Psychology/Sociology

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

1 to 3 yearsErikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt and persistent external locus of control

Upper Class (what percentage of people, income)

1% of people, including celebrities, business executives, heirs, and other extremely wealthy people, typically with an annual salary greater than $500,000

alertness

consciousness in which we are awake and able to think; can perceive, process, access, and verbalize info - certain level of physiological arousal, higher cortisol levels, and EEG wave patterns - maintained by reticular formation

Canal of schlemm

drains aqueous humor of eye

Generativity vs. Stagnation

individual is capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society; if not overcome- the person becomes self indulgent, bored, and self centered with little care of others

Four primary factors that influence motivation

instincts, arousal, drives, and needs

Intellectual disability causes, FAS, and cognitive development

intellectual disability--caused by trauma during birth, injury, illness, chem exposuresAlcohol use during pregnancy---causes FASFAS and intellectual disability lead to slowed cognitive development

social capital

investments people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards; higher social capital=higher social integration ex: social network is a type of social capital

anterior cingulate gyrus

involved in major depression; failure to shut down cortisol here: in charge of regulating autonomic processes

Semicircular canals

involved in rotational circulation, each of them are perpindicular to one another. Have an ampulla where hair cells are rotated. Endolhymph resists motion

Aligning actions strategy

making questionable behavior acceptable thru excuses (missing deadlines cause of sleeping); impression management

polygyny

male with multiple females

Conflict theory

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to maintenance of social order

Social cognitive Perspective

focuses on how we interact with environment

altruism

heping behavior in which person's intent is to benefit somone else at some cost to him or herself. remember that the motives behind helping someone in an altruistic manner can be selfish, egotistic or empathetic

Galton argued that intelligence was a _____ trait.

hereditary

Criminal behavior, IQ have some patterns of ________.

heritability

Activation Synthesis Theory

dreams are caused by widespread random activation of neural circuitry which mimics incoming sensory information, unmet needs and other experiences - cortex attempts to link up this unrelated info together- which results in weird, but familiar genes

Problem Solving Dream theories

dreams are ways in which you can solve problems while sleeping as in dreams you are untethered by rules of real world and so you can interpret things differently from when you are sleeping.

role exit

dropping one identity for another

Maladaptive Coping strategies

drugs, entertainment, not really getting at the root of the problem

For transgender individuals, the DSM 5 still lists the diagnosis of gender________

dysphoria

Persistent Depressive Disorder

dythymia for at least 2 years; does not meet category for MDD

self discrepancy theory

each of has has 3 selves- Self concept makes up ACTUAL SELF- the way we see ourselves currently IDEAL SELF- person we would like to be OUGHT SELF- our representation of the way others think we should be the closer the actual, ideal, and ought selves are the greater the self esteem or self worth

REM Rebound

earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep as compared to normal

Activities of daily living (5) that tend to relate to decline in intellectual abilities

eating, bathing, toileting, dressing, ambulation

Repression

ego's way of forcing undesired thoughts or urges or unconscious forgetting

Stressor

element, external condition, event that leads to stress response (5) 1. Environmental (temp, sounds, weather) 2. Daily events (unexpected occurrences, lost items, etc) 3. Workplace or academic issues (meeting with folks, assignments, etc) 4. Social Expectations- (demands placed on you by society, family, friends 5. chemical an dbiological stressors- diet alcohol etc

good continuation

elements appear to follow the same pathway are grouped together.

Malthusian theory

exponential growth of pop can outpace food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder; catastrophe is when third world nations industrialize, go thru transition and pace of world pop growth willl be higher leading to outweighing available food and mass starvation

attitude

expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing, or scenario; develop from experiences with others who affect our opinions and behaviors 3 pts: affective, behavioral, cognitive (ABC)

Distinctiveness cues

extent to which a person engages in a similar behavior across a series of scenaiors; if their behavior varies across scenarios we form a situational attribution.

Consensus cues

extent to which a person's behavior differs from others; if person deviates from socially expected beahvior we are likely to form a dispositional attribution

locus of control (2)

extent to which people believe they have control of their lives and the events which affect theminternal locus of control and external locus of control

stigma

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person/group based on perceived differences from rest of society

agents of socialization

factors that drive and influence socializationex: children- parents and family life are agentsteen-- it is your social circles that influences socializationadults-- workplace, media, etc

Explicit declarative memory

facts and stories

Shadowing ear task

falls under selective attention theory studies; the shadowing task - you have a headphone with different information coming from both ears. Told to repeat what was said in one ear and ignore the other ear; Three major theories stem from this.

misinformation effect

false info can make people prone to forming false memories; we tend to replace things in our memory with things that are similar

Those with low self esteem view themselves as worthless

false; they just tend to be more critical of themselves and they take criticism poorly.

Automatic processing

familr or routine actions that don't require undivided, or controlled/effortful processing

kinship vs. family

family- a group of people related by blood, marriage, adoption or law kinship= extension of family; refers less to blood relations and more to who we consider belonging to our family.

Separation anxiety age

fear of being separated by caregiver- occurs at 1 yr

Agoraphobia

fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

mass hysteria

features elements of groupthink; shared intense concern about threats to society

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

feelings of detachment from the mind and body from environment

IQ tests

first generated by Alfred Bient, then a dude at Standford created his own version

Primacy effect

first impressions are more important than later impression

Sensory memory

first recall of visual info, quick short term; type subtypes are iconic and echoic memory

Sensorimotor Stage

first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development; birth-2y child manipulates physical environment thru circular reactions. ends with establishment of object permanence and beginning of representational thought

Sensorimotor Stage

first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development; birth-2y;;child manipulates physical environment thru circular reactions.;ends with establishment of object permanence and beginning of representational thought

Hermann Von helholtz

first to measure speed of nerve impulse; by measuring speed in terms of reaction times he allowed psychology to be more scientific like

Example of representativeness heuristic

flip coin 10 times land on heads each time, what about probability of 11th- head or tail based on stereotypical expectation- you may say heads or protypical tails, or you may ignore the 50% probability or numerical info--basal rate fallacy

Selective Attention

focus on one part of sensorium while ignoring other stimuli - originally if a stimulus was off interest it would pass thru filter and be processed and all other things would be ignored but this may not be the case (cocktail party phenomenon)

microsociology perspective to health

focus on smaller scale group interactions for depression

Force Field Theory by Kurt Lewin

focuses little on past or future, fixed traits, habits, structures like the id/ego/superego. He defined the field as one's current state of mind which was the sum of influences on the individual at that time. focusing on how people attain self realization

strain theory

focuses on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance.

Spatial inequality

focuses on social stratification across territories and populations; how geo affects social processes. Social categories like race class etnicity and gender define how people use space (perhaps as a means of family life, culture, and entertainment for ex) and this affects spatial inequality.

phenomenological research

focuses on subjective elements of an experience by trying to understand individuals' perceptions, perspectives and understanding of a particular situation or event. Often, this is done by way of collecting narratives from multiple subjects regarding the same situation or experience, in order to make generalizations about the research topic.

Attention

focusing on one aspect of sensory environment or SENSORIUM

Carl Roger's incongruence theory

for someone to reach self actulization they need to be in a state of congurence, in other words, this is when a person's ideal self (who they want to be) is aligned with their actual behavior (self image)

Korsakoff syndrome

form of mem loss caused by thiamine deficiency; marked by retrograde and anterograde amnesia in an attempt to fill in gaps of mem, the brain engages in confabulation

ritual

formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group regularly engage; has a certain order of events, rules, including important behaviors

algorithms

formula or procedure for solving certain problem, could be set of instructions or math for desired solution

Hawk Dove game

game or model to explain how access to food resources works. Hawks- FIGHTER STRAT--- display aggression until wins or injures Doves- FIGHT AVOIDANCE STRAT- display aggression first but retreat if fighting escalates

Cornea

gathers and focuses incoming light

Standford Binet IQ test

general IQ calculation: IQ= mental age/chronological age *100

intellectual ability is determined by

genes, environment, educational experiences--shown to run in families, SES, parental expectations, and nutrition also correlate

Convergence

gives humans idea of depth and how much eyeballs have turned

Self disclosure strategy

giving info about oneself to establish an identity (premed student to patients); impression management

Test-Test reliability

good test should give stable results over time

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

graph of words recalled (%) vs. days- we tend to forget things

motor skills development progression

gross motor skills tend to develop in a head to toe order starting with ability to lift head, stabilize trunk, and finally walking

when is group affliation greatest?

group affliation or attraction/commitment increases when the members share similar knowledge, preferences, skills, and other aspects of cultural capital.

choice shift

group may shift towards caution as a group as well

Group conformity

group that holds power over its members, creates group pressure, and shapes the group behavior

subcultures

groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from their primary culture symbolic attachmentof clothing/music that differentiate this group could be based on race/gender/ethnicity/sexuality countercultures- negative subcultures

Out groups

groups that an individual competes with or is opposition to

Reference groups

groups that establish terms by which individual evaluates themselves (ex: medical applicant will use accepted students at a medical school as a reference group for their suitability for aparticular school

in group

groups to which an individual belongs

BP 2

has at least one hypomanic episode and 1 major depressive episode

magnocellularcells

have high temporal resolution, not much color spatial resolution.

Eustachian tube

helps to equalize pressure between the middle ear and environment

belief perseverence

refers to the inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary.

socioeconomic gradient in health

reflects that those with the lowest status are less healthy than those in the middle, who are less healthy than those at the top

Reference group

self concept depends on who we are comparing ourselves too. So even tho docs make above the national median income, they may perceive themselves as less wealthy as they are comparing themselves to others who make a lot of money as well

altruistic behavior

self-sacrificing behavior that benefits another individual

distal stimulus

stimuli that originate outside the body prior to reaching the body are considered the distal stimuli (ex: campfire). physical object or event in the external world that reflects light; that light or energy that is coming is the proximal stimulus and it excites receptors in our eyes--leads to perception

Bystandard effect

social groups wherein individuals don't intervene to help others when others are present vars that impact participation is degree of responsiblity felt, social etiquette degree of danger, and cohesiveness of group

group polarization

tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than individual ideas and inclinations of members within the group (can lead to riskier or more cautious activity)

stimulus generalization

tendency of a new stimulus to evoke responses or behaviors elicited by another stimulus (ex: sound of a bell and sound of a tone may both cause salivation)

Game theory

social interaction is a game where some will be winners and some will be loosers

Schacter-Singer theory

both arousal and labeling of arousal is based on the environment and must occur for an emotion to be experienced "I am excited bc my heart is racing and everyone else is happy" Exp: they have injections of EPI or placebo in ignorant, misinformed, and informed subjects and they manipulated external cues by having an actor act happy or angry EPI--- resulted in higher arousal--less emotion those that were misinformed or ignorant had high levels of emotion and labeled themselves as happy or sad based on environment

Kohlberg's moral reasoning B. Conventional morality

individual starts to see themselves based on their relationships to others iii. Conformity- good boy or nice girl orientation to seek approval of others iv. Law and Order- maintains social order in high regard

Reaction formation

individuals suppress urges by unsconsciously converting them to their exact opposites (ex: dude does like female celebrity and can't be with her so he dislikes her)

self serving bias

individuals view their own successes based on internal factors and failures based on external factors

relative deprivation theory

individuals who perceive themselves as having less resources than others will often act in ways to obtain these resources

Somatic Disorder

bodily/somatic symptoms can cause stress and impairment to sufferer.lacks identifiable causeimpaired by irrational fears of having a disease; illness anxiety disorder

Asch's line conformity experiment

individuals will often conform to group opinion even if its wrong; incorrectly answered 1/3 of time; people sometimes knowingly give wrong answer in order to not go against the group

priviledge

inequality in networks and social capital leads to an inequality in opportunity

Sir Charles Sherrington

inferred existence of synapses; incorrectly deemed them to be more electrical in nature

informational influence

influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality; looking to others

normative influence

influence to conform w/expectations of others to gain social approval

Elaborative Rehearsal

info consolidated into longe term memory by relating information to our own llives or other information already stored

Mores

informal norms that carry major importance for society, and if broken, can result in severe social sanctions

How is information processed in brain?

information is encoded, stored, and retrieved; the mechanism behind this is controversial. In 1950s- mind likened to computer

Glycine

inhibitory neurotransmitter founding spinal cord and brain stem

Inner Ear Anatomy

inner ear constains 3 semicircular canals which are orthogonal or right angles to one another (posterior, lateral and anterior)- each contain endolymph

social interaction

both people influence others behavior

circadian rhythms

daily 24 hour cycle is regulated by external cues of light from melatonin (serotonin derive) released by pineal gland

Mortality

deaths caused by given disease

pheromones

debatable on humans; play role in mediating animal foraging, mating, social beahviors

situational modification

decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to solve new probs

relative deprivation

decrease in resources, rights, etc that push people toward proactive change

Synaptic Pruning

decrease in synapses that occurs as we age and in development to get rid of weak synapses, meanwhile strong ones are kept

Partial report technique

testing memory in which only some of the total information is presented to be recalled (ex: several rows of letter are shown to the participate and a cue given afterward will only ask them to recall one particular row)

___________ of task you are analyzing determines how long it takes to filter and when filtering occurs

the DIFFICULTY of task you are analyzing determines how long it takes to filter and when filtering occurs

Social cognition/perception (3)

the way we generate impressions about people, includes 3 parts: 1. PERCEIVER- person making the impression 2. TARGET=- who the impression is about 3. SITUATION- this is the social context of scenario

Ekman's hypothesis

there are (7) universal human emotions:;anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise

Stage 1 sleep on EEG is detected by appearance of _____ waves

theta

Stage 2 waves eeg waves again show ____ waves and ________ and _______

theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes

animals without amygdala

they are docile, less aggression, and hypersexual

Secondary group

interactions are superficial with few emotional bonds, last for shorter period of times

primary group

interactions that are direct, close bonds that are warm, personal, with intimate relationships among members

responses to conformity include ______ and _____.;

internalizaton and identification

discrimination

involves action or negative treatment of person/group as a result of prejudice- often individual's action- institutional policies can enable justification/unintentional promotion of discrimination

formal sanction

involves an official way of promoting a behavior/normalizing a behavior POSITIVE- an official reward for an action or behavior NEGATIVE- official punishment for an action or behavior

Dependent PD

involves continous need for reassurance

Narcissistic PD

involves gradiose sense of self importance and need for admiration

positive growth rate negative growth rate

involves increase in birth rates and influx of people Neg Growth rate- death rate and efflux of people

Obsessive Compulsive PD

involves perfectionism, infelxibility, and preoccupation with rules

Compulsive Stimulation seeking coping

involves shopping gambling physical activity, stuff that entails avoidance of the problem- avoidance coping

social withdrawal/excessive autonomy coping

involves social isolation, disconnection, withdrawal, exaggerated focus on self reliance rather than relying on others etc

Shading and contour

involves using light and shadows to perceive depth and colors

Specific phobias

irrational fears about specific objects or situations

theta waves

irregular waveforms with slower frequencies and higher voltage

Narcolepsy what is it- symptoms(5)

irrestible, sudden urge to sleep which lasts from a few min to half an hour. symptoms include: 1. cataplexy (loss of muscle control), 2.sudden intrusion of REM sleep (emotional triggers), 3.sleep paralysis(awake but can't move), 4.hypnagogic or 5.hypnapompic hallucinations

interpersonal attraction (4)

it is based on multiple factors (4) 1. Self Disclosure 2. Reciprocity 3. Proximity 4. Attractiveness (golden ratio proportions)

when does rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occur

it is interspersed between stages 1-4 of NREM sleep

Avoidance learning

it is meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen (studying for an exam, cleaning the house, or making chai before people ask)

Criticisms of Kohlberg's moral reasoning model

it is more geared to individualistic societies and is not considerate of collectivist cultures. his exps were also only on male subjects which can cloud differences in reasoning patterns.

Erikson's Psychosexual Development- what does it say about not passing stage?

it is possible to fail at resolving the conflict, but that doesn't mean that mastery is required to move onto the next stage; success= answering existential question associated with the stage

Similarity

items that are similar to one another are grouped together by the brainex: brain automatically organizes these squares and circles in terms of similarities

Just world hypothesis

its like secular karma; people believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

prospective memory (age?)

remembering to do something in the future like taking medicine; time based prospective memory (like when to take meds) declines with age semantic based prospective memory (like remembering to buy milk when looking in the fridge) does not decline with age.

Primary circular rxns

repetition of body movement-originally it was by chance but child finds soothing (sucking thumb)

Broca's area

located in inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe, controls motor function of speech via connections with motor cortex; damage this we get Broca's or EXPRESSIVE aphasia- understand everything but can't speak properly

olfactory chemoreceptors/nerves

located in olfactory epithelium in the upper part of the nasal cavity. Chem stimuli directly bind to these chemoreceptors to cause a signal)

Wernicke's area

located in superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe-involved in language comprehension, damage this- no comprehension- very frustrating as they can't express themselves---Expressive aphasia

Personality Disorder

long lasting, maladaptive patterns of behavior that impair cognition, emotion, interpersonal behavior, communication, and/or impulse control

Paranoid personality disorder

long term pattern of distrust and suspicion with others; doesn't have full blown psychotic disorder.

