, coma
cross sectional study (pros, cons, what is it)
allows for correlation, but not causationinvestigate a population at a single point in time, look fo relationshipsqualitative research
Pupil
allows passage of light from anterior (before iris) and posterior (btw iris and lens) chambers.
visual cues- allows us to take into account these 4 traits
allows us to perceptually organize by taking into account: Depth, form, motion, and constancy
impression management
also synonymous with self presentation; its the process of displaying oneself to society thru culturally accepted behaviors; demos that we use behaviors
Color Constancy
although changes in lighting can change the image color that falls on the retina, we understand/perceive the object is the same color
Prestige
amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea (ex: educational institution, organizations, etc)
Game theory
an attempt to explain decision making between individuals as if they are participating in a game
sensory stimulus
an event or object that is received by the senses and elicits a response from a person (light, heat, sound touch internal factors)
negative priming
an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus. It falls under the category of priming, which refers to the change in the response towards a stimulus due to a subconscious memory effect.
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new long term memories after an accident/brain injury
compliance
an individual yields to social pressure to get a positive reaction from another individual or social group
Networks
an observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups; individuals in these networks have certain demands and expectations of other members
inclusive fitness
animal behaving in ways that ensures propagation of its genes
Difference Threshold
another name for the just noticeable difference
Prefrontal cortex
anterior portion of frontal lobes assoc/w/ expressing personality, amking decisions, it also receives arousal input form the brainstem and coordinates arousal and cognitive states
Social Anxiety Disorder
anxiety due to social and or performance situations
Cluster C PD (3)
anxious, fearful 1. Avoidant 2. Dependent 3. Obsessive Compulsive PDs
Animal communication
any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another
observer bias
any bias on part of observers recording the data. (if you dont do a double blind study for ex)
extrinsic motivation vs. external motivation
any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself ex: social pressure can cause you to play football even though you don't want to, or make chai even though you don't want to
class consciousness
apart of marxist theory; refers to the organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition for the need for collective political action this can be prevented by false consciousness
passive aggressiveness/rebellion
appears overly compliant while punishing others, rebelling covertly thru procrastination; maladaptive coping
overextension
applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear a superficial resemblance (ex: child calls a moth a butterfly or a doggie for cow)
Broca's area and Wernicke's area are connected by _____ _______
arctuate fasiculus- which is a bundle of axons that allows for proper association of language comprehension (wernicke's) and speech production (Broca's area)
Trauma and Stress Related Disorders
arise from highly stressful or traumatic life eventex: PTSD- people who have gone thru sexual assault, serious injury, nightmares, and have propensity to avoid stimuli
Gestalt Therapy
associated with Humanism; practitioners have a holistic view of self and they see the individual as a complete person rather than reducing them to individual drives or behavior; personality is the conscious feelings we have for ourselves
Parkinson's Disease
associated with bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill rolling tremor, masklike faces cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait , decrased production of substantia nigra.
Method of loci
associating each item on the list along a route thru th ebuilding that has already been memorized (like person spilling milk in front hallway, eggs at doorstep, etc)
peg word system
associating numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble numbers (one sun, two shoes, three tree etc)
Semantics
association of meanings with word (must learn that certain combos of phonemes rep certain physical objects, events) child must learn that some words refer to whole cats. of people- women and others refers to subcats- mommy can see development of this kid when a child calls all women mommy
Social Construction model
assumes no biological basis for emotions; emotions are based on experiences and situational context alone. Emotions only exist within social encounters and are experienced differently and play diff roles based on context.
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic theories of personality
assumption that unconscious internal states motivate overt actions of individuals and determine personality (Freud instinct, distinct mechs, psychoanalytic theory, Rorschach Inkblot test, Jung's unconscious, Myers Briggs Type Inventory, Adler's inferiority complex
Somatic symoptom disorder
at least one somatic symptom that may or may not be linked to underlying medical condition which causes disporportionate concern
Type Theorists
attempt to create taxonomy of personality types
Spearman's g factor
attempt to quantify intelligence claims that the performance on different cognitive tasks is positively correlated in many cases
Stereotype Content model; what two factors are judged, what are the four categories
attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to hypothetical in group using 2 factors: Warmth and Competence: 1. Paternalistic Stereotype (High warmth, Low competence) 2. Admiration Stereotype (High warmth, high competence) 3. Envious stereotype (Low warmth, high competence) 4. Contemptuous stereotype (low warmth, low competence)
Ego expressive fxn of attitudes [functional attitudes theory]
attitudes allow us to communicate and solidify our self identity
learning theory
attitudes are developed through different forms of learning; can be formed from observational, operant conditioning, or classical conditioning ex: if you grow up being taught that swearing is bad- you may develop a negative attitude towards those who swear, attitude may also be affected by others' attitudes-teenager develops positive attitude towards smoking if all his friends smoke
ego defensive fxnal attitudes theory
attitudes are ego defensive if they protect our self esteem or justify actions we know are wrong (ex: child who has difficulty with math develops a negative attitude toward the subject)
fertility rate
average number of children born to a woman during her life time in a population
12-18 mos language development
babies develop 1 word/day for most part, kids have explosin of word sat 18 months and also start experimenting with inflections , gestures, and context of words (apple! vs. apple?)
Horney's concept of basic anxiety & hostility
based on idea that the child's early perception of self is important and comes form their relationship with parents; BASIC ANXIETY- inadequate parenting can cause this sense of vulnerability and helplessness BASIC HOSTILITY- neglect and rejection to overcome both of these- a child will opt for 3 strategies to a greater extent then non-threatened kids: moving toward people to obtain respect from people who provide security, moving against people or fighting them to obtain upper hand, and withdrawing from people
meritocracy
based on intellectual talent and achievement; means for person to advance up social ladder; only equality of opportunity
Place theory
basilar mem changes thickness depending on its location in the cochlea; and the location of the hair cell on this mem determines pitch perception; Low frequency- apex High frequency- base closer to oval window; tonotopic organization
Bottom Up processing
begins with stimulus and this stimulus influences what we perceive- there are NO preconceived cognitive constructs of the stimulus (have not viewed before)- inductive reasoning is presentdata driven; it uses parallel processing and feature detection
Alloport's theory of functional autonomy
behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior (ex: hunter who used to hunt to get food, now just goes for the sake of hunting)
variable ratio schedule
behavior is reinforced after an average, unpredictable number of responses(ex: rat treat dispenser could be set to dispense treat after an average of 1/10 presses. But exact number of presses between the rewards are unpredictable.; is thee most effective method
Incentive Theory
behaviors are not motivated by need or arousal, but they are motivated by desires and to avoid punishment; also talks about how external values like community values and culture can influence behavior
Yerkes Dodson Law of Social Facilitation
being in presence of others will raise arousal which enhances one's ability to perform tasks they are already good at [SIMPLE TASKS] and worsens the performance of less familiar tasks [COMPLEX TASKS]
culture
beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people
Morbidity
burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease
Gender identity development age
by age 3 child knows full name, fixed gender identity
PTSD/Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
characterized by: INTRUSION SYMP (flashbacks, nightmares) NEGATIVE COGNITION SYMP (amnesia, neg mood) AVOIDANCE Symp (avoid people/stuff assoc/w/trama) AROUSAL SYMP ( irritability, anxiety, startle response)
antinormative behavior
can be caused by deindividuation; group settings may justify things that normally aren't excusable
Meditation
can be religiously grounded like in buddhism, hinduism, taoism, judaism, others or secular used in counseling and psychotherapy- produces sense of relaxation and relief from anxiety, decreased heart rate, decreased bp EEG recordings show waves resembling slow alpha waves and stage 1 sleep with theta
Vestibular System- what can it sense and which organs are response
can detect balance and spatial orientation- comes from inner ear and limbs, with emphasis on the limbs
avoidant attachment
caregiver gives little or no response to distresed child; child has no preference for caregiver relative to strangers
ambivalent attachment
caregiver has inconsistent response to child, the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns
Disorganized attachment
caregiver is abusive or erratic. Child shows no clear pattern of behavior or response; may show repetitive behaviors
temporal optic fibers
carry temporal visual information, or info that corresponds to the inner part of visual field.