Muzafer Sherif's Robbers Cave Study (examined?)

looked at intergroup conflicts which arise over limited resources

Distant networks

looser, contain weaker ties (acquaintences)

Agnosia

loss of ability to recognize objects, people, sounds, etc usually manifests as loss of one of the three; typically due to neurological disorders like MS or stroke

Schiophrenia (negative symptoms)

loss of behavior, cognition, avolition, affect

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past

Poverty

low SES and a lack of possessions or financial resources; handed down from generation to generation

GABA

main inhibitory neurotrans of CNS; it hyperpolarizes cells to reduce AP firing

excessive orderliness/obsessionality overcompensation; maladaptive coping.

maintains strict order, tight self control, hihg lievel of predictability planning , etc; tries to find best way to avoid disappointment---maladaptive coping

lowball technique

requestor will get initial commitment from an individual and raise the cost of commitment (this cost could be money effort or time) ex: Gina tells you that she needs help filling out some forms for her new house, but then asks you to help her move in

Effortful encoding

requires attention and conscious effort

National identity

requires citizenship

false consciousness

misperception of one's actual position within society; members of the proletariat either don't see just how bad conditions are or they don't recognize commonalities between their experience. Prevents class consciousness

William Sheldon's somatotypes

personality is based on body type or somatotype short stocky people= jolly tall people= very high strung and aloof medium people= strong and well adjusted

Hans Eysenck

personality theorist; asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion; devised the PEN model

Superego

personality's perfectionist, judges actions and responds with pride at accomplishments; subdivided into the conscience and ego ideal. CONSCIENCE- all the improper actions you were punished for as a kid EGO IDEAL= proper actions child is rewarded for; a system of right and wrong substitutes for these rewards and punishments

Nativist Theory

proposed by Chomsky; advocates for innate language capacity - believe in critical period for language acquisition ( 2yrs-puberty) - if no language in this time- kid can't learn language -evidence: child abuse periods -innate ability to learn language---language aquisition device (LAD) is theoretical pathway that allows kids to process rules - focused on transformational grammer and syntactic transformations (word order changes and same meaning)

statistical power

potential or likelihood of study to detect a real diff in outcome of interest, it depends on the size and magnitude of the effect of interest (depends on the sample size)

Relative poverty

poverty is compared to the larger pop in which they live. (poor person compared to a manhattan lawyer

preparedness

predisposition to learn beahviors (ex: it'll be easier to train birds to perform a pecking based behvaior with the reward of food because they already peck for food)

Trait theorists

prefer to describe individual personality based on the summation of characteristic beahviors.

reticular formation

prefrontal cortex interacts with this structure(in brain stem) to keep the cortex awake.

ageism

prejudice or discrimination on basis of a person's age

Illness Anxiety disorder

preoccupation with thoughts about coming down with a serious disease

stereotypes

prevalent, but oversimplified idea or set of ideas about a group [generally applied]prejudice is a preconceived notion/judgement that specifically target people

Urban Decay

previously functional portion of a city deteriorates and becomes decrepit over time

Tertiary Kin

primary kin of one's primary kin's primary kin (your grandparent's sister) or the secondary kin of one's primary kin (your cousins or husband's grandmother)

Knowledge function of functional attitudes theory

providees consistency and stability; attitudes allow for organization of thoughts and experiences; allows us to predict others' actions

schlera

provides structural support

network support

providing a sense of belonging to a person

material support

providing physical or monetary resources to aid person

informaitonal support

providing useful info to a person

Arousal

psychological and physiological state of being awake (arousal) involves the brainstem, autonm nervous system and endocrine

General Paresis

psychosis that can arise from advanced stage of syphilis/disease attacks brain cells. Also claled Paralytic dementia

Schizophrenia is a _______disorder

psychotic; this term means that those with schizophrenia may also experience at least one of the following symptoms:;delusionsdisorganized thoughtshallucinationscattonianegative symptoms

motivation

purpose or driving force behind our actions Extrinisic motivation=external forces coming from outside of ourselves like praise or getting a good grade Intrinsic motivation= driven out of interest for a task or just pure enjoyment of self

state religion

religious organization that includes most people in society, officially recognized, many not be tolerant of outsiders. Need not be a theocracy (sweden state govt is lutheranism but its govt is secular)

churches

religious organizations integrated in society, interested in the day to day, codified set of rules, people born into it but they can join

sects

religious organizations not integrated into society; formed after split from larger religious organization. People can be born into it or convert. Some are isolated from society to practice beliefs

anchoring

relying too much on the first information encountered

Yerkes Dodson Law

performance of behavior tends to be neg impacted at too high or low levels of arousalthere is an optimum level of arousal for performancex axis=arousaly axis=performanceparabolic shapethis optimum level of arousal varies from person to person and situation to situation

Mood Disorders (4)

persistent, abnorm elevation or lowering of moodincludes;bipolar disordersdepression-;mania-;major depressive disorder(MDD)

Biological perspective

personality can be explained by genetic expression in the brain

Schizotypal personality disorder

personality disorder characterized by a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, and unconventional beliefs.

retrospective memory

remembering past events

Types of kinship (5)

primary kinship secondary kinship (grand parents and grandchild) tertiary kinship (your husband's grandmother) affinal kinship (no blood relationship; most common is marriage) consanguineal kinship (kinship related via genetics

______ and ______ circular reactions are often repeated as; a child gets a ________ from the environment

primary, secondary, response (ex: parent picking up toy)

prmiary reinforcer

prmiary reinforcer creates natural responses that occur even when no learning or conditiioning takes place

Social movements (2)

proactive- want change; reactive- resist change

Fluid intelligence

problem solving skills; peaks in early adulthood, subject to decline with age

assimilation

process by which an individual's group's behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group and those groups begin to merge into one; typically not an even blend of cultures

anticipatory socialization

process by which we prepare for future change we anticipate;(ex: trying to change sleeping habits with night shift)

urbanization

process of dense areas of population creating pull for migration or creating cities

George Kelly's definition of psychotherapy

process of insight whereby individual acquires new constructs which will allow him or her to successfully predict troublesome events.

globalization

process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping foreign labor markets

acquisition

process of latching an unconditioned stimulus to a neutral stimulus to produce a conditioned response

affect heuristic

process of making a judgement based on emotions that are evoked.

encoding

process of putting new info into memory

Encoding

process of putting new info into memory; can be automatic (passive, like taking in something as you stroll) effortful (active, something like flash cards)

confabulation

process of recreating vivide but fabricated memories which is thought to be an attempt made by brain to fill in gaps of missing memories (commonly seen with Korsakofff's syndrome)

shaping

process of rewarding increasingly specific behavior (training pigeon to turn around 3 times and press a lever)

resocialization

process through which we get rid of old behaviors to take on new behaviors(ex: training of soldiers to obey orders or helping those in jail transition back to societal norms)

Ciliary body

prod aqueous humor; accomodation of lens

Dementia

progressive loss of fxn and intellectual decline; starts off with impaired memory and will later progress to impaired judgement and confusion...personality changes also commonAlzeheimer's- about 60-80% of all dementia cases/most common cause

Lev Vygotsky

promosed that child's internalization of culture [interpersonal and societal rules, symbols, lang enables child's cognitive devkid looks to adults and others to develop cognitive skills

Behaviorist/Learning theory:

proposed by BF skinner in terms of operant conditions language acquisition occurs by reinforcement based on parental phoneme output kids start to prefer phoneme sounds of native language by 6 mos still can't explain explosion of vocab in early lang

word association testing

researcher provides a series of words to the individual, for each word the participants are asked to say the first word that comes to mind (what they associated); Freud thought it provided insight into people's personality

collective efficacy

respondents perception that members of their community were likely to help one another out (could be measured by prosocial behaviors)

Albert Bandura

responsible for Bobo doll experiments which showed that children can display observational learning for aggressive behavior when they watch adults exhibit such behavior

Long Term Potentiation

responsible for the conversion of short term memory into long term memory; which involves strengthening of synapses with glutamate/other ntrans release (NMDA receptors)

External validity

results of experiment can be generalized to other settings; experimental group is rep of larger population;- need to control situational variables

Duplexity/Duplicity Theory of Vision

retina contains 2 kinds of photoreceptors specialized for light/dark and color detection

reproductive memory

retrieval that is hypothesized to be an accurate recall of information; but this is subject to constructive or restructive memory issues

retrospective chart review

retrospective---looking at records from the past

Regression

reversion to earlier developmental state; older children when faced with stress may return to earlier behaviors; like thumb sucking, throwing tantrums, clinging to mothers.

prosody

rhythm, cadence, inflection of our voices can also effect pragmatics

vestibular sense

rotational and lienar acceleration

Plutocracy

rule by upper classes

Secondary circular rxns:

rxns occur when manipulation of environment is focused on something outside of the body- like repeatedly throwing toys

Secondary circular rxns:;

rxns occur when manipulation of environment is focused on something; outside of the body- like repeatedly throwing toys

Kinsey scale

scale of 0-6 with 0 being complete heterosexuality and 6 being complete homosexuality

Dopamine levels in schizophrenia vs. Parkinson's Disease

schizophrenia has high levels of dopamine (so treatment overdose could result in symptoms similar to PD) PD--low dopamine

Bootstrapping

semantic bootstrapping hypothesis proposes that children acquire their native language through exposure to sentences of the language paired with structured representations of their meaning, whose component substructures can be associated with words and syntactic structures used to express these concepts. The child's task is then to learn a language-specific grammar and lexicon based on (probably contextually ambiguous, possibly somewhat noisy) pairs of sentences and their meaning representations (logical forms)

Proprioception and Adaptation (exp)

sense of position of body in spaceexperiment: goggles that make everything upside down-- at first you would be disoriented but overtime you would be able to get a sense of where everything is and flip over glasses

Sensory adaptation

senses are adaptable and can change their sensitivity to different stimuli

3 stages of memory

sensory mem STM LTM

haptic memory

sensory memory which involves theorretically hearing and touch

in focused mission

serves itself by maximizing profit or market share

Cultural Syndrome

shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture organized around a central theme. - these dictate how one should express or suppress emotions (ex: happiness is more individualistic pursuit in US, whereas its more collective in Japan) (ex: men shouldn't cry and women shouldn't express anger)

/Self disclosure

sharing fears, thoughts, goals, with another person who is empathetic and non judgemental

McDonaldization

shift in focus to efficiency, predictability calculability control in societies original model was a fast food model, but could also include stuff like bite size headlines to make efficient and predictable info source and Corportations going thru big data to make business decisions using controlled, standardized methods (calculability)

Mcdonaldization

shift toward efficient and practical; involves 4 aspects like increasing efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control.

noise trials

signal is not presented in trials for signal detection theory

False Alarm

signal not present, person says present

Miss

signal present, no response

Hit

signal present, subject said present

endorphins/endephalins

similar to morphine and oopiods these are endogenous peptide hormones released by the anterior pituitary responsible for euphoria/pain relief

Heuristics

simplified principles used to make decisions; ie: rules of thumb---2 kinds: availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic

cognitive dissonance

simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions which leads to discomfort that manifests as fear, anger, confusion, and anxiety

sleep cycle

single, complete progression thru stages 1-4 with REM sleep.

informational social influence

situation where one turns to others to determine how they should act or what way of acting is correct

Reappraisal

situations that require constant apprisal and monitoring

implicit non declarative memory

skills and conditioning

Parasomnias

sleep disorders in which abnormal movements like night terrors, movements, behaviors, and sleepwalking occur while sleep; norm during NREM sleep mainly Disorder exs: Sleepwalking/somnambulism REM rebound Night Terrors

Somnambulism

sleepwalking; normally occurs during SWS (slow wavelength sleep); they can eat, talk, have sex, or drive far with no recollection of events- most return to beds in borning with no knowledge of nighttime activities waking them up won't harm them- but you should quietly guide them back to bed to avoid disturbing SWS

ethnic enclaves

slow assimilation as this highly concentrated area of one specific ethnicity

Cult

small religious organization which have bliefs out of the norm. Could grow into major religion.

foot in the door technique

small request is made, and after gaining compliance a larger request is made

norms provide means of _____control

social

social capital______= ________ social inequality= ________social cohesion

social capital INC______= __DEC______ social inequality= ___INC_____social cohesion

Albert Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism and personality

social cognitive perspective (we affect our surroudings) Reciprocal determinism- idea that our thoughts, feelings, and environment interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation

race

social construct based on phenotypic differences; can place people at risk for certain diseases

Ethnicity

social construct; language, nationality, religion, others facs we identify with

weak ties

social conxns that are personally superficial like associates but large in number (ex: social media websites)1

sociobiology

social differences are rooted in biology (ex: FEV KO mice are more aggressive and violent, so FEV trans fac may play role in regulating aggression.;theory of behavior

relative poverty

social disadvantage by income/wealth in the US compared to social advantages linked to income or wealth;

cultural relativism

social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

social reproduction

social inequality both poverty and wealth can be reproduced or passed on from one generation to another ex: poverty- feelings of powerlessness, isolaiton and apathy that accompany poverty are passed down

social inequality is highest among _________, ___________, and _______. Most prevalent among ____________.

social inequality is highest among __elderly_______, __female headed familes_________, and ___racial/ethnic minorties____. Most prevalent among __low SES__________.

peer pressure

social influence placed on an individual by group of people or another person (peers=people you are equal to)

anomie

social instability caused by breakdown of social bonds- like social norms between individuals and communities; lack of social norms

What is the most important characteristic of gorups that strengthens them

social interaction

Meta-analysis

statistical technique involving the aggregation of smaller studies pertaining to a certain research question in order to draw a conclusion that is statistically stronger than those of the individual studies.

demographics

statistics of populations and are mathematical applications of sociology

ascribed status

status that one is given at birth such as race, ethnicity, gender, family background

self fulfilling prophecy

stereotyeps can lead to expectations of certain groups which can create conditions that leaad to confirmation of stereotype

Subliminal Stimuli

stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation

James Lange Theory

stimulus triggers PHYSIOLOGICAL response which THEN leads to a subjective, conscious experience of emotion (ex: climb a hill, asked to rank someone's attractiveness- may perceive more attraction)limits: multiple emotions may correspond to same physiological responses (tears-happy or sad, heart rate changes- fear or excitement)

Holmes and Rahe stress scale

stress associated with life events and 43 major things associated as life stressors

Distress

stress caused by negative stressors

Eustress

stress is the result of positive conditions like getting a high MCAT score, married, etc

Centration

tendency to focus on only one aspect of phenomenon; inability to detect conservation (ex: give kid two pieces of pizza, same size, but one is in 2 pieces other is whole)- child can't say they are equal

self-serving bias

tendency to have people credit successes to themselves and failures either to the actions of others or to situations

representativeness heuristic

tendency to make decisions about actions or events based on our own standard reps of those events

representativeness heuristic

tendency to make decisions about actions or events based on our own standard reps of those events; cateogorizing items based on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category

Reliance on central traits

tendency to organize perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to perceiver

overconfidence effect

tendency to overestimate accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements

fundamental attribution error

tendency to place less importance on the import of a situation or context on behavior, instead place emphasis on dispositional or internal qualities to explain behavior.

Piaget's pendulum exp

used to find diff between concrete operational stage and formal operational stagekids over 11 were able to design exp and figure which of 4 vars involved in increasing pendulum force (inital angle of swing, force of push, weight of pendulum, length of string)

ordinal vars

vars ranked for comparison (ex: education level)

Grasping reflex

child closes fingers around object placed in hand

9-12mos language development

all children, even deaf children babble- reaches peak at this time period

Age 5

child conforms to peers and romantic feeelings for others develop

Stranger anxiety age

child has a fear of unfamiliar individuals- occurs at 7 months

attrition bias

participants of group drop out of a long term exp

cultural transmission

passage of elements of culture from one generation to another

Medicaid

patients with significant financial need

reconstructive bias

bias related to memory;;memories of past not as accurate especially when it relates to stress

in group bias

bias where you favor those who you perceive to be in group

Bainski reflex

child's toes spread apart automatically when the sole of the foot is stimulated

mirror neurons

located in frontal and parietal lobe; tend to play a role in observational learning. may play role in empathy

Two point threshold

min distance needed btw two points such that the points will be perceived as two distinct stimuli

Symmetry

mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point

Motion parallax

relative motion; such as things that are farther away move slower and those that are closer move faster. This is possible due to monocular cues

birth rate

relative to a pop size over time is the number of births per 1000 people per year

Compliance/Dependance

relies on others, affliation, passive, clings, avoids conflict---surrender maladaptive stress response

response bias

tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors

self serving bias

tendency people have to credit successes to themselves and failures to actions of others

belief bias

tendency people have to judge things based on beliefs rather than logic

mental set

tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

overconfidence

tendency to erroneously interpret one's decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible

Confirmation bias

tendency to focus on info that is in agreement with already held beliefs rather than info contrary to those beliefs

Confirmation bias

tendency to focus on info that is in agreement with already held beliefs rather than info contrary to those beliefs, contributes to overconfidence and decision making

ROLE TAKING

when children grow they can be better able to view things from others perspectives by "playing house" or school.

internalization

when individual agrees with values/behaviors/attitudes that he/she is conforming with and finds that behavior to be rewarding

negativity bias

when negative aspects of situation are focused on.

Problem focused coping

working to overcome a stressor like reaching out ot family or friends for support or taking it on head on

Ethnocentrism

world view in which one's own culture and traditions are seen as more superior to those of other peoplepropagated from one generation to the next thru variety of cultural channels like family

cocktail party phenomenon

you're at a party talking to a friend and you hear your name from one side of the room- attention shifts; so selective tension may involve a filter that still allows some things ot be processed in the background

In ___________ cross sections tend to include neurofibrillary angles and Beta Amyloid plaques. Thought to be caused by the loss of cholinergic neurons to hippocampus

Alzeheimer's disease

Intensity (2 types in somatosensation)

an attribute of different types of somatosensation; it is how quickly the neurons fire for us to notice;1. Slow= low intensity2. Fast= high intensity

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

claims that high dopamine or oversensitivity to dopamine is responsible for disease but this doesn't account for all symptoms of schizophrenia

Myers Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)

classic personality test, uses Jung's notion of personality (E vs. I, N vs S, T vs. F) as the ground work

adaptive coping

confronting problems directly, making realistic appraisal of problems, recognizing and changing unhealthy emotional reactions

stages ___ of sleep are apart of Non Rapid Eye Movement sleep

1-4

4 primary factors used to assess assimilation degree

1. SES 2. Geographic distribution 3. Language attainment 4. intermarriage

Language is largely mastered by age of ___.

5

polyandry

female with multiple males

primary aging

aging of biological factors and physical body

dreaming occurs in which phase predominately

REM

Functional attitudes theory

attitudes serve 4 fxns: 1. Knowledge 2. Ego 3. Expression 4. Ego defense

Cerebellum

damage to this area can cause slurred speech, clumsiness, lack of balance; impaired alcohol

social construction of illness

diagnosis of disease changes (illness is a social designation) behavior/social state

attribution theory (2)

focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other's behavior; 2 types of causes: 1. DISPOSITIONAL (internal) 2. SITUATIONAL (externall)

Continuity

lines are seen to be following the smoothest path

Why do we get stuck with problems

may get stuck when we haven't framed the problem efficently

taboo

unacceptable, disgusting, reprehensible;

value

what a person deems important in life,

social exclusion

arises from sense of powerlessness when poor individuals are segregated and isolated from society; can create further obstacles to achieving self help, independence, and self respect

strategic alternatives for socially influenced competitors (4)

Altruism- recipient benefits, donor does not Spite- neither donor nor recipient benefit Cooperation- both receipient and donor benefit Selfishness- donor benefits and recipient does not

Dermatomes

";area of skin that is mainly supplied by afferent nerve fibers from a single dorsal root of spinal nerve There are 8 cervical nerves <font color=""#f011ff"">(C1 being an exception with no dermatome)</font>, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves and 5 sacral nerves.A dermatome also refers to the part of an embryonic somite. Along the thorax and abdomen the dermatomes are like a stack of discs forming a human, each supplied by a different spinal nerve.;Along the arms and the legs, the pattern is different: the dermatomes run longitudinally along the limbs.;precise areas of innervation are; unique to individual< src=""375px-Grant_1962_663.png"">;"

The minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of time

"Absolute threshold of sensation

Timing of Somatosensation- What are the 3 ways for timing in somatosensation?

"1. Non Adapting</b>- neuron consistly fires at a constant rate2. Slow Adapting-neuron fires in the beginning of the stimulus, calms after some time3. Fast Adapting-neuron fires as soon as the stimulus starts, and then stops firing. It starts again when the stimulus stops< src=""paste-6790f020af3f3a36f7b073a43a76d1341746227c.jpg"">"

Weber's Law with example

"2 vs 2.2 lbs-----Just noticeable diff- 5 vs. 5.5 lbs----Just noticeable diff-I= initial stimulus deltaI= just noticeable differenceWeber's law: >Just Noticeable Differencif we rearrange this equation it forms a linear relationship between the incremental threshold and background intensity:

Four tenets of medical ethics

1. beneficence,-healthcare professionals have a responsibility to act in the best interests of the patient 2.nonmaleficence- the responsibility to not harm the patient 3.respect for patient autonomy- respect for patients consent and wishes which has some exceptions like when the patient has a disorder or psychiatric illness that obscures rational thinking 4. justice- give healthcare service fairly and justly and to not treat some better than other

"Signal Detection theory claims that there is a relationship between <font color=""#ff267d"">d'/</font>___________ and; <font color=""#0000ff"">c_</font>________ that is performed"

"Signal Detection Theory claims that there is a relationship between <font color=""#f011ff"">STRENGTH (d') </font>and <font color=""#0055ff"">STRATERGY (c)</font>d' is strong/large----hit&gt;missd' is weak------ miss&gt; hit2 kinds of strategy:;Conservative- always say no unless 100% sure signal is presentLiberal- always say yes, even if false alarms"

categorical perception and auditory constancy definitions

- need to learn that meaning of word is same even though there are different pronounciations (categorical perception) and ex of auditory constancy

compliance techniques

1. foot in the door 2. door in the face 3. lowball technique 4. thats not all technique

Shape constancy

"a changing shape still maintains the same shape perceptionEx: a door opening means the shape is changing, but we still believe the door is a rectangle

Size constancy

"an object may appear larger because it is closer but in actuality it is the same size

Closure

"objects grouped together are seen as whole; mind fills in missing information;< src=""paste-f089aa99f5c3f9b717ab7d8781929ffe91a5d663.jpg"">"

Interposition/Overlap

"perception that one object is in front of another; the object that is in front seems to be close

Stroop Effect

"phenomena in which its harder for individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar information of collor(word ""yellow"" in blue)"

Relative Height

"things that are higher are perceived to be farther away than those that are closer (think of linear perspective)

Top Down Processing

"uses background knowledge to influence perception- driven by a theory and the perception is influenced by our expectation- requires deductive reasoningex2: friends- rachel is looking at her ultrasound and trying to look for babycreating a cube tho it isn't there: ex: mirror box and phantom limb" (ex: seeing a word with a missing letter and being able to id it); uses memories and expectiations

Fundamental attribution error

"way of interpreting behavior; can potentially lead to biastendency to place less importance on effect of situation/context on behavior and instead place alot of undue emphasis on internal qualities/disposition to explain behavior.;""people are as they act"""

sleep disorders

(2) categories: Parasomnias and Dyssomnias

bipolar disorders;

(swings between extremes)type of mood disorder

Opiates

- derived from poppy plant- includes morphine and codeine- causes sense of eurphoria and depressed reaction to pain- binds to opioid receptors in nervous system- can cause death if overdose- as brain may stop sending signals for

General Adaptation Syndrome- Hans Selye

- describes body's short term and long term reactions to stress; involved 2 major systems of the body-> nervous system and endocrine. Outlined three stages in syndrome's evolution: ALARM REACTION (AR) [cortisol levels go up with release of ACTH, lower immune response, high EPI and NE by Symp NS , stage of resistance (SR), continuous release of hormones nd stage of exhaustion (SE)- more susceptible to illnesses, medical conditions like high BP and ulcers, organ systems can deteriorate

Abstract thinking development requires...

- increases in working memory and mental capacity - ability to process info in abstract manner

Abstract thinking development requires...

- increases in working memory and mental capacity- ability to process info in abstract manner

depression

- persistent sadness and lack of energy- type of mood disorder

Moro reflex

- should disappear after 4 months of age- if not this is a strong suggestion of development difficulties - infant extends arms, slowly withdraws them, and then cries - if there is an imbalance or asymmetry in the mororeflex- indicative of neuromuscular problems

Anxiety Disorder

- state of excessive worry, panic, or apprehension- heightened physical arousal that can inhibit normal fxning

Opponent Process Theory

- theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use - when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology (ex: if you take alcohol, your body will overcompensate by making you more alert or aroused, but when the effects of alcohol where off you will still be hyped with jitteriness or irritability etc so you will seek the drug again to feel less hyped)

Gestalt Principles or Laws of Grouping(5)

- tries to explain how we perceive things the way we do theoretical approach that emphasized the idea that the ways in which people's perceptual experience is organized result from how human brains are organized - 5 broad ways of grouping:;1. Similarity2. Proganz3. Proximity4.Continuity5. Closure

What factors effect cognitive decline in aging? (5)

1. higher level of education2. performance of intellectual activities3. socializing4. stimulating environment

DIENCEPHALON

-basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and limbic system

TELENCPHALON

-basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and limbic system

Trust vs. mistrust

0 to 1 year; child will come to trust environment and themselves otherwise they will be suspicious of the world.

Ekman's basic emotions

1. Anger 2. Contempt 3. Disgust 4. Fear 5. Happiness 6. Sadness 7,. surprise

Common psych disorders include these 3

1. Anxiety 2. depressive disorders 3. Substance abuse disorders

Bandura's observational learning and the influence of others on identity formation

children learn from observational learning of others around them like older same sex siblings, parents, etc.

4 tenets of medicine

1. Beneficience (in the best interest of patient) 2. Non maleficience ( avoiding at risk treatments) 3. Justice (equal treatment of others and distribution of equal resources) 4. Respect for others autonomy (respectiving rights to make decisions about own healthcare)

Steps of problem solving (3)

1. Frame problem- create mental image or schematic of the issue 2. generate potential solns (perhaps from mental set) and test them 3. evaluate the results and consider other potential solns that are more effective

5 stages of Demographic Transition Model

1. High birth rates and high death rates (religious aspects, lack of technology, most countries until 18th century)- stationary birth , small old pop, large small (like a triangle) 2. Population rises, with lower death rates and high birth rates (W. Europe post industrial revolution) [wider triangle] 3. Death rates continue to drop and birth rate lower (better health care, contraceptive, kids not working) [south america and middle east; smaller pop]-- parabola with equal top and bottom widths 4. lower birth rates, death rates drop (more people career focused, women working-ex: US and Austraila)--smaller young people more old (like a rectangle with a upside down parabola at the end [_, 5. World population forced to stabilize, maybe run into food storage (hunger and malnutrition persist)--or pop would decrease over time. diamond shape; fewer young people and fewer old

What are (4) options/outcomes when presented with uncertainty and one needs to discern between important and unimportant stimuli?

1. Hit-subject responds that signal is present when it was present2. False alarm- </b>subject perceived signal when no such signal was present3. Correct Rejection-correct negative answer for no signal4. Miss</b>- a negative response to a present signal

Transtheoretical Model of Change (5 steps) (PCP AM); PCP are met in the AM

1. Precontemplation- don't see the problem 2. Contemplation- see the problem and you are beginning to think about how to fix it. 3. Preparation- person is aware of problem and is actively planning to change 4. Action 5. Maintenance- trying to make the behavioral change stick *Relapse- not apart of steps but it is a theoretical addition to the stages of change model. Describes when a perso nmakes a change but begins to experience the problem again after sometime.

Treisman's Attenuation Theory

1. Sensory register 2. Attenuator 3. Perceptual processes 4. cognitive processes kind of in between early and late selection; instead of a complete filter we have an attentuator- that doesn't eliminate everything in unattended ear- but its not as high priority. If you realize something is important in that ear, then you can gear perceptual processes towards it.

Stressors (4)

1. Significant Life Change (ex: going to college, death, marriage, etc) 2. Catastrophic events (cyclone, accident, etc) 3. Daily Hassles (SES hassles, unemployment probs, seen as most sig form by some) 4. Ambient Stressors- global stressors- like war, pollution, poverty, noise, etc

Information Processing Model (4 components)

1. Thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage of stimuli 2. Stimuli are NOT responded to automatically, instead needs to be analyzed by brain 3. Situational Modification-decision to one situ extrapolated and adjusted to new probs 4. Prob solving is dependent on person's cognition level and context of problem.

Information Processing Model (4 components)

1. Thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage of stimuli2. Stimuli are NOT responded to automatically, instead needs to be analyzed by brain3. Situational Modification-decision to one situ extrapolated and adjusted to new probs4. Prob solving is dependent on person's cognition level and context of problem.;

Groupthink and Janis's 8 factors

1. illusion of invulnerability (encouragement of risk taking) 2. collective rationalization (ignoring warnings agains the ideas of a group) 3. illusion of morality (belief that groups decisions are morally correct) 4. excessive stereotyping-construction of stereotypes against outside opinions 5. pressure for conformity-pressure put by anyone in group who expresses opinions against the group; viewed as disloyal 6. self censorship-withholding individual views 7. illlusion of unanimity- false sense of agreement within group 8. Mindguards- appointment of members tothe role of protecting against opposing views

Primary reasons low income groups have higher mortality rates:

1. poor access to qulaity medical care 2. poor nutrition 3. Feeling less in control of life 4. Language/cultural barriers.

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

1. trust vs. mistrust 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. initiative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. role confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. integrity vs. despair

Mesolimbic Reward Pathway

1/4 dopaminergic brain pathways includes structures like the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and conxn btw these two areas medial forebrain bundle (MFB) normally also involved in things like motivation, emotional response, gambling, falling in love, drug use- in way that creates dependence

Pediatricians monitor language development for children, if 2 yo uses less than _words has significant developmental delay and could be referred to speech therapist

10

Formal Operational stage

11 y; stage 4/4 of Piaget's cognitive developmentability to reason about abstract concepts and problem solvechildren can run thru experiment (Piaget's pendulum exp/)

Identity vs. role confusion

12 to 20 years- physiological revolution occurs, the person sees themselves as unique; unfavorable outcomes are amorphous personality and confusion about identity

Intimacy vs. Isolation

20 to 40 years- favorable outcomes are love, ability to have intimate relationships, and committing oneself to another person and those person's goals. not resolved favorably- avoidance of commitment, alienation, and distancing oneself from others and their ideals.

Preoperational stage

2nd stage of Piaget's cognitive development (2y-7y)child engages in symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centrationinability to understand conservation

Gordon Alloport

3 basic types of traits in personality: cardinal traits- people organize life around attribute central traits- characteristics inferred from person's behavior secondary traits- when person is in a certain social situation.

incentive stimulus

3 fundamental properties: 1. attract, elicit approach towards them 2. they are wanted, animals work to get them 3. Spur ongoing instrumental actions to obtain the associated award

Initiative vs. Guilt

3-6 years; favorable outcomes includes sense of purpose, enjoying accomplishment, if guilt wins out they are overcome of fear of punishment and them may try to overcome the fear by punishming themselves or restricting themselves

working class,

32% of people, accounts for clerical and blue-collar workers who often have low job security, little to no college education, and who make between $16,000 and $30,000 annually.

lower middle class

32% of people, accounts for semi-professionals and craftsmen with some college education, typically with an annual salary in the mid-five figures.

EEG in sleep

4 characteristic waves in sleep are alpha and beta (during awake times) as well as theta and delta (stages 3 and 4 of sleep)

based on parental phoneme output kids start to prefer phoneme sounds of native language by _ mos

6 months

Industry vs. Inferiority

6 to 12 yrs; favorable- child will feel competent about themselves and their intelligence. Failure to move past this is a sense of inadquancy, sense of inability to act in a competent way, low self esteem.

Concrete Operational Stage

7y-11y; third stage of Piaget's cognitive developmentchildren understand conservation and consider perspectives of otherscan engage in logical thought as long as there are concrete objects or info directly availableNOT YET engaging in abstract thinking

language development (times and stages) 9-12 mos 12 to 18 mos 18 to 20 mos 2-3 yrs 5 years

9-12 mos----babbling 12-18 mos---combining words, 1 word/mth 18-20 mos--- explosion of language and combining words 2-3 yrs--- longer sentences (3 words or more) 5 years---language rules mastered

Hawthorne Effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

Social Readjustment rating scale

A scale of major life events over the past year, each of which is assigned a point value. The higher the score, the greater the chance of having a serious medical event.; it is married in life change units

dichotic listening task

A task in which a person hears two or more different, specially recorded messages over earphones and is asked to attend to one of them.

Fear is associated with increased activity in the ____, a limbic system structure found in the ______ lobes of brain. It is also involved in interpreting facial expressions

AMYGDALA, TEMPORAL

Accomodation

Accomodation=process by which existing schemata are MODIFIED to encompass new info

Adler's social imperatives of fam/society on unconscious factors

Adler came up with the inferiority complex- individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfection and inferiority physically and socially. and striving for superiority drives behavior Striving enhances personality when its oriented toward benefitting society and it can cause disorder when selfish

OUtcoem of stereotype content model that has high warmth and high competence

Admiration stereotype (in group stereotypes, close allies)

__________neighborhoods tend to have more professionals and managers, college grads and higher quality schools____________neighborhoods have greater poverty, unemployment rates, and higher rates of homelessness.

Affluent neighborhoods tend to have more professionals and managers, college grads and higher quality schools. Low income neighborhoods have greater poverty, unemployment rates, and higher rates of homelessness.

________ males have the lowest life expactancy of any other racial or gender category.

African American males have the lowest life expactancy of any other racial or gender category.

Broadbent's Early Selection theory

All info in environment goes into 1. sensory register 2. selective filter rwhich filters out stuff in unattended ear and what you don't need to understand it (accents, as well as aspects about the sound of interest like pitch speed, accent etc.), 3. perceptual processes identifies friend's voice and assigns meaning to words. (assign meaning; its my friends voice:i.e.) 4. you can engage in other cognitive processes.

2-3 yrs lang dev

children speak longer sentences includes ERRORS OF GROWTH- wrong grammatical rule (often morpheme) is applied- ex: I sawed it

James Lange Criticism

An afferent nerve study in cats conducted by Cannon and Bard showed that when exposed to a stimulus, sensory info is sent to the cortex and sympathetic nervous system by the thalamus AT THE SAME TIME. so J-L can't be true.

Which viruses/bacteria can cross the placental barrier and cause birth defects?

Rubella/German measles (catarcts, deafness, heart defects, intellectual (dis)ability) Measles Mumps Herpes Hepatitus Varicella/Checkenpox

18-20 mos language develop

children start to combine words like that lado, eat lado etcetera , context and gesture become important

Absolute poverty

SE condition in which people don't have enough money or resources to maintain living with basic necessities like shelter, food, clothing, and water (applies to individuals, communities, and individual

What diseases are assoc/w/ delayed cognitive development?

Down Syndrome and Fragile X syndrome

Urban renewal

city land is reclaimed and renovated for public or private use

Sight Adaptation (Up and Down regulation)

Down regulation occurs in response to high light intensities- when it is bright outside your pupils constrict--less light in back of eye---rods and cones become desensitizedUp regulation occurs in response to dark regulation; pupils dilate, rods and cones start to synthesize light sensitive molecules

Cluster B PD (4)

Dramatic, emotional erratic 1. Antisocial 2. Borderline 3. Histrionic 4. Narcissistic PD

What causes dizziness even after reaching state of rest?

Even after we may stop spinning (like after a roller coaster), the endolymph doesn't stop spinning and continues to move which falsely indicates to brain that we are moving though we have stopped

Excess anomic conditions can lead to _____________, _________________, ______________.

Excess anomic conditions can lead to ISOLATION, EXCESSIVE INDIVIDUALISM, and SOCIAL INEQUALITY

how are the James Lange and Schacter Singer theory different?

SST includes conscious cognitive appraisal or thought about how situation impacts emotion

Hindbrain=________encephalon with the subdivisions and destined parts.

Hindbrain- Rhombencephalon------2 pts 1. Metencephalon= PONS and Cerebellum 2. Myelencephalon= Medulla Oblongata

Assimilation

Assimilation= process of classifying new info into EXISTING schema

atypical antipsychotics vs. neuroleptics

Atypical antipsychotics relieve both positive and negative symptoms, but neuroleptics tend to only relieve positive and either worsen or maintain negative symptoms.

Contextual Effects

Context in which stimuli are presented and the processes of perceptual organization that contribute to how people perceive those stimuli and the context that can establish the way stimuli are organized

Hippocampus normally involved in controlling ________ memory, but overtime, that info is moved to ____________-

Hippocampus normally involved in controlling ___LTM_____ memory, but overtime, that info is moved to _____cerebral cortex_______-

What is sequential order of brain waves

BATD Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta a bat sleeps in day (BATD)

Behaviorist

BF Skinner is basis; He reasoned that personality is just a reflection of the behaviors that have been reinforced over time. Therapy should thus focus on changing behavior

baby Reflexes innate (4)

Babinski Reflex Rooting reflex Moro reflex grasping reflex

BP I

Bipolar I disorder has at least 1 manic episode

parts of brain involved in language (5)

Broca's area*** Wernicke's area*** Arctuate fasciculus** primary auditory cortex angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus

Hippocampus

STM is mainly stored here; this structure is also responsible for consolidating the short term mem to long term memory (this is why patient HM couldn't really form new long term mems)

Cognitive process dream theory

dreams are apart of stream of consciousness-ex: you may be thinking about something like what you are going to do over the weekend so you may dream about.