Depressants - what is it, mechanism, side effects, types
cause relaxation by reducing nervous system activity (2) alcohol and barbituates/benzodizaepines works by stimulating the production of GABA which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter assoc/w/ reduced anxiety and dopamine, which promotes euphoria side effects: slowed frontal lobe activity- slurred speech and motor skills
Depressants
cause relaxation by reducing nervous system activityex: alcoholworks by stimulating the production of GABA which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter assoc/w/ reduced anxiety and dopamine, which promotes euphoriaside effects: slowed frontal lobe activity- slurred speech and motor skills
Vascular (multi infact) dementia
caused by High bp and repeated microscopic clots also common cause of dementia
Stimulants
causes increase in arousal of nervous system increases frequency of AP- each drug varies in mechanisms exs: amphetamines, cocaine, ectasy
Multiculturalism
celebration of coexisting cultures, cultural mosaic. It respects differences in culture; opposite of assimilation- which tends to be more of a melting point or the melting together of different elements of different cultures
imagination inflation
certain memories are constructed or exaggerated by the person's imagination.
horizontal mobility
change in occupation or lifestyle htat remains within the same social class
intragenerational changes
changes in social status that happen in a person's lifetime
What causes dizziness and Vertigo
changes in the movement of CaCO3 crystals in otolithic organs (utricle and saccule)
Emotionally focused coping
changing attitudes about stressor like wishful thinking, getting away from problem
obedience
changing behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure
OCD/Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
characterized by OBSESSIONS- persistenet intrusive thoughts/impulses and COMPULSIONS- repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person's life
major depressive disorder(MDD);
characterized by at least one major depressive disorder (period of depression lasting at least 2 wks)
primary reinforcer (operant conditioning), secondary reinforcer (classical conditioning) examples with dolphin training food and clicker
classical and operant conditioning used hand in hand, trainers feed dolphin fish (primary reinforcer by operant) after performing trick but also prior to that click, so eventually the clicker can substitute for snack----this becomes the conditioned reinforcer or secondary reinforcer---
Systematic Desensitization
classical conditioning technique where the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus is increased until it no longer elicits conditioned response; (ex therapy a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques.----so we present the feather that someone is exposed to over and over again until this evokes no crazy symp NS response)
eidetic memory
clear, specific, high quality mental image of a visual scene that is retained after an event. They can report on details even though the stimulus isn't their; common in children not so much in adults
appraisal model
closely related, accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once emotion is experienced but there is a cognitive antecdent to emotional expression
Schizoid PD
cluster A; involves detachment from social relatonships and limited emotion
Schizotypal PD
cluster A; involves ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity.
Paranoid PD
cluster A; involves pervasive distrust and suspicion of others
Antisocial PD
cluster B; disregard for the rights of others
Borderline PD
cluster B; involves instability in relationships, mood, and self image other characteristics is SPLITTING and suicide attempts
Avoidant PD
cluster C disorder; involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection
Broadbent's Early selection theory problems
cocktail party effect is an exception; if everything in the unattended ear is filtered by the selective filter, then you shouldn't be able to hear your name when someone mentions it from afar
Cannon Bard theory
cognitive and physiological responses to stimulus occur simultaneously and independently of one another--->lead to behavioral response.;Limits: their is no concept of cognitive appraisal or conscious thought about how situation can impact emotions
role
collection of behaviors, values, norms, attitudes, and beliefs which are expected of a person holding status
role set
collection of roles associated with a given status.
what happens if you damage your reticular formation
coma
Case control design
compare info about individuals with disease/condition with those who don't have disease/condition
risk ratio
compares risk of multiple sclerosis among one group with risk of another group
Lev Vygotsky's cognitive development
concerned with how child internalized aspects of culture like rules, symbols, language; known for concept of ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT- things or skills that can be attained by a more knowledgeable other (like help and guidance of parent when riding a bike)
Michaelangelo phenomenon
concpt of self is made up of intrapersonal self- ideas individual has about themselves, their own abilities, traits, and beliefs. and the interpersonal self or manner in which others influence creation of ideal self
retrospective study
consider past events, it does not examine subjective elements of experiences.
Biopsychosocial approach
considers relative contribuution of biological, psychological, and social components in an individual's disorder (treatments tend to fall in these 3 areas)
Maladaptiveness criterion of psychological therapies
considers whether the behavior is negatively impacting the person's life or poses a threat to others.
Consistency cues
consistent beahvior of a person overtime; more regular behavior= more we associate that behavior with a person's motives
secure attachment
consistent craegiver so child can go out to world and explore knowing that they have a secure base to return to;have strong preference for caregiver `
Group or social group
consists of 2 or more people who share similar characteristics and sense of unity; smallest is DYAD- 2 people and TRIAD- 3 people
HIstrionic PD
constant attn seeking behavior
lower class
contains approximately 14 to 20% of people, and includes poorly paid or impoverished people.
MDD/Major Depressive Disorder
contains at least 1 major depressive episode, it is different from bipolar disorders in that there are NO manic episodes
Cyclothymic disorder
contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia
outcome of stereotype content model that has low warmth and low competence
contemptous stereotype (welfare recipients, poor people)
Dominance/excessive self assertion coping
controls other thru direct means to accomplish goals; maladaptive coping
anterior hypothalamus
controls sexual behavior; with it stimulated, lab animals will mount on anything.
iris
controls size of the pupil; dilator pupillae= Symp. NS constricter pupillae=Parasymp NS
Basal ganglia
coordinate muscle movement using info from cortex; they relay info the EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM- which gathers info about body position without motor neurons
Pathway of light
cornea/pupil/lens/vitreous/retina(rods cones/bipolar cells/gangilion cells/optic nerve/optic chiasm/optic tract/LGN of thalamus/radiations thru parietal and temporal lobe/occipital lobe's visual cortex
feature detection
correlates with parallel processing; there are pathways specialized for color, shape and motion detection
Medicare
covers patients over age of 65, those with end stage renal disease, and those with amyotrophic lateral schlerosis.
Spacing effect
cramming is not affective; Ebbinghaus found that the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning the greater the retnetion of information later on
Inductive (bottom up) reasoning
creates theory via generalization; starts with specific instancces and then draws a conclusion
Genetic compatibility
creation of mate pairs which have complementary genetics or diff genetics as a way of decrasing the frequency of genetic disorders
Display rules
cultural expectations of emotions (ex: inuit society- anger isn't expressed as much); differ depending on culture, gender, family background.
attributions are influenced by external factors like ___________
culture
culture lag
culture takes time to catch up on material innovation; clash between material and nonmaterial culture (as material culture experiences faster change); problem occurs [ex: car, but no laws to regulate traffic. technology and privacy laws)
How to calc growth rate
current pop-initial pop/initial *100
Projection
defense mech where individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others (tests that use this include the Rorschach inkblot test or thematic apperception test)
Aphasia
deficity of language prodxn or comprehension
Racialization
definition or establishment of a group as a particular race
Suppression
deliberate conscious form of forgetting
Iron law of oligarchy
democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group; shift can be due to factors like 1. need of a core body of individuals to carry out dialy activities. 2. Leadership characteristics of certain groups 3. Need for specialization
Solomon Asch's conformity experiment
demonstrated that individuals conform to group view, even when group seems wrong. Asch used a task in which a participant, along with several of Asch's confederates, were told to judge the relative lengths of drawn lines. The confederates would give a clearly-incorrect opinion regarding which line was shorter or longer, causing the participant (who did not know that the others in the room were "in on it") to conform to this incorrect view in some cases.
Duncker's candle problem
demonstrates that problem solving can be impeded by wrong mental set situation (in a room with matches, tacks, candle-> you need to place the candle on wall and light it such that wax won't drip)--- place candle into box and tack box to wall and light- hard to see this without proper mental set prone to functional fixedness
Immediate Networks
dense with strong ties (friends, etc)
Pragmatics
dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge ( you don't tell a stranger near a bus to move over or say things frankly as you would with a friend) prosody-rhythm, cadence, inflection of our voices can also effect pragmatics
Alcohol (drug class, long/short term consequences, how to measure, etc
depressant increases GABA channel activity and dopamine levels logical reasoning impaired, motor skills affected, behavior controls inhibited, fatigue, Long term: cirrhosis, liver failure, pancreatic damage, gastric/duodenal ulcers, GI cancers, brain disorders like Wernicke Korsakoff Alcholism runs in families, and children are likely to suffer from MDD
Benzodiazepines
depressant replaced older medications like barbituates- which were used as sleep meds/anxiolytic meds these are less addictive than barbituates exs: clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam, phenobarbital, amobarbital increases GABA activity risks: addiction, and if taken with alcohol- too much inhibition==coma and death
Barbituates (drug class, use, mechanism, risks)
depressants historically anxiety-reducing/anxiolytic drugs and sleep meds replaced by benzodiazepines= less likely to overdose increase GABA activity, but highly addictive Risk- if you take with alcohol--too much GABA inhibition---results in coma or death
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
depressive disorder with seasonal onset with depression during the witner months
Janowitz & Grossman
deprived rats with stomch fistula were given liquid food by mouth or direct injection prior to response testing and saline was the sustenance control. Significant decrements in response in both types of feeding. Showed that you can be hungry without having a stomch
Poverty line
derived from the govt s calc of min income requirements for families to maintain basic necessities in life. Not contextualized to location and thus doesn't take into account differential costs of living in an urban center vs. rural area
symbolic ethnicity
describes specific connection to one's ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity doesn't play a significant role in everyday life.
normative conformity
desire to fit into a group because of the fear of rejection (ex: Asch)
parvocellular cells
detect shape and have high color spatial resolution; work best for stationary objects as they have low temporal resolution.
strain theory
devance as natural reaction to disconnect between social goals and social structure ex: American dream is considered goal, but social structure in society can't guarentee equal access to materials so some people may be prone to deviant behavior like theft to attain goal.