Depression- which hormone is increased and which are reduce?

Cortisol- high Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and dopamine are reduced

Cognitive Appraisal of Stress

C.Appraisal- subjective eval of situation that induces stress 2 stages: S1: Primary appraisal- initial evaluation of environment and associated threat S2: Secondary appraisal- can I cope with that stress; involves three things like harm/damage caused, threat or damage in the future, and challenge or the potential to overcome and benefit from the event.

Gordon Alloport's 3 basic types of traits or dispositions

Cardinal- traits around which a person organizes his or her life Central- rep major characteristics that are easy to infer Secondary-- more limited; aspects of one's other personal characteristics that are more limited and show up in specific settings

Defense mechanisms and id/ego/superego

Clash between id and superego can cause ego distress so ego opts for 8 defense mechs: Repression, Suppression, Regression, Rationalization, Displacement, Sublimation

STM is stored in __________ LTM is stored in ___________ Info is recalled with the help of ________ and ________ lobes

STM is stored in hippocampus in temporal lobe LTM is stored in the cerebral cortex Memory can manipulated as working memory in hippocampus and stored for later recall with the help of frontal and parietal lobes

Early in the night ____ sleep predominates, later in the night ______ sleep dominates

SWS- early sleep, later sleep- REM

endolymph vs. perilymph

Sala media=endo=K Vestibuli/Typmani=peri=Na

hearing adaptation (what causes it? provide ex)

as a result of higher noise, muscles of inner ear contract---this dampens vibrations and protects ear drum- takes a few seconds to work so for stuff like gun shot, you won't be able to demonstrate hearing adaptation but for a rock concert you'd become desensitized

context effect

aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus (plays a role in top down processing)

4 different classes of consciousness altering drugs

Depressants Stimulants Opiates hallucinogens **marijuana acts likea stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen

Classes of psychoactive drugs (5)

DepressantsOpiatesStimulantsHallucinogensMarijuana (like stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen)

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

Heinrich Kluver and Bucy did studies that linked the amygdala with defensive and aggressive behavior; when Rh monkey amygdala was removed they noted increase in sexual behavior and hyperorality- or using mouth to investigate symptoms

Secondary kinship

exists between individual and the primary kin of that person's primary kin, so someone like your grandparents, they are the primary kin of your primary kin (parents)

The smallest differencethat can be detected 50% of time

Difference Threshold/Just Noticeable Difference

Visuospatial sketchpad

explains ability to store visual and spatial information and manipulate it (Baddeley and HItch)-----this is why we can look at a puzzle and figure out how it works

Kubler-Ross Model of Death and Dying

Death always brings definite acceptance: 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

neuroleptics

Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia; specifically only the positive symptoms

ego

EGO- takes account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the ID/pleasure principle. It is involved in the REALITY principle as it takes into account surruoundings and moderating superego. involved in SECONDARY PROCESS- which is the moderation of the id's pleasure principle

Epinephrine is mainly produced as a hormone by the ___________. NE is mainly a __________.

Epinephrine is mainly produced as a hormone by the __ADRENAL MEDULLA_________. NE is mainly a _NEUROTRANSMITTER_________.

Ethnic identity vs. National identity

Ethnic identity- determined by birth, common ancestry and common language National identity- political borders and cultural identity of nation

For objects that are far away the muscles of the eye are ________. For objects that are close to us muscles of the eye______.;

For objects that are far away the muscles of the eye relax. For objects that are close to us muscles of eye contract

Forebrain/_______encephalon

Forebrain/proencephalon-----2 parts DIENCEPHALON-thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland TELENCPHALON-basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and limbic system

Kohlberg's moral reasoning A. Preconventional Morality

I. Obedience- concerned with consequences of moral choice like avoiding punishment ii. Self Interest- gaining rewards (spending more time with wife) or INSTRUMENTAL RELATIVIST STAGE- as we are concerned with reciprocity and sharing ( having her back cause she'd have mine)

Freud's psychoanalytic theory

ID= basic primal INBORN urges to survive and reproduce which fxns in accordance with the PLEASURE PRINICPLE (immediate gratification) EGO- takes account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the ID/pleasure principle. It is involved in the REALITY principle as it takes into account surruoundings and moderating superego. SUPEREGO- personality's perfectionist, judges actions and responds with pride at accomplishments; subdivided into the conscience and ego ideal.

Id

ID= basic primal INBORN urges to survive and reproduce which fxns in accordance with the PLEASURE PRINICPLE (immediate gratification) involved in the primary process= obtain satisifcation now, not later

Freud postulated that our behaviors are also influenced by _________.

INSTINCTS- innate psychological representation of a biological need

Freud's instincts

INSTINCTS- innate psychological representation of a biological need; two types of instincts: 1. LIFE INSTINCTS/EROS= individual's quest to survive thirst, hunger, and sexual needs 2. DEATH INSTINCTS/THANATOS=unconscious wish for death and destruction (ex: people reenacting trauma or focusing on traumatic experiences)

Subrubanization

explains why there's a greater conc of poor individuals in urban centers

social constructionism

asserts people develop understandings and knowledge of the world thru interactions with other people- these understandings and knowledge from interactions are created thru language-ideas about world aren't from nature of reality itself, but it is socially constructed thru language based interactions or merging.

Just Noticeable Difference (with ex)

JND; Just noticeable difference: it is the threshold at which you're able to notice a change in sensationex: 2 vs. 2.05 lb weight feel the same, but a 2 vs. 2.2 lb weight differently- the 0.2= JNDex2: 5 lb weight vs. 5.5 lb weight- notice difference in weight= JND

Jung's Personality types

Jung described 3 dichotomies of personality: Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I)----orientation toward external world or internal, personal world Sensing (S) or Intuiting (N)---obtaining information about the world or working with info abstractly Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)- T=logic and reason; f= value system or personal beliefs

George Kelly's personal construct psychology

Kelly thought of people as scientists that devised exps and made predictions about the behavior of significant people in his or her life. Anxious focus- rather than having internal conflict (psychodynamic) have difficulty understanding variables in their environment.

As group size increases, the group has_______intimacy for the sake of more stability

LESS intimacy for sake of stability (think of an office or company)

Alcoholism rates tend to be higher for those of ____ socioeconomic status, but _____ SES alcoholics tend to recovery at higher rates

LOW, LOW

Projection areas for Visual System

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of thalamus via radiations of optic chiasm to other parts of the brain

reticular activating system

Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal. Can be active/involved when waking up as well as in stress response

We can analyze the types of somatosensation in terms of these 3 attributes

LocationTimingIntensity

What are risks associated with lower levels of monoamine oxidase (MAO)

MAO breaks down catecholamines like NE and Epi. If you have lower levels of Mao, less Epi and NE breakdown and can lead to taking on higher risk activities.

Depressive disorders

MDD and SAD are included

social constructionism

explores ways individuals and groups make decisions or agree upon a given social reality

_________have worse mortality rates. ___________have higher morbidity rates.____________ tend to participate in risk taking behavior, hypermasculnity, and have dangerous employment which puts them at risk.

Males have worse mortality rates. Women have higher morbidity rates. Males tend to participate in risk taking behavior, hypermasculnity, and have dangerous employment which puts them at risk.

Midbrain/_____encephelon

Mesencephalon-midbrain reflexes-superior and inferior colliculous

What neural pathways are involved in drug addiction and reward?

Mesolimbic reward pathway 1/4 dopaminergic brain pathways includes structures like the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and conxn btw these two areas medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

________ neurons which are located in the frontal and parietal lobes have a major role in observational learning. They function in response to emotions and thus play a role in human______.

Mirror neurons; human empathy

Classes of Psychological disorders (6)

Mood DisordersAnxiety DisordersTrauma and Stress Related DisordersSomatic DisordersDissociative DisordersPersonality Disorders

Most people have ___________ as the dominant hemisphere.

Most people have ______LEFT HEMI_____ as the dominant hemisphere.

Demographic transition theory

Multistage model, based on Western Europe's experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level positive growth rate for most countries today (the country's pop is increasing)

humans use ________ and ___________ comunication to interact with domesticated animals

NONVERBAL and VERBAL communication

_____________ have the highest suicide rates, diabetes than any other racial category

Native Americans _

Neurulation takes place at ______________(time). It involves the development of a neural tube which as 2 major components. _________plate destiened to be sensory neurons and ________ plate destined to be motor neurons swellings?

Neurulation takes place at ___3-4 wks gestational age___________(time). It involves the development of a neural tube which as 2 major components. ___ALAR______plate destiened to be sensory neurons and _BASAL_______ plate destined to be motor neurons. Neural tube first has 3 swellings: proencephalon, mesencephalon,and rhomencephalon then it has 5 swellings diencephalon, teloencephalon, mesencepalon, metencephelon, myelencephalon

Otolithic organs (2) and significance in vestibular system

Otolithic organs include the utricle and saccule- helps us to detect linear acceleration and head positioning- contains CaCO3 crystals attached to hair cells---go from lying down to standing up, the crystals; move and this triggers action potential- without gravity- doesn't work well; buoyancy can also cause fuzziness if it weren't for visual cues

Freud says our access to the id, go, and superego falls into three categories:

PRECONCIOUS- thinks we aren't currently aware of. UNCONSCIOUS- thoughts that have been repressed CONSCIOUS- thoughts we readily have access to.

Embryonic brain development (name the 3 parts and subdivisions)

PROENCEPHALON (FOREBRAIN- it has 2 subdivisions= Telencephalon and the Diencephalon) MESENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN) RHOMBENCEPHALON (HINDBRAIN- it has 2 subdivisions- METENCEPHALON and the MYELENCEPHALON)

5 somatosensory receptors

Pacinian corpuscles- deep pressure and vibration Meissner's corpuscles- respond to light touch Merkel cells- respond to deep pressure and texture Ruffini endings= respond to stretch Free Nerve Endings- respond to pain and temperature.

Outcome of stereotype content model that has high warmth and low competence

Paternalistic stereotypes (ex: housewives, elderly folk, disabled people)

Abstract thinking is absent in what disease? what cognitive test can be used to assess this mental disorder?

Schizophrenia= abstract thinking lost test: give them cliche and ask them to interpret ex: don't count chickens before they hatch----schizophrenic patients focus on the chickens

David McClelland's Need for Achievement Personality (N-Ach)

People that were rate high on N-Ach have pride in their accomplishments and are concerned with achievement They avoid high risks (avoid falling) and low risks (easy tasks won't generate a sense of achievement) stop striving for goal if success isn't eminent.

Jung's collective unconscious and Archetypes

Persona= mask worn in public that is adapative to social interactions, emphasizing qualities that improve our social standing and suppressing our less desirable qualities. Anima- feminine in man Animus- masculine in woman Shadow- responsible for unpleasant and socially inappropriate feelings, actions, reprehensible thoughts Self-intersection between the collective unconscious, personal unconscious and conscious mind; viewed the mandala as an expression of opposites and promoter of harmony

Jung divided the unconscious into 2 parts:

Personal unconscious- similar to Freud's notion of the unconcious Collective unconscious- system that is shared among all humans and is considered a residue of experiences of our early ancesters;these building blocks are images of common experiences with an emotional element- ARCHETYPES (ex: having parents)

Adapatation of Schema(2)

Piaget proposed that new info is placed in schemas. New info is processed thru this process and there are 2 types: Assimilation= process of classifying new info into EXISTING schema Accomodation=process by which existing schemata are MODIFIED to encompass new info

Adapatation of Schema(2)

Piaget proposed that new info is placed in schemas. New info is processed thru this process and there are 2 types:;Assimilation= process of classifying new info into EXISTING schemaAccomodation=process by which existing schemata are MODIFIED to encompass new info

Abstract thinking is absent in what disease? what cognitive test can be used to assess this mental disorder?

Schizophrenia= abstract thinking losttest: give them cliche and ask them to interpretex: don't count chickens before they hatch----schizophrenic patients focus on the chickens

Jean Piaget

believed that passage thru each of the 4 stages of cognitive development was continuous and sequential; completion of each stage prepares for subsequent stage

Mutations involved in Alzeheimers risk

Presenilin genes on chromosomes 1 and 14 Beta Amyloid precursor protein gene or chromosomes 21 mutations in these 3 are associated with alzehimers

REM sleep is associated ore with _____ memory consolidation and SWS/slow wave (NREM) sleep has been associated with____ memory consolidation

REM- procedural SWS-declarative

Recognition of info is _________ than recall

Recognition of information is stronger than recall

Relative size can be inferred with one or two eyes?

Relative size can be inferred with one eye; the closer the object is the bigger it is perceived

Binocular Cues give people_____disparity.;

Retinal Disparity; eyes are 2.5 inches apart which allows humans to get different views of an object and bring them together

Dishabituation

Reversal of habituation; you are not used to something anymore.; this can occur when a second stimulus intervenes which causes a re sensitization to the original stimulus (ex: you give someone lemon juice and measure salivation and then once habituated you give them lime juice)

Jean Piaget;

believed that passage thru each of the 4 stages of cognitive development was continuous and sequential; completion of each stage prepares for subsequent stage

Atypical antipsychotics

Second Generation Antipsychotic Drugs. These new medications were approved for use in the 1990s. Clozapine, asenapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, paliperidone, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine, and aripiprazole are atypical antipsychotic drugs. With the discovery of clozapine in 1959, it became evident that this drug was less likely to produce extrapyramidal effects (physical symptoms such as tremors, paranoia, anxiety, dystonia, etc. as a result of improper doses or adverse reactions to this class of drug) in humans at clinically effective doses than some other types of antipsychotics. Clozapine was categorized as the first atypical antipsychotic drug. This category of drugs has also been of great value in studying the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other psychoses.

Self- by Jung

Self-intersection between the collective unconscious, personal unconscious and conscious mind; viewed the mandala as an expression of opposites and promoter of harmony

3 methods of encoding best to worst

Semantic encoding, acousting encoding visual encoding

Piaget's stages of cognitive development w/age ranges

Sensorimotor (birth-2y) Preoperational(2y-7y) Concrete operational (7y-11y) Formal Operational (11y-onwards)

Piaget's stages of cognitive development w/age ranges

Sensorimotor (birth-2y)Preoperational(2y-7y)Concrete operational (7y-11y)Formal Operational (11y-onwards)

Sensory and short term memory are transient and based on _________ activity.

Sensory and short term memory are transient and based on ___NEUROTRANSMITTER______ activity.

that's not all technique

individual is made an offer, but before making the decision they are told that their deal is even better than expected.

_______ waves have been associated with cognitive recovery and memory consolidation, and growth hormone release

Slow wave sleep (delta waves)

Somatosensation involving _______ stimuli by nerves sent to brain. it relies on ______.;

Somatosensation involving _location specific_ stimuli by nerves are sent to brain. It relies on DERMATOMES

Auditory pathways

Sound -> vestibulocochlear nerve -> medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) -> auditory cortex -> or it can go to superior olive (sound localization in medial and lateral olive) & inferior colliculus (startle reflex)

Stereotypes and prejudices are examples of ______.;

Stereotype- cognitive; prejudice- affective, discrimination- behavioral----all 3 make up a racist attitude F

SYMLOG

System of Multiple Level Observation among groups new version of Interaction process analysis for viewing small groups judges small groups on 3 dimensions 1. Dominance vs. Submission 2. Friendliness vs. Unfriendliness 3. Instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive.

infections in brain can cause slowed development T/F

T. infections in brain can upset electrical normalities and thus lead to slowed development

People in urab areas have more options than those in rural areas with respect to careers true or false

TRUE

the capacity for retrieving general information (i.e., semantic memory, crystallized intelligence) is unaffected by aging. (true or false)

TRUE!

Taste pathway

Taste pathway involves info being sent from the taste buds to the taste afferents to the brainstem to the taste center in the thalamus before going to higher order regions.

What are the 4 factors that impact the absolute threshold?

The 4 psychological factors that impact the absolute threshold are:;1. Expectations2. Experience3. Motivation4. Alertness

The __________ is part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their rewards and punishments (if or if not something is a threat); The _____________ of the brain is responsible for reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness.

The ___AMYGDALA_______ is part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their rewards and punishments (if or if not something is a threat); The _DORSAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX____________ of the brain is responsible for reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness.

How do we detect orientation/balance?

The ear canal is filled with endolymph- when we rotate, fluid shifts in the semi circular canals----gives us an idea of how quickley endolymph is moving from which we can detect strength of rotation

cultural capital

benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills.

selection bias

bias in the ways in which individuals are chosen to participate in a study;

Freud's Psychosexual development stages

There are 5 stages: ORAL- (0-1)libidinal energy centered around mouth ANAL- (1-3) toilet training occurs; leads to excessive order/messiness PHALLIC- (3 to 5) oedipal or Electra conflict is resolved LATENCY- libido is sublimated during stage GENITAL -@puberty= if successful previous stage, person enters normal heterosexual relationship

There are ______ pairs of spinal nerves and ______ paris of cranial nerves apart ofthe ______nervous system.

There are __31____ pairs of spinal nerves and _12_____ paris of cranial nerves apart ofthe __PERIPHERAL____nervous system.

Somatosensation (4 types name them)

Thermoception- temperaturePressure- mechanoceptionPain- nociceptionPosition- proprioception

deutch and deutch's late selection theory

This moved Broadbent's selective filter from the second step to the 4th. So it went from: 1. Sensory Register 2. Perceptual processes- you register and assign everything meaning 3. Selective filter- decides what is important for cognitive processes 4. Other cognitive processes Flaws: wouldn't it be energetically wasteful to go thru perceptual processing if you aren't going to use that info

Black Report of 1980

This report in the UK in 1980 reviewed the evidence on socioeconomic differences in health and discussed possible explanations for these differences.

medicalization of illness

This term explains how certain behaviors that were once considered a normal (not diseased) part of the range of human behavior are now considered medical illnesses. To be clear, the "normal" behavior isn't necessarily healthy, adaptive, or approved of, but it nonetheless wouldn't have previously been considered a medical concern. ex: Also, a child's inability to focus in school may now be evidence of the child's illness (ADHD) and medication may be prescribed to mitigate the symptoms. Eating disorders, psychological disorders, abusive behavior, and deviance (see above) have also been increasingly medicalized.

Those with mental health illness may find that _____________ is out of their reach and lack both ____ and _______ ties.

Those with mental health illness may find that __SOCIAL CAPITAL___________ is out of their reach and lack both _WEAK ___ and __STRONG_____ ties.

TYPE A and B personality

Type A- behavior that is competitive and compulsive and more prone to HD Type B- laid back and relaxed nothing can be said on relative mortality rates

Fundamental Attribution Error

bias in which we make dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions with regard to others' actions

emotional support

listening, affirming, empathizing with another's feelings

social action

Weber described this action; it is defined as the actions and behaviors individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around; human behavior is thus dependent on social environment

Ideal Bureacracy-7 traits-

Weber established 6 of these traits, Northcote Parkinson added 7th 1. Has formal hierarchical structure 2 Managed by set of specific rules and regulations 3. Organized by functional specialty- with different workers performing specialized tasks 4. Has unified mission (upfocused or infocused) 5.Purposefully impersonal 6. employment is based on technical qualifications 7. (grows at steady rate)

Evolutionary Stable Strategy

When ESS is adopted by a society, it will prevent alternative strats from arising

_____ or diacetylmorphine was created as a substitute for morphine, but it became more used and was immediately metabolized to morphine. Afterwards, prescription opioids like ______ and ______ were used more widely.

_HEROIN____ or diacetylmorphine was created as a substitute for morphine, but it became more used and was immediately metabolized to morphine. Afterwards, prescription opioids like _OXYCODONE_____ and __HYDROCODONE____ were used more widely.

social desirability bias

bias related to how people respond to research questions and may alter responses to conform to expectations

Signal Detection Theory applications/exs in psych

When presented with two lists 1 and 2 and then asked which words on list 2 were in list 1, this subject is in a state of uncertainty where they must discern difference between important and non-important stimuliex2- traffic signal on a foggy day- how strong does the signal need to be in order for you to drive

______, a steroid hormone produced in _______ increases early in the morning. This is because of increasing levels of _______ which also increases levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone released fro the anterior pituitary

_CORTISOL_____, a steroid hormone produced in _ADRENAL CORTEX______ increases early in the morning. This is because of increasing levels of __CRF CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR (hypothalamus)_____ which also increases levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone released fro the anterior pituitary

__________prefrontal cortex is involved in attn and cognition ___________prefrontal cortex is associated with emotion, particularly the ____________ prefrontal cortex is thought to play a role in decision making and controlling responses from the amygdala

__DORSAL________prefrontal cortex is involved in attn and cognition __VENTRAL_________prefrontal cortex is associated with emotion, particularly the ___VENTROMEDIAL_________ prefrontal cortex is thought to play a role in decision making and controlling responses from the amygdala

__________________ hypothalamus is responsible for feeding behavior. The __________________ hypothalamus is responsible for satiety.

__LATERAL________________ hypothalamus is responsible for feeding behavior. The ___VENTROMEDIAL_______________ hypothalamus is responsible for satiety.

________ is located at the precentral gyrus. _________ is located on the postcentral gyrus. The central sulcus separate the ________ and ______ lobes.

__PRIMARY MOTOR______ is located at the precentral gyrus. ___SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX______ is located on the postcentral gyrus. The central sulcus separate the __FRONTAL ______ and __PARIETAL____ lobes.

Skin Temperature when you are angry? fearful? HR when you are angry/fearful/happy? ________BP is increased when you are angry, followed by fear, sadness happiness.

___DIASTOLIC_____BP is increased when you are angry, followed by fear, sadness happiness. Skin temp- hot when angry, cold when fearful HR when you are angry and fearful is high, low heart rate when you are happy

________ and ___________ have a lower rate of death assoc/w/ cancer, hd, diabetes and infant mortality

________ and ___________ have a lower rate of death assoc/w/ cancer, hd, diabetes and infant mortality; Asian American and specific highlander

Dysthymia

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression

life course approach to health

a holistic perspective that calls attention to developmental processes and other experiences across a person's life

reciprocal determinism

a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

Emotion (3 pts)

a person's instinctive current state of mind based on mood, circumstances, and interactions with othersinfluences problem-solving, decision making, and social interaction<u></u><u>3; components:;</u>1. Body language and facial expression (ACTION)2. Cognitive or brain's interpretation of feeling (COGNITIVE/MIND)3.Changes in HR, respiration and arousal of Sympathetic NS (PHYSIOLOGICAL)

Object relations Theory

a personality theory; OBJECT= represntaiton of parents and caregivers based on subjective experiences in infancy. They can affect our interactions with others and our predictions of others' behaviors

social proof/informational social influence

a psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation; using other behavior to gage how you should think, act, behave (i.e. seeking some expert's advice)

overconfidence

a risk of too high a self efficacy; it can lead to frustration, humiliation, and even self injury

Roger's unconditional positive regard

a therapeutic technique by which the therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic environment

Sensitive period

a time when environmental input has maximal effect on development of that ability (ex: for lang its before puberty)

a within subject study design with -----subjects is equal to similar between subject study with ------ subjects.

a within subject study design with 45 subjects is equal to similar between subject study with 90

intuition

ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by evidence; its your gut feeling doctor knows just by looking who's having a heart attack

Power

ability to affect others' behavior through real and perceived rewards; can maintain order, organize economic systems and conduct warfare.

Parallel processing

ability to analyze and combine info about color shape and motion of an object

Communication

ability to convey info by speech, writing, signals, or behavior; foundation of social interaction

Divided Attention

ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time; more familar tasks can deal with divided attention, but new unfamilar tasks may not

Symbolic thinking

ability to play pretend, make believe, have imagination

perceptual organization

ability to use top down and bottom up processing together with sensory clues about an object to create a complete picture or idea of whats going on; involves depth, form, motion, constancy and we often use Gestalt principles

Pierre Flourens

abltaions on regions of brains of pigeons and rabbits to characterize specific functions of organs in brain

identification

acceptance of other people's ideas without thinking about them critically

Negative reinforcers

act similarly in that they increase the frequency of a beahvior, but do so by taking away something to provide relief or a position (mice are rewarded for pushing lever by removing electrical shock:ex)

informal sanction

action by peer or group that is meant to make behavior more normative NEGATIVE , usually involves shaming or ridiculing others (considered a punishment) for non-normative behavior POSITIVE- usually involves rewarding exhibited behaviors

circular reactions (2)

actions child performs repetitively-marker of the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's cognitive development 2 types ofc circular reactions-primary and secondary

circular reactions (2)

actions child performs repetitively-marker of the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's cognitive development2 types ofc circular reactions-primary and secondary

phonology

actual sound of language, children learn to produce and recognize the sounds of language and differentiate from other sounds like coughing - kids need to also learn how to differentiate speech sounds from one another - need to learn that meaning of word is same even though there are different pronounciations (categorical perception) and ex of auditory constancy

Delirium tremens

acute episode of delirium associated with withdrawal from alcohol

Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)

adding behaviors, cognition, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior

esteem support

affirming qualities and skills of the person

what are the accepted states of consciousness and altered states of consciousness

alertness, sleep, dreaming altered states= hyponosis, drug induced altered states, meditation, sickness, dementia, delirium, coma

cross sectional study (pros, cons, what is it)

allows for correlation, but not causationinvestigate a population at a single point in time, look fo relationshipsqualitative research

Pupil

allows passage of light from anterior (before iris) and posterior (btw iris and lens) chambers.

visual cues- allows us to take into account these 4 traits

allows us to perceptually organize by taking into account: Depth, form, motion, and constancy

impression management

also synonymous with self presentation; its the process of displaying oneself to society thru culturally accepted behaviors; demos that we use behaviors

Color Constancy

although changes in lighting can change the image color that falls on the retina, we understand/perceive the object is the same color

Prestige

amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea (ex: educational institution, organizations, etc)

Game theory

an attempt to explain decision making between individuals as if they are participating in a game

sensory stimulus

an event or object that is received by the senses and elicits a response from a person (light, heat, sound touch internal factors)

negative priming

an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus. It falls under the category of priming, which refers to the change in the response towards a stimulus due to a subconscious memory effect.

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new long term memories after an accident/brain injury

compliance

an individual yields to social pressure to get a positive reaction from another individual or social group

Networks

an observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups; individuals in these networks have certain demands and expectations of other members

inclusive fitness

animal behaving in ways that ensures propagation of its genes

Difference Threshold

another name for the just noticeable difference

Prefrontal cortex

anterior portion of frontal lobes assoc/w/ expressing personality, amking decisions, it also receives arousal input form the brainstem and coordinates arousal and cognitive states

Social Anxiety Disorder

anxiety due to social and or performance situations

Cluster C PD (3)

anxious, fearful 1. Avoidant 2. Dependent 3. Obsessive Compulsive PDs

Animal communication

any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another

observer bias

any bias on part of observers recording the data. (if you dont do a double blind study for ex)

extrinsic motivation vs. external motivation

any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself ex: social pressure can cause you to play football even though you don't want to, or make chai even though you don't want to

class consciousness

apart of marxist theory; refers to the organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition for the need for collective political action this can be prevented by false consciousness

passive aggressiveness/rebellion

appears overly compliant while punishing others, rebelling covertly thru procrastination; maladaptive coping

overextension

applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear a superficial resemblance (ex: child calls a moth a butterfly or a doggie for cow)

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are connected by _____ _______

arctuate fasiculus- which is a bundle of axons that allows for proper association of language comprehension (wernicke's) and speech production (Broca's area)

Trauma and Stress Related Disorders

arise from highly stressful or traumatic life eventex: PTSD- people who have gone thru sexual assault, serious injury, nightmares, and have propensity to avoid stimuli

Gestalt Therapy

associated with Humanism; practitioners have a holistic view of self and they see the individual as a complete person rather than reducing them to individual drives or behavior; personality is the conscious feelings we have for ourselves

Parkinson's Disease

associated with bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill rolling tremor, masklike faces cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait , decrased production of substantia nigra.

Method of loci

associating each item on the list along a route thru th ebuilding that has already been memorized (like person spilling milk in front hallway, eggs at doorstep, etc)

peg word system

associating numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble numbers (one sun, two shoes, three tree etc)

Semantics

association of meanings with word (must learn that certain combos of phonemes rep certain physical objects, events) child must learn that some words refer to whole cats. of people- women and others refers to subcats- mommy can see development of this kid when a child calls all women mommy

Social Construction model

assumes no biological basis for emotions; emotions are based on experiences and situational context alone. Emotions only exist within social encounters and are experienced differently and play diff roles based on context.

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic theories of personality

assumption that unconscious internal states motivate overt actions of individuals and determine personality (Freud instinct, distinct mechs, psychoanalytic theory, Rorschach Inkblot test, Jung's unconscious, Myers Briggs Type Inventory, Adler's inferiority complex

Somatic symoptom disorder

at least one somatic symptom that may or may not be linked to underlying medical condition which causes disporportionate concern

Type Theorists

attempt to create taxonomy of personality types

Spearman's g factor

attempt to quantify intelligence claims that the performance on different cognitive tasks is positively correlated in many cases

Stereotype Content model; what two factors are judged, what are the four categories

attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to hypothetical in group using 2 factors: Warmth and Competence: 1. Paternalistic Stereotype (High warmth, Low competence) 2. Admiration Stereotype (High warmth, high competence) 3. Envious stereotype (Low warmth, high competence) 4. Contemptuous stereotype (low warmth, low competence)

Ego expressive fxn of attitudes [functional attitudes theory]

attitudes allow us to communicate and solidify our self identity

learning theory

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning; can be formed from observational, operant conditioning, or classical conditioning ex: if you grow up being taught that swearing is bad- you may develop a negative attitude towards those who swear, attitude may also be affected by others' attitudes-teenager develops positive attitude towards smoking if all his friends smoke

ego defensive fxnal attitudes theory

attitudes are ego defensive if they protect our self esteem or justify actions we know are wrong (ex: child who has difficulty with math develops a negative attitude toward the subject)

fertility rate

average number of children born to a woman during her life time in a population

12-18 mos language development

babies develop 1 word/day for most part, kids have explosin of word sat 18 months and also start experimenting with inflections , gestures, and context of words (apple! vs. apple?)

Horney's concept of basic anxiety & hostility

based on idea that the child's early perception of self is important and comes form their relationship with parents; BASIC ANXIETY- inadequate parenting can cause this sense of vulnerability and helplessness BASIC HOSTILITY- neglect and rejection to overcome both of these- a child will opt for 3 strategies to a greater extent then non-threatened kids: moving toward people to obtain respect from people who provide security, moving against people or fighting them to obtain upper hand, and withdrawing from people

meritocracy

based on intellectual talent and achievement; means for person to advance up social ladder; only equality of opportunity

Place theory

basilar mem changes thickness depending on its location in the cochlea; and the location of the hair cell on this mem determines pitch perception; Low frequency- apex High frequency- base closer to oval window; tonotopic organization

Bottom Up processing

begins with stimulus and this stimulus influences what we perceive- there are NO preconceived cognitive constructs of the stimulus (have not viewed before)- inductive reasoning is presentdata driven; it uses parallel processing and feature detection

Alloport's theory of functional autonomy

behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior (ex: hunter who used to hunt to get food, now just goes for the sake of hunting)

variable ratio schedule

behavior is reinforced after an average, unpredictable number of responses(ex: rat treat dispenser could be set to dispense treat after an average of 1/10 presses. But exact number of presses between the rewards are unpredictable.; is thee most effective method

Incentive Theory

behaviors are not motivated by need or arousal, but they are motivated by desires and to avoid punishment; also talks about how external values like community values and culture can influence behavior

Yerkes Dodson Law of Social Facilitation

being in presence of others will raise arousal which enhances one's ability to perform tasks they are already good at [SIMPLE TASKS] and worsens the performance of less familiar tasks [COMPLEX TASKS]

culture

beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

Morbidity

burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease

Gender identity development age

by age 3 child knows full name, fixed gender identity

PTSD/Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

characterized by: INTRUSION SYMP (flashbacks, nightmares) NEGATIVE COGNITION SYMP (amnesia, neg mood) AVOIDANCE Symp (avoid people/stuff assoc/w/trama) AROUSAL SYMP ( irritability, anxiety, startle response)

antinormative behavior

can be caused by deindividuation; group settings may justify things that normally aren't excusable

Meditation

can be religiously grounded like in buddhism, hinduism, taoism, judaism, others or secular used in counseling and psychotherapy- produces sense of relaxation and relief from anxiety, decreased heart rate, decreased bp EEG recordings show waves resembling slow alpha waves and stage 1 sleep with theta

Vestibular System- what can it sense and which organs are response

can detect balance and spatial orientation- comes from inner ear and limbs, with emphasis on the limbs

avoidant attachment

caregiver gives little or no response to distresed child; child has no preference for caregiver relative to strangers

ambivalent attachment

caregiver has inconsistent response to child, the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns

Disorganized attachment

caregiver is abusive or erratic. Child shows no clear pattern of behavior or response; may show repetitive behaviors

temporal optic fibers

carry temporal visual information, or info that corresponds to the inner part of visual field.

Depressants - what is it, mechanism, side effects, types

cause relaxation by reducing nervous system activity (2) alcohol and barbituates/benzodizaepines works by stimulating the production of GABA which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter assoc/w/ reduced anxiety and dopamine, which promotes euphoria side effects: slowed frontal lobe activity- slurred speech and motor skills

Depressants

cause relaxation by reducing nervous system activityex: alcoholworks by stimulating the production of GABA which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter assoc/w/ reduced anxiety and dopamine, which promotes euphoriaside effects: slowed frontal lobe activity- slurred speech and motor skills

Vascular (multi infact) dementia

caused by High bp and repeated microscopic clots also common cause of dementia

Stimulants

causes increase in arousal of nervous system increases frequency of AP- each drug varies in mechanisms exs: amphetamines, cocaine, ectasy

Multiculturalism

celebration of coexisting cultures, cultural mosaic. It respects differences in culture; opposite of assimilation- which tends to be more of a melting point or the melting together of different elements of different cultures

imagination inflation

certain memories are constructed or exaggerated by the person's imagination.

horizontal mobility

change in occupation or lifestyle htat remains within the same social class

intragenerational changes

changes in social status that happen in a person's lifetime

What causes dizziness and Vertigo

changes in the movement of CaCO3 crystals in otolithic organs (utricle and saccule)

Emotionally focused coping

changing attitudes about stressor like wishful thinking, getting away from problem

obedience

changing behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure

OCD/Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

characterized by OBSESSIONS- persistenet intrusive thoughts/impulses and COMPULSIONS- repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person's life

major depressive disorder(MDD);

characterized by at least one major depressive disorder (period of depression lasting at least 2 wks)

primary reinforcer (operant conditioning), secondary reinforcer (classical conditioning) examples with dolphin training food and clicker

classical and operant conditioning used hand in hand, trainers feed dolphin fish (primary reinforcer by operant) after performing trick but also prior to that click, so eventually the clicker can substitute for snack----this becomes the conditioned reinforcer or secondary reinforcer---

Systematic Desensitization

classical conditioning technique where the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus is increased until it no longer elicits conditioned response; (ex therapy a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques.----so we present the feather that someone is exposed to over and over again until this evokes no crazy symp NS response)

eidetic memory

clear, specific, high quality mental image of a visual scene that is retained after an event. They can report on details even though the stimulus isn't their; common in children not so much in adults

appraisal model

closely related, accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once emotion is experienced but there is a cognitive antecdent to emotional expression

Schizoid PD

cluster A; involves detachment from social relatonships and limited emotion

Schizotypal PD

cluster A; involves ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity.

Paranoid PD

cluster A; involves pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

Antisocial PD

cluster B; disregard for the rights of others

Borderline PD

cluster B; involves instability in relationships, mood, and self image other characteristics is SPLITTING and suicide attempts

Avoidant PD

cluster C disorder; involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection

Broadbent's Early selection theory problems

cocktail party effect is an exception; if everything in the unattended ear is filtered by the selective filter, then you shouldn't be able to hear your name when someone mentions it from afar

Cannon Bard theory

cognitive and physiological responses to stimulus occur simultaneously and independently of one another---&gt;lead to behavioral response.;Limits: their is no concept of cognitive appraisal or conscious thought about how situation can impact emotions

role

collection of behaviors, values, norms, attitudes, and beliefs which are expected of a person holding status

role set

collection of roles associated with a given status.

what happens if you damage your reticular formation

coma

Case control design

compare info about individuals with disease/condition with those who don't have disease/condition

risk ratio

compares risk of multiple sclerosis among one group with risk of another group

Lev Vygotsky's cognitive development

concerned with how child internalized aspects of culture like rules, symbols, language; known for concept of ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT- things or skills that can be attained by a more knowledgeable other (like help and guidance of parent when riding a bike)

Michaelangelo phenomenon

concpt of self is made up of intrapersonal self- ideas individual has about themselves, their own abilities, traits, and beliefs. and the interpersonal self or manner in which others influence creation of ideal self

retrospective study

consider past events, it does not examine subjective elements of experiences.