Observational studies
draw inferences from a sample regarding the effects of an independent variable on a population, but where the independent variable is not specifically manipulated by the researcher. Common examples include case-control, cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort and ecological studies.
Sensory bias
development of a trait to match preexisting preference (ex: crabs like structures that break up level of horizon as it is indicative of food source, so the male crabs take advantage of this by building their own structures/0
Cognitive development
development of one's ability to think and solve probs during childhood=limited as pace of brain maturation is fast---child is concerned with mastering physical environment
Cognitive development
development of one's ability to think and solve probsduring childhood=limited as pace of brain maturation is fast---child is concerned with mastering physical environment
Labeling theory
deviance, stigmatization, and reputation are linked; posits that labels are given to people can affect how others respond to them as well as their own self image- can channel as deviant behavior or conforming behavior - can lead to stronger subgroup identity (ex: promiscuous woman could either be more deviant or she could conform) Labeling theory suggests that people are often placed into social categories, one of which could be a stigmatized category. Thus, labeling theory is most closely associated with social stigma.
differential association theory
deviance/norm abiding behavior can be learned thru interactions with others; if more people around you are deviant- you may also become deviant
Personality
different from identity; it is how we act and react to the world around us (feelings, thoughts, traits, behaviors) characteristic of us thru time and location
Insomnia
difficulty falling or staying asleep may be related to anxiety, depression, meds, disruptive sleep cycles, and circadian rhythms
role conflict
difficulty fulfilling expectations of 2 or more roles at once. (father as coach and father and promoting one of the kids)
role strain
difficulty in fulfilling multiple expectations within the same role or SINGLE role s for strain
instinctive drift
difficulty in overcoming instinctual beahviors in training (ex: when training a raccoon to pick up money and put it into a bank, the racoon would rub them coins together and dip them into the bank before pulling them back out---this comes from the raccooon's natural way of eating seeds; but if you give them a basketball (larger than seeds) you coudl train them
long term sleep deprivation has been linked to _________ _______ performance and chronic diseases like _____ and _____
diminished cognitive diabetes, obesity
Primary Kinship
direct relationship like between siblings, and parents
proximal stimulus
directly interact with and affect the sensory receptors and inform the observer about the presence of distal stimuli (ex: photon) physical stimulation that is available to be measured by the observer's sensory apparatus; neural activity that results from sensory transduction of physical stimulation
instiutional discrimination
discrimination against particular group by an institution
Dyssomnias
disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, avoid sleep. exs: insonia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea
culture shock
disorientation, uncertainty and fear people experience when they expeirence unfamiliar cultural practices (ex: when you move from ny to kansas, stores moving at different time, different food,norm etc) ex: feeling lonely, sad, questioning decision
Is behavior determined by individual's personality (__________ approach) or environment (______________approach)
dispositional and situational approach
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
disproportionate and persistent worry about many diff things for at least 6 months
Frontal Lobe Abilities
disproportionately large in humans, can go thru delayed gratification, transmit ideas between individuals, coordinate thinking by prioritizing stimuli
Dissociative disorders
disruption of perception of identity memory, or awareness- they feel disconnected from reality- dissociation aims to provide an unintentional escape from reality or barrier from stress from a life event
atttachment (4)
emotional bond to another person; typically between child and caregiver (4) Types: SECURE ATTACHMENT AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT AMBIVALENT ATTACHMENT DISORGANIZED ATTACHMENT
Self Determination theory
emphasizes the role of 3 universal needs: Autonomy- need to be in control of one's actions/ideas Competence- need to complete and excel at difficult tasks Relatedness- need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.
Organizations
entities set up to achieve certain goals; they have a structure and culture (ex: schools, companies, political organizations, etc); differ from groups in that formal organization tend to be: 1. larger 2. have history before and after departure of a person 3. Have expressed goals in a written format to guide members (generally)
Outcome of stereotype content model that has low warmth and high competence
envious stereotypes ( Jewish people, rich people, Asian people, feminists, etc)
catecholamines (3)
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine,----tyrosine derived peptide hormones (lipid like but act like peptides with extracellularbinding receptors)
What are benefits of heuristics
essential speed cuts for effective decision making= ex: in chest we need to use representativeness heuristic (cat. items on basis of prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image in category)
Basic model of emotional expression
established by Charles Darwin; emotioanl expression involves facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and physiological chnages and they tend to be similar across cultures. - primates and humans have basic emotions that correspond with muscle actions and are universally recognizzed
culture
ex: apps, rules by which society are guided. learned, transmitted, reshaped
cultural barrier
ex: cultural diff impedes interaction (collectivistic culture, patient says its up to family, not themselves----dif from Am belief of patient autonomy)
Hallucinogens (exs)
ex: lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and ketamine- distort perceptionenhance sensory experiences, cause introspection, increase HR and BP, increase body temp, dilate pupils
Howard Waitzkin's "second sickness"
exacerabtion of health outcomes caused by social injustice and differences inhealth care like professional groups having higher life expectancies
glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter, most common- about 90% of brain cells are responsive to glutamate
what four factors play into decision making?
heuristics, biases, intuition, and emotions
mania-;
high energy state with poor judgement, lack of sleep and euphoriatype of mood disorder;
Beta waves
high frequency waves that occur when person is alert or attending to task that requires concentration; neurons randomly fire
Mania Hormones
high levels of norepinephrine and serontonin.
Flash bulb memory
highly emotional (positive and negative) memories that feel vivid; they are just as susceptible as reconstructions (ex: birth of child)
Kohlberg's moral reasoning
his model has three phases with two substages: A. preconventional Morality (pre adolescent) I- Obedience and ii-Self interest B. conventional morality (early adolescence) iii. conformity and iv. law and order C. postconventional morality social contract (universal human ethics)
Ferdinand Tonnies Community and Society
his theory translates to community and society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellshaft) Gemeinschaft/COMMUNITY- refers to groups that feel unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry or geography Gescellshaft/SOCIETY- refers to groups that are unified by common goals and interests (Ex: countries and companies)
structural poverty
holes in the structure in society rather than actions of the individual are responsible for poverty
Mate bias (2)
how choosy people are when choosing mates; it is in line with direct benefits (providing protection or material benefits to self) and indirect benefits (promoting survival of offspring)
reliability
how consistent and repeatable an experiment or assessment is
World System THeory
how economic and political connections developed and now tie the world's countries together; 1. Core nations- focus on higher skills and higher paying productions while exploiting peripheral nations 2. Peripheral nations- lower skilled productions 3. Semi Peripheral nations- midway between core and peripheral
gender conditioning
how gender roles are established via social conditioning like rewards/punishment/reinforcement of gender related behavior
intersectionality
how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification; the compoundibg of disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one oppressed groupex: place in a social hierarchy or social class can be determined by race/ethnicity or gender or age
closely related availability heuristic
how likely an action or event is based on how readily available similar info is in our memories
self concept
how one defines themselves
Gender script
how society says someone is supposed to act because of her or his sex in a certain situation; it is SITUATION dependent
role performance
how well someone carries out behaviors associated with a certain role (ex: how good is doctor at translating med terminology to discernable english.