Biopsychosocial approach

considers relative contribuution of biological, psychological, and social components in an individual's disorder (treatments tend to fall in these 3 areas)

Maladaptiveness criterion of psychological therapies

considers whether the behavior is negatively impacting the person's life or poses a threat to others.

Consistency cues

consistent beahvior of a person overtime; more regular behavior= more we associate that behavior with a person's motives

secure attachment

consistent craegiver so child can go out to world and explore knowing that they have a secure base to return to;have strong preference for caregiver `

Group or social group

consists of 2 or more people who share similar characteristics and sense of unity; smallest is DYAD- 2 people and TRIAD- 3 people

HIstrionic PD

constant attn seeking behavior

lower class

contains approximately 14 to 20% of people, and includes poorly paid or impoverished people.

MDD/Major Depressive Disorder

contains at least 1 major depressive episode, it is different from bipolar disorders in that there are NO manic episodes

Cyclothymic disorder

contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia

outcome of stereotype content model that has low warmth and low competence

contemptous stereotype (welfare recipients, poor people)

Dominance/excessive self assertion coping

controls other thru direct means to accomplish goals; maladaptive coping

anterior hypothalamus

controls sexual behavior; with it stimulated, lab animals will mount on anything.

iris

controls size of the pupil; dilator pupillae= Symp. NS constricter pupillae=Parasymp NS

Basal ganglia

coordinate muscle movement using info from cortex; they relay info the EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM- which gathers info about body position without motor neurons

Pathway of light

cornea/pupil/lens/vitreous/retina(rods cones/bipolar cells/gangilion cells/optic nerve/optic chiasm/optic tract/LGN of thalamus/radiations thru parietal and temporal lobe/occipital lobe's visual cortex

feature detection

correlates with parallel processing; there are pathways specialized for color, shape and motion detection

Medicare

covers patients over age of 65, those with end stage renal disease, and those with amyotrophic lateral schlerosis.

Spacing effect

cramming is not affective; Ebbinghaus found that the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning the greater the retnetion of information later on

Inductive (bottom up) reasoning

creates theory via generalization; starts with specific instancces and then draws a conclusion

Genetic compatibility

creation of mate pairs which have complementary genetics or diff genetics as a way of decrasing the frequency of genetic disorders

Display rules

cultural expectations of emotions (ex: inuit society- anger isn't expressed as much); differ depending on culture, gender, family background.

attributions are influenced by external factors like ___________

culture

culture lag

culture takes time to catch up on material innovation; clash between material and nonmaterial culture (as material culture experiences faster change); problem occurs [ex: car, but no laws to regulate traffic. technology and privacy laws)

How to calc growth rate

current pop-initial pop/initial *100

Projection

defense mech where individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others (tests that use this include the Rorschach inkblot test or thematic apperception test)

Aphasia

deficity of language prodxn or comprehension

Racialization

definition or establishment of a group as a particular race

Suppression

deliberate conscious form of forgetting

Iron law of oligarchy

democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group; shift can be due to factors like 1. need of a core body of individuals to carry out dialy activities. 2. Leadership characteristics of certain groups 3. Need for specialization

Solomon Asch's conformity experiment

demonstrated that individuals conform to group view, even when group seems wrong. Asch used a task in which a participant, along with several of Asch's confederates, were told to judge the relative lengths of drawn lines. The confederates would give a clearly-incorrect opinion regarding which line was shorter or longer, causing the participant (who did not know that the others in the room were "in on it") to conform to this incorrect view in some cases.

Duncker's candle problem

demonstrates that problem solving can be impeded by wrong mental set situation (in a room with matches, tacks, candle-> you need to place the candle on wall and light it such that wax won't drip)--- place candle into box and tack box to wall and light- hard to see this without proper mental set prone to functional fixedness

Immediate Networks

dense with strong ties (friends, etc)

Pragmatics

dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge ( you don't tell a stranger near a bus to move over or say things frankly as you would with a friend) prosody-rhythm, cadence, inflection of our voices can also effect pragmatics

Alcohol (drug class, long/short term consequences, how to measure, etc

depressant increases GABA channel activity and dopamine levels logical reasoning impaired, motor skills affected, behavior controls inhibited, fatigue, Long term: cirrhosis, liver failure, pancreatic damage, gastric/duodenal ulcers, GI cancers, brain disorders like Wernicke Korsakoff Alcholism runs in families, and children are likely to suffer from MDD

Benzodiazepines

depressant replaced older medications like barbituates- which were used as sleep meds/anxiolytic meds these are less addictive than barbituates exs: clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam, phenobarbital, amobarbital increases GABA activity risks: addiction, and if taken with alcohol- too much inhibition==coma and death

Barbituates (drug class, use, mechanism, risks)

depressants historically anxiety-reducing/anxiolytic drugs and sleep meds replaced by benzodiazepines= less likely to overdose increase GABA activity, but highly addictive Risk- if you take with alcohol--too much GABA inhibition---results in coma or death

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

depressive disorder with seasonal onset with depression during the witner months

Janowitz & Grossman

deprived rats with stomch fistula were given liquid food by mouth or direct injection prior to response testing and saline was the sustenance control. Significant decrements in response in both types of feeding. Showed that you can be hungry without having a stomch

Poverty line

derived from the govt s calc of min income requirements for families to maintain basic necessities in life. Not contextualized to location and thus doesn't take into account differential costs of living in an urban center vs. rural area

symbolic ethnicity

describes specific connection to one's ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity doesn't play a significant role in everyday life.

normative conformity

desire to fit into a group because of the fear of rejection (ex: Asch)

parvocellular cells

detect shape and have high color spatial resolution; work best for stationary objects as they have low temporal resolution.

strain theory

devance as natural reaction to disconnect between social goals and social structure ex: American dream is considered goal, but social structure in society can't guarentee equal access to materials so some people may be prone to deviant behavior like theft to attain goal.

Observational studies

draw inferences from a sample regarding the effects of an independent variable on a population, but where the independent variable is not specifically manipulated by the researcher. Common examples include case-control, cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort and ecological studies.

Sensory bias

development of a trait to match preexisting preference (ex: crabs like structures that break up level of horizon as it is indicative of food source, so the male crabs take advantage of this by building their own structures/0

Cognitive development

development of one's ability to think and solve probs during childhood=limited as pace of brain maturation is fast---child is concerned with mastering physical environment

Cognitive development

development of one's ability to think and solve probsduring childhood=limited as pace of brain maturation is fast---child is concerned with mastering physical environment

Labeling theory

deviance, stigmatization, and reputation are linked; posits that labels are given to people can affect how others respond to them as well as their own self image- can channel as deviant behavior or conforming behavior - can lead to stronger subgroup identity (ex: promiscuous woman could either be more deviant or she could conform) Labeling theory suggests that people are often placed into social categories, one of which could be a stigmatized category. Thus, labeling theory is most closely associated with social stigma.

differential association theory

deviance/norm abiding behavior can be learned thru interactions with others; if more people around you are deviant- you may also become deviant

Personality

different from identity; it is how we act and react to the world around us (feelings, thoughts, traits, behaviors) characteristic of us thru time and location

Insomnia

difficulty falling or staying asleep may be related to anxiety, depression, meds, disruptive sleep cycles, and circadian rhythms

role conflict

difficulty fulfilling expectations of 2 or more roles at once. (father as coach and father and promoting one of the kids)

role strain

difficulty in fulfilling multiple expectations within the same role or SINGLE role s for strain

instinctive drift

difficulty in overcoming instinctual beahviors in training (ex: when training a raccoon to pick up money and put it into a bank, the racoon would rub them coins together and dip them into the bank before pulling them back out---this comes from the raccooon's natural way of eating seeds; but if you give them a basketball (larger than seeds) you coudl train them

long term sleep deprivation has been linked to _________ _______ performance and chronic diseases like _____ and _____

diminished cognitive diabetes, obesity

Primary Kinship

direct relationship like between siblings, and parents

proximal stimulus

directly interact with and affect the sensory receptors and inform the observer about the presence of distal stimuli (ex: photon) physical stimulation that is available to be measured by the observer's sensory apparatus; neural activity that results from sensory transduction of physical stimulation

instiutional discrimination

discrimination against particular group by an institution

Dyssomnias

disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, avoid sleep. exs: insonia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea

culture shock

disorientation, uncertainty and fear people experience when they expeirence unfamiliar cultural practices (ex: when you move from ny to kansas, stores moving at different time, different food,norm etc) ex: feeling lonely, sad, questioning decision

Is behavior determined by individual's personality (__________ approach) or environment (______________approach)

dispositional and situational approach

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

disproportionate and persistent worry about many diff things for at least 6 months

Frontal Lobe Abilities

disproportionately large in humans, can go thru delayed gratification, transmit ideas between individuals, coordinate thinking by prioritizing stimuli

Dissociative disorders

disruption of perception of identity memory, or awareness- they feel disconnected from reality- dissociation aims to provide an unintentional escape from reality or barrier from stress from a life event

atttachment (4)

emotional bond to another person; typically between child and caregiver (4) Types: SECURE ATTACHMENT AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT AMBIVALENT ATTACHMENT DISORGANIZED ATTACHMENT

Self Determination theory

emphasizes the role of 3 universal needs: Autonomy- need to be in control of one's actions/ideas Competence- need to complete and excel at difficult tasks Relatedness- need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.

Organizations

entities set up to achieve certain goals; they have a structure and culture (ex: schools, companies, political organizations, etc); differ from groups in that formal organization tend to be: 1. larger 2. have history before and after departure of a person 3. Have expressed goals in a written format to guide members (generally)

Outcome of stereotype content model that has low warmth and high competence

envious stereotypes ( Jewish people, rich people, Asian people, feminists, etc)

catecholamines (3)

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine,----tyrosine derived peptide hormones (lipid like but act like peptides with extracellularbinding receptors)

What are benefits of heuristics

essential speed cuts for effective decision making= ex: in chest we need to use representativeness heuristic (cat. items on basis of prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image in category)

Basic model of emotional expression

established by Charles Darwin; emotioanl expression involves facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and physiological chnages and they tend to be similar across cultures. - primates and humans have basic emotions that correspond with muscle actions and are universally recognizzed

culture

ex: apps, rules by which society are guided. learned, transmitted, reshaped

cultural barrier

ex: cultural diff impedes interaction (collectivistic culture, patient says its up to family, not themselves----dif from Am belief of patient autonomy)

Hallucinogens (exs)

ex: lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and ketamine- distort perceptionenhance sensory experiences, cause introspection, increase HR and BP, increase body temp, dilate pupils

Howard Waitzkin's "second sickness"

exacerabtion of health outcomes caused by social injustice and differences inhealth care like professional groups having higher life expectancies

glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter, most common- about 90% of brain cells are responsive to glutamate

what four factors play into decision making?

heuristics, biases, intuition, and emotions

mania-;

high energy state with poor judgement, lack of sleep and euphoriatype of mood disorder;

Beta waves

high frequency waves that occur when person is alert or attending to task that requires concentration; neurons randomly fire

Mania Hormones

high levels of norepinephrine and serontonin.

Flash bulb memory

highly emotional (positive and negative) memories that feel vivid; they are just as susceptible as reconstructions (ex: birth of child)

Kohlberg's moral reasoning

his model has three phases with two substages: A. preconventional Morality (pre adolescent) I- Obedience and ii-Self interest B. conventional morality (early adolescence) iii. conformity and iv. law and order C. postconventional morality social contract (universal human ethics)

Ferdinand Tonnies Community and Society

his theory translates to community and society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellshaft) Gemeinschaft/COMMUNITY- refers to groups that feel unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry or geography Gescellshaft/SOCIETY- refers to groups that are unified by common goals and interests (Ex: countries and companies)

structural poverty

holes in the structure in society rather than actions of the individual are responsible for poverty

Mate bias (2)

how choosy people are when choosing mates; it is in line with direct benefits (providing protection or material benefits to self) and indirect benefits (promoting survival of offspring)

reliability

how consistent and repeatable an experiment or assessment is

World System THeory

how economic and political connections developed and now tie the world's countries together; 1. Core nations- focus on higher skills and higher paying productions while exploiting peripheral nations 2. Peripheral nations- lower skilled productions 3. Semi Peripheral nations- midway between core and peripheral

gender conditioning

how gender roles are established via social conditioning like rewards/punishment/reinforcement of gender related behavior

intersectionality

how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification; the compoundibg of disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one oppressed groupex: place in a social hierarchy or social class can be determined by race/ethnicity or gender or age

closely related availability heuristic

how likely an action or event is based on how readily available similar info is in our memories

self concept

how one defines themselves

Gender script

how society says someone is supposed to act because of her or his sex in a certain situation; it is SITUATION dependent

role performance

how well someone carries out behaviors associated with a certain role (ex: how good is doctor at translating med terminology to discernable english.

Syntax

how words are put together to form sentences must notice that order of words effects meaning (ex: only gabru has 3 jamuns, Gabru has only 3 jamuns)

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs (5)

human needs in pyramid from basic (food water, etc) to most high level- self-actualization. highest to lowest priority: 1. Self actualization 2. Self Esteem 3. Love Belonging 4. Safety 5. Physiological

working memory and short term memory are supported by the_______

hypothalamus

Adaptive attitude fxnal attitudes theory

idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed

up focused mission

ideal bureaucracy mission that serves shareholders, board, or other higher entity

nonmaterial culture/ symbolic culture

ideas, beliefs, values, resist change; evolves slower than material culture

Law of Common Fate

if an array of dots where half are up and half are down, we would view these groups as different units according to fate

Conduction aphasia

if arcuate fasciculus affected, since broca and wernicke are in tact person can talk properly and understand properly but they have trouble repeating things as conxn between two region is lost (rare)

inter rater reliability

if assessment carried out by different researchers it should generate similar results

dichotic listening test

if different messages are presented to each ear and you are asked to repeat. Speech shadowing can be used to monitor how goo dyou are at paying attn to the auditory input in the correct ear---involves temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe

Integrity vs. Despair

if resolved individual has wisdom, detached concern with life, assurance with meaningin in life and readiness to face death

Learned helplessness

if you view life with too much of an external locus of control, people stop making decisions and lack confidence in ability to change--can contribute to prolonged stress

immigration vs. emigration

immigration is movement into a new geographic area. Emigration is movement away from a geographic area

migration rate

immigration rate- emigration rate

Law of Past Experiences

implies that under some circumstances, visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience- if two objects perceived within close proximity spatially or temporally, objects are more likely to be perceived together ( ex: reading new rod, they use law of past exp to recognize letters rather than the law of closure to combine L and I to perceive uppercase U)

Alter casting

imposing an identity onto another person; ex: as a good pre med you should buy our service. You are assigned a role that you should fulfill impression of by buying their product

Sundowning

in Alzehimers disease, there is an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening

REM sleep

in btw cycles of NREM sleep muscles are paralyzed heart rate, breathing patterns, EEG mimic wakefulness- but individual is still asleep= dreaming occurs also linked with dreams

Major Depressive episodes duration and symptoms

in mdd, there is a 2 wk duration of at least 5 of the following symptoms Depressed mood Loss of interest/anhedonia Sleep Disturbance Feelings of Guilt Suicidal thoughts, Difficulty Concentrating Changes in appetite psychomotor symptoms ** atleast 2 of the symptoms have to be depressed mood and anhedonia.

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (ex: rat get treat after every third push)

most people are ______ on the spectrum of central route processing and peripheral route processing in the ______likelihood model

in the middle; elaboration likelihood model

functional fixedness

inability to consider how to use an object in a non traditional manner (Duncker's candle)

Egocentrism

inability to imagine what other person is thinking or feeling

Dissociative amnesia

inability to recall past experience without underlying neurological disorder; could involve dissociative fugue- or a sudden change in location that may involve assumption of new identity

alogia

inability to speak

bony labriynth of inner ear

includes cochlea, vestibules, and semicirular canalars.

anxiety disorders

includes generalized anxeity disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder (PD)

Social learning

includes learning about cultural traditions and roles

Slow wave sleep

includes stage 3 and 4 sleep, the EEG becomes slower with only a few waves to be seen----delta waves; difficult to rouse someone during this time

Stimulants (which hormones, effects?)

increase arousal of NSoften involves release; dopamine, NE, and serotonin reuptake**- increases arousal, heart rate, and blood pressure- creates anxiety, delusions of grandeur, euphoria, hypervigilance, and decreased appetite

Positive reinforcers

increase behavior by giving something that encourages behavior (like a gold star)

discriminative stimulus

indicates that the reward is potentially available in an operant conditioning paradigm (dolphin trainer who provides the fish (primary reinforcer) and the conditioned reinforcer (clicker)

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for that person regardless of the cost

Halo effect

judgements of an individual's character can be afffected by overall impression of the individual

Rationalization

justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to self and society

Source monitoring error

keeping track of where info comes from; even if they confusion if they saw a yield or stop sign they may have seen for ex. so its confusing where you are getting that info from; usually this is confusion between semantic and episodic memory (ex: talking about memory that happened to someone else)

consangineal kinship

kinship based on blood or genetics

affinal kinship

kinship without blood relationship (ex: relationship by marriage)

cultural capital

knowledge, skills, education, and other characteristics used to make social distinctions and are associated with differnces in social status

Avolition

lack of interest in goal directed behavior

asociality

lack of motivation or desire to engage in social activity

John Snow's investigation of cholera

landmark example for linking geography with disease; came from a dirty water pump

Social interactionist Theory

language development involves interplay btw bio and social processes; language acquisition is driven by kid's desire to interact and talk with parents bio foundation for language develops and children are exposed to language---and kids start mapping brain sounds and meanings some circuits are reinforced others are not---demphasized

door in the face technique

large request is made at first, and if refused a smaller request is made (smaller request is actually what you really wanted)

secondary socialization

learning appropriate behavior wihtin smaller sections of society; occurs outside of home like in school or church setting assoc more with adolescents and adults with smaller changes and refinements to behavior relative to primary socialization

latent learning

learning hta toccurs wihtout a reward but spontaneously demonstrated once reward is introduced (walk a rat thru a maze and then reward them once they get thru it) sometimes this is better than operant conditioning techniques where the mice are rewarded along the way

Primary socialization

learning of acceptable actions and attitudes during childhood by oberving parents, siblings, friends, teachers, and authority figures

Secondary socialization

learning what is acceptable and appriate in smaller, more focused section of society.ex: learning how to behave at school

Trial and error

less sophisticated problem solving where various tried until one works, only effective when there are relatively few possible solutions 1 of 4 problem solving methods

Dominant hemisphere is responisble (4)

letters words visually, language related sounds, speech/reading/writing/arithemetic=language, complex voluntary movement

Kohlberg's moral reasoning C. Postconventional morality

level of reasoning where not everyone is capable of doing so. It is based on social mores that conflict with laws like having the right to profit from products or right to live. v. Social contract- views moral rules as conventions designed to ensure greater good and is focused on individual rights vi. Universal human ethics- decisions made in consideration of abstract principles

Socialization

lifelong process by which people inherit, develop, and disseminate social norms, customs, and belief systems- types: primary, secondary, anticipatory, resocialization socialization- there are factors/AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION that influence how we're socialized

Panic Disorder

marked by recurrent panic attacks; intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic NS activity with no clear stimulus---agoraphobia

Object Permanence

marker of the end of the sensorimotor stage, child understands that objects continue to exist even when out of view (ex: peek a boo)

conformity

matching one's behaviors, beliefs, attitudes to societal norms this pressure can be real or imagined

Alzeheimers hormones

may be linked to loss of cholinergic neurons that connect with the hippocampus which is partially attibutable to memory loss

Inclusive Fitness

measure of an organism's success in the population. based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to help others

Validity

measure of how well given exp measures what it sets out to measure

Prevalence

measure of the number of cases of illness overall (number of people with new or chronic lung cancer per 1000 people:ex)

EEG

measures electrical impulses of brains with small sensors-- average in certain areas can inject tracer and image particular parts of brain with coloration indicating blood flow of tracer, activity of certain areas (pet scan) also used in sleep studies

identity shift effect

mechanism behind peer pressure- when individual's harmony is disrupted by social rejection individual will conform to the norms of the group and individual will experience internal conflict. overtime, to eliminate this internal conflict person goes thru this shift and adopts this group as their own.

Manipulation/Exploitation coping

meeting one's own needs thru covert manipulation, seduction, dishonesty, conning; maldadaptive

Echoic mem

mem of sound]

promiscuity

member of one sex with any member of opposite sex without exclusivity

Ethnic identity

members share common ancestry, ethnic groups, language, etcetera. It is different from nationality identity as it DOES NOT require citizenship

Arousal/Arousal Theory;

mental alertness, attentiveness, and general awakenesslow arousal---drowsiness, lack of focuspeople behave or act in certain ways to maintain optimal arousal and this varies from person to personalso poses Yerkes Dodson Law

antisocial personality disorder

mental health condition in which person has long term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others

person perception

mental processes by which we categorize and form impressions of other people

heuristics

mental shortcuts/generalized principles that help us to make decisions (can be poor judgement)

problem solving

method of learning that involves trial and error learning (ex: child learning to put together puzzle

culture has effects on evolution; and some genetic traits may be favored by cultural values and beliefs (name ex)

milk favored in N. European cultures leading to generation of more lactose tolerant favored conditions/selection

Depth perception relies on _________ and _______ clues.

monocular and binocular cues

Constancy (3)

monocular cue; perception that an object doesn't change even if the image cast on the retina is different. There are three types:;Size constancyShape ConstancyColor Constancy

A sense of motion is possible due to ______cues

monocular cues allow us to have a sense of motion. This includes motion parallax

Sleep deprivation negatively effects (5)

mood, problem solving, motor skills, and leads to diminished cognitive performance

humanistic/phenomenological theorists

more person centered approach of personality of people aiming towards positive self realization

which type of cultural norm is most directly involved in health behavior?

mores

informal norms can be divided into ______ and _______

mores and folkways

most dreaming occurs in _____ sleep. After Stage __ sleep our mental experience shifts to dream like state

most dreaming occurs in _REM____ sleep. After Stage _2_ sleep our mental experience shifts to dream like state

stimulus motive

motivation; defined as motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an incrase in stimulation (ex: curiosity) they are innate but not necessary for survival

vertical mobility

movement from one social class to another

Religion

patterns of beliefs and organizational forms that address the meaning of life and create a sense of community; 4 types: 1. churches 2. sects. 3 state religions 4. cults

Emotion

natural, instinctive state of mind derived from one's circumstances or relationships with others

Need Based Theories of Motivation

needs are motivators that influence human behavior as well; exs: Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, Self Detetermination theory.

Non adapting neuron

neuron can encode for somatosensation by firing consistently at a a constant rate

Fast adapting

neuron fires as soon as the stimulus begins but eventually stops. The neuron starts firing again once the stimulus stops

Slow adapting (somatosensation)

neuron fires at the beginning of a stimulus, and then calms down;

controlled (effortful) processing

new complex tasks require undivided attn

minority influence

new ideas are normally minory opinion. Idea can be spread by influence of minority

retroactive interference

new info is interfering with old learning; (ex: studying at night)

Correct Rejection

no signal present, no response

Carl Roger's psychotherapy technique was called...

nondirective or person/client centered therapy; believed that people have freedom to control their own behaviors. They weren't slaves to the unconscious or have faulty learning (behaviorists). Rather than providing diagnosis they would help the client reflect on problems, make choices, etc

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

noninvasive mapping; neural activity is broadly mapped using increased blood flow tracking to pts of the brain. Patient enhales a harmless radioactive gas.

parallel play

normal part of preschool age children behavior, they play by themselves, but observe other children and adjust their behavior in response. - not direct interaction between kids. - occurs at 2 years of age

formal norms

norms enforced by sanctions [punishments] for deviation from norm or rewards for acting in accordance with norm; can be written, explicit, and enforced with penaltiesex: law

informal norms

norms that are generally understood, but implicit, unwritten, and not assoc/w/criminal or legal penalties for violation

maintainence rehearsal

not as effective as elaborative rehearsal, invovles repetition of a piece of information of information ot keep within the working memory

partial reinforcement

not like continuous reinforcement. A behavior is reinforced only after certain intervals or ratio of time (recall the reinforcement schedules)

Family group

not self selected but determined by birth, adoption or marriage

Cognition

not uniquely human; study that looks at how brains process and react to stimuli in world

achieved status-

position in society that is gained as a result of one's efforts or choices

Status

positions in society that are used to classify individuals; 3 types ascribed, master, achieved

Representational Throught

object permanence marks beginning of this; it is when the child has begun to create mental representations of certain external objects or events

Proximity

objects that are close to each other are grouped together and we naturally group things that are closer together as opposed to farther apart

phenotypic benefits

observable traits that make a mate more attractive to the opposite sex- indicates increased production and survival of offspring

Over the lifespan the ____ of the sleep cycle ______from _____ in kids and ____ in adults.

over the lifespan the length of the sleep cycle increases from 50 min in kids to 90 min in adults

Status seeking/recognition seeking coping

overcompensates thru impressing, high achievement status, getting at goals coping

aggression/hostility coping

overcompensation; type of coping response involves counterattacks like abusing, blaming, attacking or criticizing others

belief perseverence vs. overconfidence

overconfidency is tendency to incorrectly interpret your own decisions, knowledge, beliefs as infallible belief perseverence- inability to reject a general belief (not so about you)

Pain/Temp pathways to brain are ____________. Somatosensory like touch pathways are ____________

pain temp=contralateral; touch- ipsilateral

Fixed interval schedule

occur when behavior is reinforced after a specific amount of time has passed (ex: payday)

alpha waves

occur when we are awake but have eyes closed, slower than beta waves and more synchronized

Dissociative Identity Disorder

occurrence of 2 or more personalities taking control of a person's behavior

Attribute substitution

occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic ( how much area of cube in sphere- could reduce down to square in circle)

Cluster A PD (3)

odd, eccentric; this includes 1. Paranoid 2. Schizotypal 3. Schizoid

Token Economies

often used in inpatient therapeutic settings where positive behavior is rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for treats

proactive interference

old info is interfering with new learning

Peer group

one defined by association of self selected equals around similar interests, ages, and statuses; provide opp for friendship and feelings of belongings.

Sleep Deprivation

one night w/o sleep or multiple nights of short duration sleep - can cause psychosis, decreased performance, mood disturbances, irritability, slowed reaction time

Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

one of the more liberal definitions of intelligence; includes 7 defined types of intelligence: 1. linguistic 2. logical-mathematical 3. musical 4. visual-spatial 5. bodily-kinesthetic 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal Western culture values linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence more

consciousness

one's level of awareness in both the world and one's own existence within that world

olfactory path in brain

only sense which does not pass thru thalamus but response goes unfiltered to higher ordered areas; olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium becomes activated and sends signals to olfactory bulb. THe signals are relayed to olfactory tract including limbic system

Five Factor Model

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Cognition impacted by; factors like...(6)

organic brain disorders (brain related problems), genetic and chromosomal conditions, metabolic derangements, long term drug use, environment, parenting styles

impression management

our attempts to influence how others perceive us by controlling info in social interactions; aligns with three selves idea: authentic self- how person actually is ideal self- who we would like to be tactical self- those who we market ourselves to be there are (5) different strategies: 1. self disclosure 2. managing appearances 3. Ingratiation 4. Aligning actions 5. Alter casting

social cognitive theory

our attitudes and behaviors are a result of observation of the attitudes and behaviors of others."modeling" after others.

Self efficacy

our belief in our ability to succeed. it tends to depend on the activity

Whorfian Hypothesis/linguistic relativity hypothesis

our perception of reality is determined by the content of language-language affects the way we think (ex: inuit- several types of words for snow, french-many words for you=--- reflects a certain ability at differentiating snow and respecting people) - word choice, inflection, context, and speaker play role in our perception

intergenerational changes

parents to children

personality Disorders- impairment of what aspects

patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that can cause distress or impairing function of at least 2 of the following: 1. Cognition 2. Emotion 3. Interpersonal Functioning 4. Impulse There are 3 clusters of the PD: A. (odd, eccentric) B (dramatic, emotional, erratic) C (anxious, fearful)

Strong ties

peer group and kinship contacts which are small in number, but more powerful

sanctions

penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behaviors are used to maintain social control negative sanction- fines or incaraceration; punishment given can be formal (enforced by social institutions) or informal (enforced by social behaviors

in group biases

people are biased towards those apart of their own group

Instict Theory of Motivation

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary insticts- derived from Darwin. William James claimed that human actions were derived from 20 physical instincts (suckling local motion) and 17 mental instincts (curiosity and fear) experience can override instincts

drive reduction theory

people are motivated to eliminate uncomfortable states and seek homeostasis to reduce the uncomfortal internal state

external locus of control

people believe they have no control over situations and events, and only outside forces contribute to influencing outcomes

confirmation bias

people focus on information in agreement with beliefs rather than contradictory info.

Internal locus of control

people have control over situations and events and their actions can contribute to influencing outcomes

Social cognitive theory

people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others; - behavior doesn't come from trial and error, it comes from thoughts about the behavior (personal factors) and the environment ex: work ethic fo employees in company (behavior) is impacted by how they perceive others around them are working (personal factors) and the infrastructure of the company

reciprocal liking

people like others better when they belive the other person likes them

deindividuation

people lose sense of self-awareness in large group which provides high level of arousal and low responsibilityanonymity, diffused responsibility, group size-- contribute to itpeople act; in a way that they wouldn't normally act in if alone

implicit personality theory

people make assumptions about how diff types of people, traits, and behavior are related

Rational choice theory/exchange rational choice

people make individualistic calculated decisions about all things in life.;ex: if money is prime importance, individuals are motivated by money and will take it into consideration before deciding what to do; rational choice theory is more individual based, exchange theory applies more to groups

arousal theory of motivation

people perform actions to maintain an optimal level of arousal; Yerkes Dodson Law says that performance is optimal at some intermediate level Simple tasks require higher arousal than complex tasks.

mere exposure effect/familiarity effect

people prefer stimuli they have been exposed to more frequently (ex: a song you didn't like before on radio- you like it)

Risky shift

people tend to make riskier decisions in groups rather than as individuals in group polarization

social facilitation

people tend to perform better on simple tasks when they are in the presence of others; yerkes dodson law may apply

misleading information

people watched traffic safety video and saw a car crash. Viewers were asked how hard car smashed others as if hit. These people were asked if glass was on the ground. If people received question with the word smack (more violent) they thought glass was there.

Subjective contours

perceiving contours and shapes are not actually present in the stimulus.

Surround suppression

perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it. so in the case if they were confusing B for D they are ignoring the horizonal bar in B

tactile perception

perception obtained through the sense of touch via the fingers and skin surfaces

Social support

perception/reality that one is cared for by a social network

cognitive biases

perceptions and judgements differ from reality; unavoidable feature of our cognitive system- in some cases it may be adaptive

5 basic components of language

phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics

material culture

physical and technological aspects of daily life of a group (like art, emblems, clothing, jewlergy)

aggression

physical verbal, nonverbal behavior with intent to cause harm or increase social dominance

What are 3 elements of emotions

physiological response, behavioral response, and cognitive emotion

Pathway of hearing

pinna/external auditory canal/tympanic mem/malleus/incus/stapes/oval window/perilymph in cochlea/basilar mem/ hair cells/vestibulocochlear nerve/brainstem/medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus/auditory cortex

place theory

place theory claims that a person can hear diff pitches due to diff sound waves triggering activity in different parts of the basilar mem of the cochlea.

Fisherian/Runaway selection

pos feedback mech in which a particular trait as no effect or negative efect on survival but it is deemed socially desirable and thus passed on thruout the generations (ex: peacock)

Parkinson's Law

posed by C. Northcote Parkinson- 7th characteristic of 7 (6 originally from Weber) for Ideal Bureacracy. He claimed that bureaucracies tended to grow at a steady, predictable rate regardless of what organization was doing.

Dual Coding theory

posed by Paivio states that verbal association and visual images was used to process information more than one way to store info--> allows for redundance

Dual Coding theory

posed by Paiviostates that verbal association and visual images was used to process informationmore than one way to store info--&gt; allows for redundance

Schema

posed by piaget organized patterns of behavior and thought

Schema

posed by piagetorganized patterns of behavior and thought

Marijuana

qualities of stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogencomes from cannabis sativa and cannabis indica- has THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) which affects receptors in brainTHC increases dopamine and GABA receptors--increases appetite, dry mouth, eye redness, lows bp, increases heart rate

ethnographic methods are_________ methods

quantitative.

Racial formulation theory

racial identity is fluid and depends on concurrent political, economic and social factors

Gender identity

ranges from femininity to masculinity, gender and sex are strongly affliated together in western cultures, but they are more fluid and less binary in other cultures; personal experience of one's own ender

Delirium

rapid fluctuation in cognitive fxnreversiblecaused by medical problems (nonpsychological)---electrolyte/pH disturbances, malnutrition, low blood sugar, infection, drug rxn, alcohol withdrawal, pain

Bureaucracy

rational system of political organization, administration, discipline and control; they generally have 6 traits; 1. Paid, non elected officials with fixed salary 2. officals have certain rights and privileges 3. regular salary increases 4. Seniority rights 5. promotions upon milestones 6. individuals tend to have an advanced degree or training

Proganz/Pragnanz

reality is organized into the most reduced/simplest form possible;ex: we view olympic rings as 5 circles rather than a weird complex shape Simple, regular, symmetric

Self reference effect

recall information best when we can put it into context with our own lives

False information

receiving false information after encoding a memory but before retrieving ex: people watched a video where car stopped at yield sign. Some people said the car stopped at a stop sign (these folk visualized the stop sign)

Recency effect

recent info we have about someone is most imp to our formation of impressions

Smell Adaptation

receptors in nose become desensitized to smell overtime

operant extinction with ex

refers to gradual decrease in the response rate of a behavior learned via reinforcement. (ex: you give a rat food every time it pushes on a lever. But if researchers stop giving the rat food it will stop pressing the lever as it no longer produces a desirable effect.)

Nonverbal communication

refers to how people communication intentionally or unintentionally WITHOUT WORDS- includes facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, touches, and eye positioning- tells us about personality traits and attitudes,

Construct validity

refers to how well given assessment (survey, test, etc) actually measures what it claims to measure

serotonin

regulates mood, appetite, sleep; low levels of serotonin- associated with depressive mood disorders

varaible interval schedule

reinforce a beahvor for the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval time (waiting exactly 60s, 90s, 180s to receive a second reward after the first reward has been administered)

reinforcement________ a behavior punishment--------- a behavior

reinforcement ENCOURAGES a behavior punishment DISCOURAGES a behavior

Karen Horney's Neurotic needs

rejects Penis envy; she instead said that individuals with neurotic personalities are guided by 1 of 10 neurotic needs; these needs are geared towards making life and interactions more bearable. exs: self sufficiency, independence, affection, approval, need to exploit others healthy people strive for these needs in moderation, but neurotic personalities tend to strive for them in greater intensity which can lead them to loose a sense of reality and have intense anxiety

Crystallized intelligence

related to use of learned skills and knowledge; peaks in middle adulthood, also subject to decline with age

Groupthink

relates to group conformity; individuals are compliant with the groups goals even when the goals may be in contrast to the individual's goal; group members can self center; and this can limit the group's options views and perspectives of a situation.

primary socialization

socialization that occurs during childhood; kids learn actions, attitudes in society from parents and other adults around them; foundation for personal opinions

norms

societal rules that define boundaries of acceptable behavior

anomie

society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness- this can be promoted by factors like rapid changes in society, low income levels, high heterogeneity.

vestibulo-ocular reflex

sound info sent to inferior coliculous. in this reflex, the eyes fix to point while head is turned

discriminaitng stimulus

specific to operant conditioning, it involves an indication that reinforcement or punishment is coming ( pressing the button when 1 and 3 show up on screen=reward; pressing button at 2 &5 on screen-shock=punishment (discourages behavior)

prejudice

specifically targets people, groups or things; preconceived judgement/opinion of individuals before knowing them or encountering them;;irrationally positive or negative; LIKE AN AFFECT

cultural diffusion

spread of norms, customs, beliefs, esp new ones throughout the culture

Deductive reasoning (top down)

starts from general set of rules and draws conclusion from information given

hypnosis

state in which person appears to be in control of their functions, but in a suggestible state and can succumb to suggestions of others; not admissable in court of law cause individuals are prone to creating their own memories.