Syntax
how words are put together to form sentences must notice that order of words effects meaning (ex: only gabru has 3 jamuns, Gabru has only 3 jamuns)
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs (5)
human needs in pyramid from basic (food water, etc) to most high level- self-actualization. highest to lowest priority: 1. Self actualization 2. Self Esteem 3. Love Belonging 4. Safety 5. Physiological
working memory and short term memory are supported by the_______
hypothalamus
Adaptive attitude fxnal attitudes theory
idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed
up focused mission
ideal bureaucracy mission that serves shareholders, board, or other higher entity
nonmaterial culture/ symbolic culture
ideas, beliefs, values, resist change; evolves slower than material culture
Law of Common Fate
if an array of dots where half are up and half are down, we would view these groups as different units according to fate
Conduction aphasia
if arcuate fasciculus affected, since broca and wernicke are in tact person can talk properly and understand properly but they have trouble repeating things as conxn between two region is lost (rare)
inter rater reliability
if assessment carried out by different researchers it should generate similar results
dichotic listening test
if different messages are presented to each ear and you are asked to repeat. Speech shadowing can be used to monitor how goo dyou are at paying attn to the auditory input in the correct ear---involves temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe
Integrity vs. Despair
if resolved individual has wisdom, detached concern with life, assurance with meaningin in life and readiness to face death
Learned helplessness
if you view life with too much of an external locus of control, people stop making decisions and lack confidence in ability to change--can contribute to prolonged stress
immigration vs. emigration
immigration is movement into a new geographic area. Emigration is movement away from a geographic area
migration rate
immigration rate- emigration rate
Law of Past Experiences
implies that under some circumstances, visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience- if two objects perceived within close proximity spatially or temporally, objects are more likely to be perceived together ( ex: reading new rod, they use law of past exp to recognize letters rather than the law of closure to combine L and I to perceive uppercase U)
Alter casting
imposing an identity onto another person; ex: as a good pre med you should buy our service. You are assigned a role that you should fulfill impression of by buying their product
Sundowning
in Alzehimers disease, there is an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening
REM sleep
in btw cycles of NREM sleep muscles are paralyzed heart rate, breathing patterns, EEG mimic wakefulness- but individual is still asleep= dreaming occurs also linked with dreams
Major Depressive episodes duration and symptoms
in mdd, there is a 2 wk duration of at least 5 of the following symptoms Depressed mood Loss of interest/anhedonia Sleep Disturbance Feelings of Guilt Suicidal thoughts, Difficulty Concentrating Changes in appetite psychomotor symptoms ** atleast 2 of the symptoms have to be depressed mood and anhedonia.
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (ex: rat get treat after every third push)
most people are ______ on the spectrum of central route processing and peripheral route processing in the ______likelihood model
in the middle; elaboration likelihood model
functional fixedness
inability to consider how to use an object in a non traditional manner (Duncker's candle)
Egocentrism
inability to imagine what other person is thinking or feeling
Dissociative amnesia
inability to recall past experience without underlying neurological disorder; could involve dissociative fugue- or a sudden change in location that may involve assumption of new identity
alogia
inability to speak
bony labriynth of inner ear
includes cochlea, vestibules, and semicirular canalars.
anxiety disorders
includes generalized anxeity disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder (PD)
Social learning
includes learning about cultural traditions and roles
Slow wave sleep
includes stage 3 and 4 sleep, the EEG becomes slower with only a few waves to be seen----delta waves; difficult to rouse someone during this time
Stimulants (which hormones, effects?)
increase arousal of NSoften involves release; dopamine, NE, and serotonin reuptake**- increases arousal, heart rate, and blood pressure- creates anxiety, delusions of grandeur, euphoria, hypervigilance, and decreased appetite
Positive reinforcers
increase behavior by giving something that encourages behavior (like a gold star)
discriminative stimulus
indicates that the reward is potentially available in an operant conditioning paradigm (dolphin trainer who provides the fish (primary reinforcer) and the conditioned reinforcer (clicker)
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for that person regardless of the cost
Halo effect
judgements of an individual's character can be afffected by overall impression of the individual
Rationalization
justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to self and society
Source monitoring error
keeping track of where info comes from; even if they confusion if they saw a yield or stop sign they may have seen for ex. so its confusing where you are getting that info from; usually this is confusion between semantic and episodic memory (ex: talking about memory that happened to someone else)
consangineal kinship
kinship based on blood or genetics
affinal kinship
kinship without blood relationship (ex: relationship by marriage)
cultural capital
knowledge, skills, education, and other characteristics used to make social distinctions and are associated with differnces in social status
Avolition
lack of interest in goal directed behavior
asociality
lack of motivation or desire to engage in social activity
John Snow's investigation of cholera
landmark example for linking geography with disease; came from a dirty water pump
Social interactionist Theory
language development involves interplay btw bio and social processes; language acquisition is driven by kid's desire to interact and talk with parents bio foundation for language develops and children are exposed to language---and kids start mapping brain sounds and meanings some circuits are reinforced others are not---demphasized
door in the face technique
large request is made at first, and if refused a smaller request is made (smaller request is actually what you really wanted)
secondary socialization
learning appropriate behavior wihtin smaller sections of society; occurs outside of home like in school or church setting assoc more with adolescents and adults with smaller changes and refinements to behavior relative to primary socialization
latent learning
learning hta toccurs wihtout a reward but spontaneously demonstrated once reward is introduced (walk a rat thru a maze and then reward them once they get thru it) sometimes this is better than operant conditioning techniques where the mice are rewarded along the way
Primary socialization
learning of acceptable actions and attitudes during childhood by oberving parents, siblings, friends, teachers, and authority figures
Secondary socialization
learning what is acceptable and appriate in smaller, more focused section of society.ex: learning how to behave at school
Trial and error
less sophisticated problem solving where various tried until one works, only effective when there are relatively few possible solutions 1 of 4 problem solving methods
Dominant hemisphere is responisble (4)
letters words visually, language related sounds, speech/reading/writing/arithemetic=language, complex voluntary movement
Kohlberg's moral reasoning C. Postconventional morality
level of reasoning where not everyone is capable of doing so. It is based on social mores that conflict with laws like having the right to profit from products or right to live. v. Social contract- views moral rules as conventions designed to ensure greater good and is focused on individual rights vi. Universal human ethics- decisions made in consideration of abstract principles
Socialization
lifelong process by which people inherit, develop, and disseminate social norms, customs, and belief systems- types: primary, secondary, anticipatory, resocialization socialization- there are factors/AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION that influence how we're socialized
Panic Disorder
marked by recurrent panic attacks; intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic NS activity with no clear stimulus---agoraphobia
Object Permanence
marker of the end of the sensorimotor stage, child understands that objects continue to exist even when out of view (ex: peek a boo)
conformity
matching one's behaviors, beliefs, attitudes to societal norms this pressure can be real or imagined
Alzeheimers hormones
may be linked to loss of cholinergic neurons that connect with the hippocampus which is partially attibutable to memory loss
Inclusive Fitness
measure of an organism's success in the population. based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to help others
Validity
measure of how well given exp measures what it sets out to measure
Prevalence
measure of the number of cases of illness overall (number of people with new or chronic lung cancer per 1000 people:ex)
EEG
measures electrical impulses of brains with small sensors-- average in certain areas can inject tracer and image particular parts of brain with coloration indicating blood flow of tracer, activity of certain areas (pet scan) also used in sleep studies
identity shift effect
mechanism behind peer pressure- when individual's harmony is disrupted by social rejection individual will conform to the norms of the group and individual will experience internal conflict. overtime, to eliminate this internal conflict person goes thru this shift and adopts this group as their own.