Expectancy Value Theory

states that the amount of motivation to reach a goal is the result of an individual's expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which they value the goal

striate cortex=________ cortex

striate cortex=__VISUAL______ cortex

Stigma

strong social disapproval of a stigmatized groups (those that break social norms); unlike stereotype or prejudice stigma is always negative

morphology

structure of words, meaningful blocks of language (like redesigned- three morphemes: re, design, ed)

Harry Harlow's attachment research

studied infant attachment to parent, social isolation, and dependency using monkey Sentence: In the 1950s, researcher Harry Harlow raised baby rhesus monkeys with two artificial wire frame figures made to resemble mother monkeys.

Abraham Maslow

studied people's lives who were successful and looked for common qualities like nonhostile sense of humor, originality, creativity, spontaneity, and need for privacy. They were more likely than people who aren't self actualized to have PEAK EXPERIENCES- profound deeply moving experiences in a person's life

Internal validity

study internally well constructed (large random samples, safeguards against confounding variables, reasonable and reliable processes)

ethnography

study of cultures, customs;

Neuropsychology

study of fxns and behaviors assoc/w/specific regions of the brain

countercultures

subcultures perceived as negative as they draw away from majority culture's definitions of normalcy and opposes prevailing social mores.

Emotion

subjective experience of person in certain situation and this can influence decision making the emotion you expect to have later also has a role in shaping decisions

Dissociative fugue

sudden change in location that may involve assumption of a new identity

Endorphins

suppress pain and produce euphoria

Hypnagogic vs. hypnapompic hallucinations

symptoms specific to narcolepsy hypnagogic- hallucinations when one is going to bed hypnapompic hallucinations- hallucinations when one is popping from bed.

distress criterion of psychological therapies

takes into account whether the behavior gives unusual or prolonged levels of stress.

violation of social norms criterion of psych therapies.

takes into account whether the behavior violates social norms

Statistical deviancy criterion of psych therapies

takes into consideration whether the behavior is statistically rare.

support seeking coping

talking about a stressful event with a supportive person can be an effective way to manage stress. Seeking external support instead of self-isolating and internalizing the effects of stress can greatly reduce the negative effects of a difficult situation.

speech shadowing

technique developed to test language and auditory processing; used in stutter and speech perception research. Speech shadowing involves participants reciting along with auditory inputs prsented to one or both ears

Interaction process analysis

techniques for observing, classifying, and measuring interactions within small groups it was revised to the System of Multiple level observation groups (SYMLOG) in the 1970s which judges small groups on 3 dimnsions 1. Dominance vs. Submission 2. Friendliness vs. Unfriendliness 3. Instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive.

Touch Adaptation

temperature receptors may be densensitized overtime

Bipolar and related disorders

tend to have manic episodes or hypomanic episodes

instinctive drift

tendency of an animal to revert to unconscious and automatic beahvior that interferes with learned behavior taught from operant conditioning; this is something that a trainer would want to avoid ex: dog is trained to sit quietly when visitors come, however naturally it thinks of them as intruders and barks. Under stress the dog might bark and disregard training.

Automatic Encoding

tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding

iconic memory

the brief retention of an image of a visual stimulus beyond cessation of the stimulus. This iconic image usually lasts less than a second. In a multistore model of memory, iconic memory precedes short-term memory. Also called visual sensory memory.

social epidemiology

the contribution of social and cultural factors to disease patterns in populations.

self-enhancement

the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one's positive self-views

spontaneous recovery

the extinction of a response is not always permanent, after a certain time, an extincted conditioned stimulus can reslt in a weak conditioned response (ex; bell rings months after exp and dog salivates)

hidden curriculum

the informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in school

memory

the memory is changed depending on mood and goals. it is modified every time we pull it up

Incidence

the number of new cases of an illness per population @ RISK in a given amount of time (ex: number of new cases of lung cancer per 1000 people at risk; once you have it you are not considered at risk

role partner

the person with whom one interacts within a given role; ex: doctor and patient vs. doctor and nurse- there are different behaviors and expectations associated with these interactions.

Operationalization

the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study; (quantitative research)

Marxist Theory

the proletariat could overthrough the bourgeoisie and the entire capitalist economy by developing class consciousness.

Escape learning

the role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists (headache- you take a aspirin--also a type of negative reinforcement, mice pressing lever to stop shock)

self concept vs. self schema

the self concept unlike the self schema also includes an appraisal of who we are and who we were (past) and our future selves

self schema

the self given label that carries a set of qualities, these qualities can differ depending on culture, ses, personal beliefs etcetera.

gender

the set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

master status

the status that one is most identified with; has special importance

society

the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction

self-verification

the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept ; (and agree with) information that is consistent with one's self-concept ex: judy says im intelligent, I agree with that rating

gender schema theory

the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly; transmitted intergenerationally

cognitive component of attitude

the way an individual thinks about something, like justification for behavioral component (how you acted in regards to something) or affective component (how you feel about something)

behavioral component of attitude

the way someone acts with respect to something (ex: avoiding somone)

Locus of control

the way we characterize influences in our lives; it includes internal locus of control- you control your own fate, or external locus of control- outside circumstances control our fate

1947: Kenneth and Mary Clark's ______ Preference Task

they explored ethnic self concepts among white and black children with the doll preference task. Given a kid a white and black doll and asked them which one they preferred. They found that the majority of white and black children preferred the white doll Recently it was performed again with improved methodology like randomizing ethnicity of experimenter and it showed that the kids had more positive views of their own ethnicity (could just be change in the times)

ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT-

things or skills that can be attained by a more knowledgeable other (like help and guidance of parent when riding a bike)

signaling stimuli

this is another term for the conditioned stimulus once it has been conditioned

Characteristic institution

this is the basic organization of a society; prehistorically the characteristic institution of society was kinship, clans, or sibs. In modern times Bureaucracy is the characteristic institution

neutral stimulus

this is the conditioned stimulus prior to being conditioned

self identity

this is the individual components of the self concept that we belong to (ex: religious affliation, sexual orientation, personal relationship, and membership are some identities that make up our self concept)

Absolute threshold of sensation

this is the minimum intensity fo stimulus needed to detect (refers to sensation) a particular stimulus 50% of the time low levels of stimulus---some subjects can detect it and others cannot and there are differences within an individual;1. Expectations ( are you expecting a text)2. Experience ( how familiar are you with it)3. Motivation (are you interested in response)4. Alertness ( are you awake or drowsy)

Biomedical approach to Psych disorders

this takes into account the physical and medical causes a psychological disorder

Signal Detection Theory

this theory aims to analyze how we make the decision when it comes to discerning important stimuli from unimportant noise/ when we detect a signal0 originates in sonar or signal detection in a small fish vs. large whale

Secondary drives

those that motivate us to fulfill nonbiological, or emotional or learned drives

Primary drives

those that motivate us to sustain necessary bio processes

social class

those who have similar socioeconomic position in society

Canon Bard Criticism

though the afferent nerve study in cats showed the simulatenous stimulation of cortical areas and sympathetic nervous system areas, it did not account for the vagus nerve which conveys info from peripheral organs back to the central nervous system

William James

thought it was important to regard functionalism

Jung's unconscious

thought of libido has psychic energy, not just psychic energy rooted in sexuality. Identified EGO, conscious mind, and unconscious mind with different archetypes

Habituation

to become used to something (prolonged/repeated exposure) such that you don't notice it anymore or learn to ignore it

Horney's 3 strategies

to overcome basic anxiety or basic hostility child will opt for: 1. moving toward people to obtain respect from people who provide security, 2. moving against people or fighting them to obtain upper hand, 3.withdrawing from people ** also performed by normal people, but child will opt for them to a greater extent and they can carry these strategies into adulthood.

operational span testing

to see general capacity of working memory tasks patients are asked to read and verify a simple math problem (ex: is 4/2-1=1) and then read a word after such as SNOW after doing a series of problems and words they are asked to recall the word that followed each operation.

Hans Eysenback's PEN model

trait theory; Psychoticism= measure of nonconformity or social deviance Extraversion- measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation Neuroticism= measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations people vary on all three scales and this was later ddeveloped into the Five Facctor MOdel

indicator traits

traits that signal good health are attractive; doesn't have to be genetic (cats: like those with clean coats, don't like dirty coats- sign of malnutrition or infection)

Displacement

transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another (ex: parent gets heat from boss and takes it out on spouse/)

Sublimation

transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors- can be turned into a drive for business success or artistic creativity

Verbal communication

transmission of information via use of words (SPOKE< WRITTEN, SIGNED)- spoken language, written language, sign language, tactile languages like the Braille alphabet

what are the 4 different approaches to problem solving

trial and error algorithms deductive reasoning inductive reasoning

catch trials

trials in which a signal is presented for signal detection theory

IQ tends to slightly decline during summer vacation (T/F)

true

Adler's theory of self

two kinds of self: CREATIVE SELF- force by which individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality STYLE OF LIFE- represents manifestation of creative self and a person's unique way of achieving superiority; shaped by family Fictional finalism- individual is motivated by is expectations of future than past experiences, rather than using objective data from past, human goals are based on subjective or fictional estimation of future.

Double approach-avoidant conflicts

two options with both appealing and negative characteristics, which seems to represent the jury’s dilemma.;If they rule the defendant guilty, they would either be punishing a criminal (approach) or punishing an innocent (avoidant).

Recognition primed decison model

type of intuition--- brain sorts a wide variety of information and detects a pattern, unconscious feeling of just knowing (ex: doc looks at a patient no vital sign analysis, but just knows that they are having heart problems)

Amphetamines (drug class, mech, bio/psych/long term effects + risks)

type of stimulant increases release of dopamine, NE, and Serotonin at synapse and decreases uptake Bio effects; increased arousal, less sleep needed, reduction in appetite, high bp, high heart rate Psych effects: in euphoria, hypervigilance (being on edge), anxiety, delusions of grandeur, paranoia Long term effects: brain damage and stroke, addiction, withdrawal is strong--- can lead to depression fatigue, irritability

Ecstasy/MDMA or 3,4 methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine)

type of stimulant, E form acts as a hallucinogen when combined with amphetamines Bio: causes higher heart rate, blood pressure, blurry vision, sweating, nausea, hyperthermia Psych: feelings of euphoria, alertness up, well being, connectedness

Cocaine (drug class, forms/origin, mech, uses, risks)

type of stimulant, derived from coca plants from S. America or synthetic, smoked as crack decreases reuptake of dopamine, NE, and serotonin with diff mech also used as anesthetic and has vasoconstrictive props---good for surgeries for nose and throat (highly vascularized area) Risks: vasoconstrictive props---stroke and heart attack, addiction

Hallucinogens (types, mech, psych/bio effects)

types include LSD, mechanisms are widely unknown but thought to increase many neurotrans including serotonin causes distoriton of reality and fantasy, enhances sensory experiences, introspection also increases HR, BP, dilation of pupils, sweating, and increased body temp

Theory of Mind

understanding how someone perceives something that you do. Once you've developed this ability you become aware of judgements form the outside world and react to those judgements

Conversion Disorder

unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma

Neurocognitive model of dreaming

unifies biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating cognitive, subjective experiences with physiological changes

Folkways

unimportant norms that govern social interactions (ex: silverware use)---violating them not met with intense disapproval

Cognitive dissonance

unpleasant feeling a person experiences when holding two contradictory beliefs at the same time.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

unrealistic negative evaluation of a person's appearance or specific body part; individual takes extreme measures to correct perceived imperfection

Ideal bureaucracies have these two types of missions

up focused- mission serves shareholders, board, or other entity infocused- serves itself by maximizing profit or market share.

dopamine

used in reward and motor pathways

John B. Watson

used little albert experiment and he is the founder of behaviorism; used classical conditioning and stimulus generalization to cause healthy young boy to fear furry animals and objects.

Correspondent Inference theory* need ex

used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional and unexpected behaviors performed by another person

DSM-5

used to diagnose psych disorders

availability heuristic

used when we are trying to decide how likely something is; we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances are imagined (ex: how many words begin with k vs have k in middle)--likely we would say more begin with k because that's how we are used to or the way that is available/more likely something can be interpreted for us. but in reality more words with k in middle

Ingratiation strategy

using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over; exs agreeing to someone else's opinion without objection or complimenting someone before asking a favor (impression management)

Dramturgical approach (Erving Goffman)

using metaphor of theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations (ex: person's status=person's part in performance and roles are in script) 1. Front stage self- who we want to appear to be 2. Back stage self- who we actually are

Managining appearances strategy

using props, appearance, emotional expression or associations with others to create a positive image (ex: wearing a white coat, or a scarf); impression management

base rate fallacy

using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information; ignoring base or prior rates when evaluating the probability of events

Manic episodes

usually 1 wk duration of at least 3 of the following symptoms: elevated or expansive mood Distractability Decreased need of sleep Grandiosity flight of ideas/racing thoughts Agitations Pressured speech Risky behavior engagement

vestibules

utricle and saccules have a macula that houses stereocilia upon which are CaCO3 or otoliths- bending of hair stimulates the hair cells.

What is the fastest schedule of reinforcement for increasing number of responses

variable ratio

which reinforcement schedule is the most effective?

variable ratio

continous vars

variables have an infinite number of categories. If the question was something like "how many full-time jobs have you had?"

dichotomous var

variables only have two categories (employed and not employed)

moderating variables

variables that attentuate or strengthen a given relationship (ex: there's a relationship between SES and testicular exams- age may be a moderating variable as it may increase the chances of getting more frequent testicular exams)

psychophysical discrimination testing

varying a physical stimulus slightly (like in this case taking the same sized circle and putting it in between large and small circles) and observing the effect on a subject's experience or behavior to better understand perceptual processing (or a tone in a particular context)

Social Exchange Theory

views society as series of interactions that are based on estimates of rewards and punishments; and interactions are determined by rewards or punishments people receive drom others

deviance

violation of norms, rules, expectations within a society; just normally acting against social norms (not super bad in sociology,not like common use of deviant)

Binocular Cues

visual cues such as depth require two eyes

Monocular cues (2)

visual cues that don't require two eyes; this involves;form of an objectrelative sizemotionconstancy of object

nondominant hemisphere is responsible for: (4)

visual faces, music, emotions, and geometry in spatial processes

cultural transmission/learning

way in which a society socializes its members

affective of attitude

way person feels towards somthing; emotional component of attitude

social cognition

ways in which people think about others and how it impacts behavior towards them

Cognitive Neoassociation Model

we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions like being tired, frustrated or in pain

We have _________million cones and _______ million rods

we have 6 million cones and 120 rods

For any signal we have two curves/graphs: ______ and ______. The differences between these curves is d' or the_______.;

we have a noise distribution curve(represents background noise) and a signal distribution(represents major sound). Axes: x=intensity, y=The differences between these curves is d' or the strengthif the signal distribution curve shifts to right---large d'- easy detectionif the signal distribution curve shifts to left---small d'- hard detection

Hierarchy of salience

we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment (ex: in a same sex group, individuals are less likely to appeal to gender in their self descrptions than a mixed sex groups) this importance is assigned based on the rewards assoc/w/that identity, time invested in identity, and self esteem assoc/w/ identity

Actor Observer bias

we often blame our own actions on external situations, but actions of others on their personalities. self serving bias by actor and fundamental attribution error by observer (John is avoiding Tom at a party by not talking to him or making eye contact. John=actor---John validates his thinking by saying that he's acting this way cause he is tired and the party too loud. Tom is the observer- he just thinks that John is socially awk)

belief

what a person deems true in life

Disconfirmation principle

when a potential soln to problem fails during testing, solution should be discarded; evid shows that something doesn't work

whole report

when asked to list all the letters we have seen after being presented with an image of a group of letters= we can typically list a few of them.

Fixed-interval

when behavior is reinforced after a specific amount of time has passed. An example would be semi-monthly paydays.

Variable-interval

when behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable, amount of time has passed.

Individual discrimination

when one person is discriminating against a certain gorup or person

hindsight bias

when people are wrong about the outcome of an event, but claim they knew it was going to go the opposite way to which they originally stated. (Ex: I knew you were trouble when you walked in. so why have interacted in the first place) a person to overestimate how well he or she could have successfully predicted a known outcome To give an example of this hindsight bias: Imagine you have a coin with two sides, one is heads and one is tails. You say to your friend that you are going to flip the coin and if they can accurately guess what side the coin will land on you will buy them a pizza. They say heads. You flip the coin and it lands on tails. Then your friend says 'I knew it. I knew it was going to land on tails'. This is a clear example of hindsight bias, your friend said heads before the coin flip and claimed they knew it was going to be tails after the event.

Learned helplessness

when placed in a consistently hopeless scenario self efficacy can be developed

Partial report

when presented with an image of a group of letters and asked to list letters of particular row after presentation, person can list with 100% accuracy

accomodation

when suspensory ligaments pull on the lens to change its shape. Made possible by the contraction of the ciliary muscles (part of the ciliary body under parasymp control)

Gentrification

when upper and middle class pop begin to purchase and renovate neighborhoods.

actor-observer bias

when we blame our own actions on external situation and action of others on personality.

Neutress

when you are exposed to something stressful but it doesn't directly impact you (ex: nat disaster elsewhere)- body doesn't perceive as good or bad

Looking glass self

when you become aware of others' judgements of you (theory of mind) and our reaction to how we think others perceive us- can influence how we stress, maintain or modify certain parts of our personality

upper middle class

which contains 15% of people, accounts for highly-educated professionals and managers, typically with an annual salary ranging from the high five figures to well over $100,000.

arctuate fasiculus-

which is a bundle of axons that allows for proper association of language comprehension (wernicke's) and speech production (Broca's area)

Five ethnicities model

white, black, Asian, Latino, Native American - some argue an oversimplification of racial categories the enforces socioeconomic inequalities

tactical self

who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to other's expectations of us.

mores

widely observed social norms

What are 2 benefits of within subject studies over between subjects studies?

within subject studies have increased power and reduction in error variance associated with individual variances. Fundamental inferential stats principle claims that as number of subjects increases the statistical power increases and that a within subject study design with 45 subjects is equal to similar between subject study with 90