Manipulation/Exploitation coping
meeting one's own needs thru covert manipulation, seduction, dishonesty, conning; maldadaptive
Echoic mem
mem of sound]
promiscuity
member of one sex with any member of opposite sex without exclusivity
Ethnic identity
members share common ancestry, ethnic groups, language, etcetera. It is different from nationality identity as it DOES NOT require citizenship
Arousal/Arousal Theory;
mental alertness, attentiveness, and general awakenesslow arousal---drowsiness, lack of focuspeople behave or act in certain ways to maintain optimal arousal and this varies from person to personalso poses Yerkes Dodson Law
antisocial personality disorder
mental health condition in which person has long term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others
person perception
mental processes by which we categorize and form impressions of other people
heuristics
mental shortcuts/generalized principles that help us to make decisions (can be poor judgement)
problem solving
method of learning that involves trial and error learning (ex: child learning to put together puzzle
culture has effects on evolution; and some genetic traits may be favored by cultural values and beliefs (name ex)
milk favored in N. European cultures leading to generation of more lactose tolerant favored conditions/selection
Depth perception relies on _________ and _______ clues.
monocular and binocular cues
Constancy (3)
monocular cue; perception that an object doesn't change even if the image cast on the retina is different. There are three types:;Size constancyShape ConstancyColor Constancy
A sense of motion is possible due to ______cues
monocular cues allow us to have a sense of motion. This includes motion parallax
Sleep deprivation negatively effects (5)
mood, problem solving, motor skills, and leads to diminished cognitive performance
humanistic/phenomenological theorists
more person centered approach of personality of people aiming towards positive self realization
which type of cultural norm is most directly involved in health behavior?
mores
informal norms can be divided into ______ and _______
mores and folkways
most dreaming occurs in _____ sleep. After Stage __ sleep our mental experience shifts to dream like state
most dreaming occurs in _REM____ sleep. After Stage _2_ sleep our mental experience shifts to dream like state
stimulus motive
motivation; defined as motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an incrase in stimulation (ex: curiosity) they are innate but not necessary for survival
vertical mobility
movement from one social class to another
Religion
patterns of beliefs and organizational forms that address the meaning of life and create a sense of community; 4 types: 1. churches 2. sects. 3 state religions 4. cults
Emotion
natural, instinctive state of mind derived from one's circumstances or relationships with others
Need Based Theories of Motivation
needs are motivators that influence human behavior as well; exs: Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, Self Detetermination theory.
Non adapting neuron
neuron can encode for somatosensation by firing consistently at a a constant rate
Fast adapting
neuron fires as soon as the stimulus begins but eventually stops. The neuron starts firing again once the stimulus stops
Slow adapting (somatosensation)
neuron fires at the beginning of a stimulus, and then calms down;
controlled (effortful) processing
new complex tasks require undivided attn
minority influence
new ideas are normally minory opinion. Idea can be spread by influence of minority
retroactive interference
new info is interfering with old learning; (ex: studying at night)
Correct Rejection
no signal present, no response
Carl Roger's psychotherapy technique was called...
nondirective or person/client centered therapy; believed that people have freedom to control their own behaviors. They weren't slaves to the unconscious or have faulty learning (behaviorists). Rather than providing diagnosis they would help the client reflect on problems, make choices, etc
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
noninvasive mapping; neural activity is broadly mapped using increased blood flow tracking to pts of the brain. Patient enhales a harmless radioactive gas.
parallel play
normal part of preschool age children behavior, they play by themselves, but observe other children and adjust their behavior in response. - not direct interaction between kids. - occurs at 2 years of age
formal norms
norms enforced by sanctions [punishments] for deviation from norm or rewards for acting in accordance with norm; can be written, explicit, and enforced with penaltiesex: law
informal norms
norms that are generally understood, but implicit, unwritten, and not assoc/w/criminal or legal penalties for violation
maintainence rehearsal
not as effective as elaborative rehearsal, invovles repetition of a piece of information of information ot keep within the working memory
partial reinforcement
not like continuous reinforcement. A behavior is reinforced only after certain intervals or ratio of time (recall the reinforcement schedules)
Family group
not self selected but determined by birth, adoption or marriage
Cognition
not uniquely human; study that looks at how brains process and react to stimuli in world
achieved status-
position in society that is gained as a result of one's efforts or choices
Status
positions in society that are used to classify individuals; 3 types ascribed, master, achieved
Representational Throught
object permanence marks beginning of this; it is when the child has begun to create mental representations of certain external objects or events
Proximity
objects that are close to each other are grouped together and we naturally group things that are closer together as opposed to farther apart
phenotypic benefits
observable traits that make a mate more attractive to the opposite sex- indicates increased production and survival of offspring
Over the lifespan the ____ of the sleep cycle ______from _____ in kids and ____ in adults.
over the lifespan the length of the sleep cycle increases from 50 min in kids to 90 min in adults
Status seeking/recognition seeking coping
overcompensates thru impressing, high achievement status, getting at goals coping
aggression/hostility coping
overcompensation; type of coping response involves counterattacks like abusing, blaming, attacking or criticizing others
belief perseverence vs. overconfidence
overconfidency is tendency to incorrectly interpret your own decisions, knowledge, beliefs as infallible belief perseverence- inability to reject a general belief (not so about you)
Pain/Temp pathways to brain are ____________. Somatosensory like touch pathways are ____________
pain temp=contralateral; touch- ipsilateral
Fixed interval schedule
occur when behavior is reinforced after a specific amount of time has passed (ex: payday)
alpha waves
occur when we are awake but have eyes closed, slower than beta waves and more synchronized
Dissociative Identity Disorder
occurrence of 2 or more personalities taking control of a person's behavior
Attribute substitution
occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic ( how much area of cube in sphere- could reduce down to square in circle)
Cluster A PD (3)
odd, eccentric; this includes 1. Paranoid 2. Schizotypal 3. Schizoid
Token Economies
often used in inpatient therapeutic settings where positive behavior is rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for treats
proactive interference
old info is interfering with new learning
Peer group
one defined by association of self selected equals around similar interests, ages, and statuses; provide opp for friendship and feelings of belongings.
Sleep Deprivation
one night w/o sleep or multiple nights of short duration sleep - can cause psychosis, decreased performance, mood disturbances, irritability, slowed reaction time
Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
one of the more liberal definitions of intelligence; includes 7 defined types of intelligence: 1. linguistic 2. logical-mathematical 3. musical 4. visual-spatial 5. bodily-kinesthetic 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal Western culture values linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence more
consciousness
one's level of awareness in both the world and one's own existence within that world
olfactory path in brain
only sense which does not pass thru thalamus but response goes unfiltered to higher ordered areas; olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium becomes activated and sends signals to olfactory bulb. THe signals are relayed to olfactory tract including limbic system
Five Factor Model
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Cognition impacted by; factors like...(6)
organic brain disorders (brain related problems), genetic and chromosomal conditions, metabolic derangements, long term drug use, environment, parenting styles
impression management
our attempts to influence how others perceive us by controlling info in social interactions; aligns with three selves idea: authentic self- how person actually is ideal self- who we would like to be tactical self- those who we market ourselves to be there are (5) different strategies: 1. self disclosure 2. managing appearances 3. Ingratiation 4. Aligning actions 5. Alter casting
social cognitive theory
our attitudes and behaviors are a result of observation of the attitudes and behaviors of others."modeling" after others.
Self efficacy
our belief in our ability to succeed. it tends to depend on the activity
Whorfian Hypothesis/linguistic relativity hypothesis
our perception of reality is determined by the content of language-language affects the way we think (ex: inuit- several types of words for snow, french-many words for you=--- reflects a certain ability at differentiating snow and respecting people) - word choice, inflection, context, and speaker play role in our perception
intergenerational changes
parents to children
personality Disorders- impairment of what aspects
patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that can cause distress or impairing function of at least 2 of the following: 1. Cognition 2. Emotion 3. Interpersonal Functioning 4. Impulse There are 3 clusters of the PD: A. (odd, eccentric) B (dramatic, emotional, erratic) C (anxious, fearful)
Strong ties
peer group and kinship contacts which are small in number, but more powerful
sanctions
penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behaviors are used to maintain social control negative sanction- fines or incaraceration; punishment given can be formal (enforced by social institutions) or informal (enforced by social behaviors
in group biases
people are biased towards those apart of their own group
Instict Theory of Motivation
people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary insticts- derived from Darwin. William James claimed that human actions were derived from 20 physical instincts (suckling local motion) and 17 mental instincts (curiosity and fear) experience can override instincts
drive reduction theory
people are motivated to eliminate uncomfortable states and seek homeostasis to reduce the uncomfortal internal state
external locus of control
people believe they have no control over situations and events, and only outside forces contribute to influencing outcomes
confirmation bias
people focus on information in agreement with beliefs rather than contradictory info.
Internal locus of control
people have control over situations and events and their actions can contribute to influencing outcomes
Social cognitive theory
people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others; - behavior doesn't come from trial and error, it comes from thoughts about the behavior (personal factors) and the environment ex: work ethic fo employees in company (behavior) is impacted by how they perceive others around them are working (personal factors) and the infrastructure of the company
reciprocal liking
people like others better when they belive the other person likes them
deindividuation
people lose sense of self-awareness in large group which provides high level of arousal and low responsibilityanonymity, diffused responsibility, group size-- contribute to itpeople act; in a way that they wouldn't normally act in if alone
implicit personality theory
people make assumptions about how diff types of people, traits, and behavior are related
Rational choice theory/exchange rational choice
people make individualistic calculated decisions about all things in life.;ex: if money is prime importance, individuals are motivated by money and will take it into consideration before deciding what to do; rational choice theory is more individual based, exchange theory applies more to groups
arousal theory of motivation
people perform actions to maintain an optimal level of arousal; Yerkes Dodson Law says that performance is optimal at some intermediate level Simple tasks require higher arousal than complex tasks.
mere exposure effect/familiarity effect
people prefer stimuli they have been exposed to more frequently (ex: a song you didn't like before on radio- you like it)
Risky shift
people tend to make riskier decisions in groups rather than as individuals in group polarization
social facilitation
people tend to perform better on simple tasks when they are in the presence of others; yerkes dodson law may apply
misleading information
people watched traffic safety video and saw a car crash. Viewers were asked how hard car smashed others as if hit. These people were asked if glass was on the ground. If people received question with the word smack (more violent) they thought glass was there.
Subjective contours
perceiving contours and shapes are not actually present in the stimulus.
Surround suppression
perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it. so in the case if they were confusing B for D they are ignoring the horizonal bar in B
tactile perception
perception obtained through the sense of touch via the fingers and skin surfaces
Social support
perception/reality that one is cared for by a social network
cognitive biases
perceptions and judgements differ from reality; unavoidable feature of our cognitive system- in some cases it may be adaptive
5 basic components of language
phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics
material culture
physical and technological aspects of daily life of a group (like art, emblems, clothing, jewlergy)
aggression
physical verbal, nonverbal behavior with intent to cause harm or increase social dominance
What are 3 elements of emotions
physiological response, behavioral response, and cognitive emotion
Pathway of hearing
pinna/external auditory canal/tympanic mem/malleus/incus/stapes/oval window/perilymph in cochlea/basilar mem/ hair cells/vestibulocochlear nerve/brainstem/medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus/auditory cortex
place theory
place theory claims that a person can hear diff pitches due to diff sound waves triggering activity in different parts of the basilar mem of the cochlea.
Fisherian/Runaway selection
pos feedback mech in which a particular trait as no effect or negative efect on survival but it is deemed socially desirable and thus passed on thruout the generations (ex: peacock)
Parkinson's Law
posed by C. Northcote Parkinson- 7th characteristic of 7 (6 originally from Weber) for Ideal Bureacracy. He claimed that bureaucracies tended to grow at a steady, predictable rate regardless of what organization was doing.
Dual Coding theory
posed by Paivio states that verbal association and visual images was used to process information more than one way to store info--> allows for redundance
Dual Coding theory
posed by Paiviostates that verbal association and visual images was used to process informationmore than one way to store info--> allows for redundance
Schema
posed by piaget organized patterns of behavior and thought
Schema
posed by piagetorganized patterns of behavior and thought
Marijuana
qualities of stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogencomes from cannabis sativa and cannabis indica- has THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) which affects receptors in brainTHC increases dopamine and GABA receptors--increases appetite, dry mouth, eye redness, lows bp, increases heart rate
ethnographic methods are_________ methods
quantitative.
Racial formulation theory
racial identity is fluid and depends on concurrent political, economic and social factors
Gender identity
ranges from femininity to masculinity, gender and sex are strongly affliated together in western cultures, but they are more fluid and less binary in other cultures; personal experience of one's own ender
Delirium
rapid fluctuation in cognitive fxnreversiblecaused by medical problems (nonpsychological)---electrolyte/pH disturbances, malnutrition, low blood sugar, infection, drug rxn, alcohol withdrawal, pain
Bureaucracy
rational system of political organization, administration, discipline and control; they generally have 6 traits; 1. Paid, non elected officials with fixed salary 2. officals have certain rights and privileges 3. regular salary increases 4. Seniority rights 5. promotions upon milestones 6. individuals tend to have an advanced degree or training
Proganz/Pragnanz
reality is organized into the most reduced/simplest form possible;ex: we view olympic rings as 5 circles rather than a weird complex shape Simple, regular, symmetric
Self reference effect
recall information best when we can put it into context with our own lives
False information
receiving false information after encoding a memory but before retrieving ex: people watched a video where car stopped at yield sign. Some people said the car stopped at a stop sign (these folk visualized the stop sign)
Recency effect
recent info we have about someone is most imp to our formation of impressions
Smell Adaptation
receptors in nose become desensitized to smell overtime
operant extinction with ex
refers to gradual decrease in the response rate of a behavior learned via reinforcement. (ex: you give a rat food every time it pushes on a lever. But if researchers stop giving the rat food it will stop pressing the lever as it no longer produces a desirable effect.)
Nonverbal communication
refers to how people communication intentionally or unintentionally WITHOUT WORDS- includes facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, touches, and eye positioning- tells us about personality traits and attitudes,
Construct validity
refers to how well given assessment (survey, test, etc) actually measures what it claims to measure
serotonin
regulates mood, appetite, sleep; low levels of serotonin- associated with depressive mood disorders
varaible interval schedule
reinforce a beahvor for the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval time (waiting exactly 60s, 90s, 180s to receive a second reward after the first reward has been administered)
reinforcement________ a behavior punishment--------- a behavior
reinforcement ENCOURAGES a behavior punishment DISCOURAGES a behavior
Karen Horney's Neurotic needs
rejects Penis envy; she instead said that individuals with neurotic personalities are guided by 1 of 10 neurotic needs; these needs are geared towards making life and interactions more bearable. exs: self sufficiency, independence, affection, approval, need to exploit others healthy people strive for these needs in moderation, but neurotic personalities tend to strive for them in greater intensity which can lead them to loose a sense of reality and have intense anxiety
Crystallized intelligence
related to use of learned skills and knowledge; peaks in middle adulthood, also subject to decline with age
Groupthink
relates to group conformity; individuals are compliant with the groups goals even when the goals may be in contrast to the individual's goal; group members can self center; and this can limit the group's options views and perspectives of a situation.
primary socialization
socialization that occurs during childhood; kids learn actions, attitudes in society from parents and other adults around them; foundation for personal opinions
norms
societal rules that define boundaries of acceptable behavior
anomie
society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness- this can be promoted by factors like rapid changes in society, low income levels, high heterogeneity.
vestibulo-ocular reflex
sound info sent to inferior coliculous. in this reflex, the eyes fix to point while head is turned
discriminaitng stimulus
specific to operant conditioning, it involves an indication that reinforcement or punishment is coming ( pressing the button when 1 and 3 show up on screen=reward; pressing button at 2 &5 on screen-shock=punishment (discourages behavior)
prejudice
specifically targets people, groups or things; preconceived judgement/opinion of individuals before knowing them or encountering them;;irrationally positive or negative; LIKE AN AFFECT
cultural diffusion
spread of norms, customs, beliefs, esp new ones throughout the culture
Deductive reasoning (top down)
starts from general set of rules and draws conclusion from information given
hypnosis
state in which person appears to be in control of their functions, but in a suggestible state and can succumb to suggestions of others; not admissable in court of law cause individuals are prone to creating their own memories.
Expectancy Value Theory
states that the amount of motivation to reach a goal is the result of an individual's expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which they value the goal
striate cortex=________ cortex
striate cortex=__VISUAL______ cortex
Stigma
strong social disapproval of a stigmatized groups (those that break social norms); unlike stereotype or prejudice stigma is always negative
morphology
structure of words, meaningful blocks of language (like redesigned- three morphemes: re, design, ed)
Harry Harlow's attachment research
studied infant attachment to parent, social isolation, and dependency using monkey Sentence: In the 1950s, researcher Harry Harlow raised baby rhesus monkeys with two artificial wire frame figures made to resemble mother monkeys.
Abraham Maslow
studied people's lives who were successful and looked for common qualities like nonhostile sense of humor, originality, creativity, spontaneity, and need for privacy. They were more likely than people who aren't self actualized to have PEAK EXPERIENCES- profound deeply moving experiences in a person's life
Internal validity
study internally well constructed (large random samples, safeguards against confounding variables, reasonable and reliable processes)
ethnography
study of cultures, customs;
Neuropsychology
study of fxns and behaviors assoc/w/specific regions of the brain
countercultures
subcultures perceived as negative as they draw away from majority culture's definitions of normalcy and opposes prevailing social mores.
Emotion
subjective experience of person in certain situation and this can influence decision making the emotion you expect to have later also has a role in shaping decisions
Dissociative fugue
sudden change in location that may involve assumption of a new identity
Endorphins
suppress pain and produce euphoria
Hypnagogic vs. hypnapompic hallucinations
symptoms specific to narcolepsy hypnagogic- hallucinations when one is going to bed hypnapompic hallucinations- hallucinations when one is popping from bed.
distress criterion of psychological therapies
takes into account whether the behavior gives unusual or prolonged levels of stress.
violation of social norms criterion of psych therapies.
takes into account whether the behavior violates social norms
Statistical deviancy criterion of psych therapies
takes into consideration whether the behavior is statistically rare.
support seeking coping
talking about a stressful event with a supportive person can be an effective way to manage stress. Seeking external support instead of self-isolating and internalizing the effects of stress can greatly reduce the negative effects of a difficult situation.
speech shadowing
technique developed to test language and auditory processing; used in stutter and speech perception research. Speech shadowing involves participants reciting along with auditory inputs prsented to one or both ears
Interaction process analysis
techniques for observing, classifying, and measuring interactions within small groups it was revised to the System of Multiple level observation groups (SYMLOG) in the 1970s which judges small groups on 3 dimnsions 1. Dominance vs. Submission 2. Friendliness vs. Unfriendliness 3. Instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive.
Touch Adaptation
temperature receptors may be densensitized overtime
Bipolar and related disorders
tend to have manic episodes or hypomanic episodes
instinctive drift
tendency of an animal to revert to unconscious and automatic beahvior that interferes with learned behavior taught from operant conditioning; this is something that a trainer would want to avoid ex: dog is trained to sit quietly when visitors come, however naturally it thinks of them as intruders and barks. Under stress the dog might bark and disregard training.
Automatic Encoding
tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding
iconic memory
the brief retention of an image of a visual stimulus beyond cessation of the stimulus. This iconic image usually lasts less than a second. In a multistore model of memory, iconic memory precedes short-term memory. Also called visual sensory memory.
social epidemiology
the contribution of social and cultural factors to disease patterns in populations.
self-enhancement
the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one's positive self-views
spontaneous recovery
the extinction of a response is not always permanent, after a certain time, an extincted conditioned stimulus can reslt in a weak conditioned response (ex; bell rings months after exp and dog salivates)
hidden curriculum
the informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in school
memory
the memory is changed depending on mood and goals. it is modified every time we pull it up
Incidence
the number of new cases of an illness per population @ RISK in a given amount of time (ex: number of new cases of lung cancer per 1000 people at risk; once you have it you are not considered at risk
role partner
the person with whom one interacts within a given role; ex: doctor and patient vs. doctor and nurse- there are different behaviors and expectations associated with these interactions.
Operationalization
the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study; (quantitative research)
Marxist Theory
the proletariat could overthrough the bourgeoisie and the entire capitalist economy by developing class consciousness.
Escape learning
the role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists (headache- you take a aspirin--also a type of negative reinforcement, mice pressing lever to stop shock)
self concept vs. self schema
the self concept unlike the self schema also includes an appraisal of who we are and who we were (past) and our future selves
self schema
the self given label that carries a set of qualities, these qualities can differ depending on culture, ses, personal beliefs etcetera.
gender
the set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex
master status
the status that one is most identified with; has special importance
society
the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction
self-verification
the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept ; (and agree with) information that is consistent with one's self-concept ex: judy says im intelligent, I agree with that rating
gender schema theory
the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly; transmitted intergenerationally
cognitive component of attitude
the way an individual thinks about something, like justification for behavioral component (how you acted in regards to something) or affective component (how you feel about something)
behavioral component of attitude
the way someone acts with respect to something (ex: avoiding somone)
Locus of control
the way we characterize influences in our lives; it includes internal locus of control- you control your own fate, or external locus of control- outside circumstances control our fate
1947: Kenneth and Mary Clark's ______ Preference Task
they explored ethnic self concepts among white and black children with the doll preference task. Given a kid a white and black doll and asked them which one they preferred. They found that the majority of white and black children preferred the white doll Recently it was performed again with improved methodology like randomizing ethnicity of experimenter and it showed that the kids had more positive views of their own ethnicity (could just be change in the times)
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT-
things or skills that can be attained by a more knowledgeable other (like help and guidance of parent when riding a bike)
signaling stimuli
this is another term for the conditioned stimulus once it has been conditioned
Characteristic institution
this is the basic organization of a society; prehistorically the characteristic institution of society was kinship, clans, or sibs. In modern times Bureaucracy is the characteristic institution
neutral stimulus
this is the conditioned stimulus prior to being conditioned
self identity
this is the individual components of the self concept that we belong to (ex: religious affliation, sexual orientation, personal relationship, and membership are some identities that make up our self concept)
Absolute threshold of sensation
this is the minimum intensity fo stimulus needed to detect (refers to sensation) a particular stimulus 50% of the time low levels of stimulus---some subjects can detect it and others cannot and there are differences within an individual;1. Expectations ( are you expecting a text)2. Experience ( how familiar are you with it)3. Motivation (are you interested in response)4. Alertness ( are you awake or drowsy)
Biomedical approach to Psych disorders
this takes into account the physical and medical causes a psychological disorder
Signal Detection Theory
this theory aims to analyze how we make the decision when it comes to discerning important stimuli from unimportant noise/ when we detect a signal0 originates in sonar or signal detection in a small fish vs. large whale
Secondary drives
those that motivate us to fulfill nonbiological, or emotional or learned drives
Primary drives
those that motivate us to sustain necessary bio processes
social class
those who have similar socioeconomic position in society
Canon Bard Criticism
though the afferent nerve study in cats showed the simulatenous stimulation of cortical areas and sympathetic nervous system areas, it did not account for the vagus nerve which conveys info from peripheral organs back to the central nervous system
William James
thought it was important to regard functionalism
Jung's unconscious
thought of libido has psychic energy, not just psychic energy rooted in sexuality. Identified EGO, conscious mind, and unconscious mind with different archetypes
Habituation
to become used to something (prolonged/repeated exposure) such that you don't notice it anymore or learn to ignore it
Horney's 3 strategies
to overcome basic anxiety or basic hostility child will opt for: 1. moving toward people to obtain respect from people who provide security, 2. moving against people or fighting them to obtain upper hand, 3.withdrawing from people ** also performed by normal people, but child will opt for them to a greater extent and they can carry these strategies into adulthood.
operational span testing
to see general capacity of working memory tasks patients are asked to read and verify a simple math problem (ex: is 4/2-1=1) and then read a word after such as SNOW after doing a series of problems and words they are asked to recall the word that followed each operation.
Hans Eysenback's PEN model
trait theory; Psychoticism= measure of nonconformity or social deviance Extraversion- measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation Neuroticism= measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations people vary on all three scales and this was later ddeveloped into the Five Facctor MOdel
indicator traits
traits that signal good health are attractive; doesn't have to be genetic (cats: like those with clean coats, don't like dirty coats- sign of malnutrition or infection)
Displacement
transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another (ex: parent gets heat from boss and takes it out on spouse/)
Sublimation
transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors- can be turned into a drive for business success or artistic creativity
Verbal communication
transmission of information via use of words (SPOKE< WRITTEN, SIGNED)- spoken language, written language, sign language, tactile languages like the Braille alphabet
what are the 4 different approaches to problem solving
trial and error algorithms deductive reasoning inductive reasoning
catch trials
trials in which a signal is presented for signal detection theory
IQ tends to slightly decline during summer vacation (T/F)
true
Adler's theory of self
two kinds of self: CREATIVE SELF- force by which individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality STYLE OF LIFE- represents manifestation of creative self and a person's unique way of achieving superiority; shaped by family Fictional finalism- individual is motivated by is expectations of future than past experiences, rather than using objective data from past, human goals are based on subjective or fictional estimation of future.
Double approach-avoidant conflicts
two options with both appealing and negative characteristics, which seems to represent the jury’s dilemma.;If they rule the defendant guilty, they would either be punishing a criminal (approach) or punishing an innocent (avoidant).
Recognition primed decison model
type of intuition--- brain sorts a wide variety of information and detects a pattern, unconscious feeling of just knowing (ex: doc looks at a patient no vital sign analysis, but just knows that they are having heart problems)
Amphetamines (drug class, mech, bio/psych/long term effects + risks)
type of stimulant increases release of dopamine, NE, and Serotonin at synapse and decreases uptake Bio effects; increased arousal, less sleep needed, reduction in appetite, high bp, high heart rate Psych effects: in euphoria, hypervigilance (being on edge), anxiety, delusions of grandeur, paranoia Long term effects: brain damage and stroke, addiction, withdrawal is strong--- can lead to depression fatigue, irritability
Ecstasy/MDMA or 3,4 methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine)
type of stimulant, E form acts as a hallucinogen when combined with amphetamines Bio: causes higher heart rate, blood pressure, blurry vision, sweating, nausea, hyperthermia Psych: feelings of euphoria, alertness up, well being, connectedness
Cocaine (drug class, forms/origin, mech, uses, risks)
type of stimulant, derived from coca plants from S. America or synthetic, smoked as crack decreases reuptake of dopamine, NE, and serotonin with diff mech also used as anesthetic and has vasoconstrictive props---good for surgeries for nose and throat (highly vascularized area) Risks: vasoconstrictive props---stroke and heart attack, addiction
Hallucinogens (types, mech, psych/bio effects)
types include LSD, mechanisms are widely unknown but thought to increase many neurotrans including serotonin causes distoriton of reality and fantasy, enhances sensory experiences, introspection also increases HR, BP, dilation of pupils, sweating, and increased body temp
Theory of Mind
understanding how someone perceives something that you do. Once you've developed this ability you become aware of judgements form the outside world and react to those judgements
Conversion Disorder
unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma
Neurocognitive model of dreaming
unifies biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating cognitive, subjective experiences with physiological changes
Folkways
unimportant norms that govern social interactions (ex: silverware use)---violating them not met with intense disapproval
Cognitive dissonance
unpleasant feeling a person experiences when holding two contradictory beliefs at the same time.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
unrealistic negative evaluation of a person's appearance or specific body part; individual takes extreme measures to correct perceived imperfection
Ideal bureaucracies have these two types of missions
up focused- mission serves shareholders, board, or other entity infocused- serves itself by maximizing profit or market share.
dopamine
used in reward and motor pathways
John B. Watson
used little albert experiment and he is the founder of behaviorism; used classical conditioning and stimulus generalization to cause healthy young boy to fear furry animals and objects.
Correspondent Inference theory* need ex
used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional and unexpected behaviors performed by another person
DSM-5
used to diagnose psych disorders
availability heuristic
used when we are trying to decide how likely something is; we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances are imagined (ex: how many words begin with k vs have k in middle)--likely we would say more begin with k because that's how we are used to or the way that is available/more likely something can be interpreted for us. but in reality more words with k in middle
Ingratiation strategy
using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over; exs agreeing to someone else's opinion without objection or complimenting someone before asking a favor (impression management)
Dramturgical approach (Erving Goffman)
using metaphor of theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations (ex: person's status=person's part in performance and roles are in script) 1. Front stage self- who we want to appear to be 2. Back stage self- who we actually are
Managining appearances strategy
using props, appearance, emotional expression or associations with others to create a positive image (ex: wearing a white coat, or a scarf); impression management
base rate fallacy
using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information; ignoring base or prior rates when evaluating the probability of events
Manic episodes
usually 1 wk duration of at least 3 of the following symptoms: elevated or expansive mood Distractability Decreased need of sleep Grandiosity flight of ideas/racing thoughts Agitations Pressured speech Risky behavior engagement
vestibules
utricle and saccules have a macula that houses stereocilia upon which are CaCO3 or otoliths- bending of hair stimulates the hair cells.
What is the fastest schedule of reinforcement for increasing number of responses
variable ratio
which reinforcement schedule is the most effective?
variable ratio
continous vars
variables have an infinite number of categories. If the question was something like "how many full-time jobs have you had?"
dichotomous var
variables only have two categories (employed and not employed)
moderating variables
variables that attentuate or strengthen a given relationship (ex: there's a relationship between SES and testicular exams- age may be a moderating variable as it may increase the chances of getting more frequent testicular exams)
psychophysical discrimination testing
varying a physical stimulus slightly (like in this case taking the same sized circle and putting it in between large and small circles) and observing the effect on a subject's experience or behavior to better understand perceptual processing (or a tone in a particular context)
Social Exchange Theory
views society as series of interactions that are based on estimates of rewards and punishments; and interactions are determined by rewards or punishments people receive drom others
deviance
violation of norms, rules, expectations within a society; just normally acting against social norms (not super bad in sociology,not like common use of deviant)
Binocular Cues
visual cues such as depth require two eyes
Monocular cues (2)
visual cues that don't require two eyes; this involves;form of an objectrelative sizemotionconstancy of object
nondominant hemisphere is responsible for: (4)
visual faces, music, emotions, and geometry in spatial processes
cultural transmission/learning
way in which a society socializes its members
affective of attitude
way person feels towards somthing; emotional component of attitude
social cognition
ways in which people think about others and how it impacts behavior towards them
Cognitive Neoassociation Model
we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions like being tired, frustrated or in pain
We have _________million cones and _______ million rods
we have 6 million cones and 120 rods
For any signal we have two curves/graphs: ______ and ______. The differences between these curves is d' or the_______.;
we have a noise distribution curve(represents background noise) and a signal distribution(represents major sound). Axes: x=intensity, y=The differences between these curves is d' or the strengthif the signal distribution curve shifts to right---large d'- easy detectionif the signal distribution curve shifts to left---small d'- hard detection
Hierarchy of salience
we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment (ex: in a same sex group, individuals are less likely to appeal to gender in their self descrptions than a mixed sex groups) this importance is assigned based on the rewards assoc/w/that identity, time invested in identity, and self esteem assoc/w/ identity
Actor Observer bias
we often blame our own actions on external situations, but actions of others on their personalities. self serving bias by actor and fundamental attribution error by observer (John is avoiding Tom at a party by not talking to him or making eye contact. John=actor---John validates his thinking by saying that he's acting this way cause he is tired and the party too loud. Tom is the observer- he just thinks that John is socially awk)
belief
what a person deems true in life
Disconfirmation principle
when a potential soln to problem fails during testing, solution should be discarded; evid shows that something doesn't work
whole report
when asked to list all the letters we have seen after being presented with an image of a group of letters= we can typically list a few of them.
Fixed-interval
when behavior is reinforced after a specific amount of time has passed. An example would be semi-monthly paydays.
Variable-interval
when behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable, amount of time has passed.
Individual discrimination
when one person is discriminating against a certain gorup or person
hindsight bias
when people are wrong about the outcome of an event, but claim they knew it was going to go the opposite way to which they originally stated. (Ex: I knew you were trouble when you walked in. so why have interacted in the first place) a person to overestimate how well he or she could have successfully predicted a known outcome To give an example of this hindsight bias: Imagine you have a coin with two sides, one is heads and one is tails. You say to your friend that you are going to flip the coin and if they can accurately guess what side the coin will land on you will buy them a pizza. They say heads. You flip the coin and it lands on tails. Then your friend says 'I knew it. I knew it was going to land on tails'. This is a clear example of hindsight bias, your friend said heads before the coin flip and claimed they knew it was going to be tails after the event.
Learned helplessness
when placed in a consistently hopeless scenario self efficacy can be developed
Partial report
when presented with an image of a group of letters and asked to list letters of particular row after presentation, person can list with 100% accuracy
accomodation
when suspensory ligaments pull on the lens to change its shape. Made possible by the contraction of the ciliary muscles (part of the ciliary body under parasymp control)
Gentrification
when upper and middle class pop begin to purchase and renovate neighborhoods.
actor-observer bias
when we blame our own actions on external situation and action of others on personality.
Neutress
when you are exposed to something stressful but it doesn't directly impact you (ex: nat disaster elsewhere)- body doesn't perceive as good or bad
Looking glass self
when you become aware of others' judgements of you (theory of mind) and our reaction to how we think others perceive us- can influence how we stress, maintain or modify certain parts of our personality
upper middle class
which contains 15% of people, accounts for highly-educated professionals and managers, typically with an annual salary ranging from the high five figures to well over $100,000.
arctuate fasiculus-
which is a bundle of axons that allows for proper association of language comprehension (wernicke's) and speech production (Broca's area)
Five ethnicities model
white, black, Asian, Latino, Native American - some argue an oversimplification of racial categories the enforces socioeconomic inequalities
tactical self
who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to other's expectations of us.
mores
widely observed social norms
What are 2 benefits of within subject studies over between subjects studies?
within subject studies have increased power and reduction in error variance associated with individual variances. Fundamental inferential stats principle claims that as number of subjects increases the statistical power increases and that a within subject study design with 45 subjects is equal to similar between subject study with 90