Bio
What process must occur to allow amino acids to be catabolized for energy
Deamination
Consider the biochemical pathway used to synthesize the amino acid proline. a high increase in the level of pro line will most likely lead to a _____in pro line production
Decrease
Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical process that results in a gain or loss in
Electrons
During an endergonic reaction what happens to the amount of entropy in a system
Energy increases
What is activation energy
Energy needed to start a reaction
Protein catalyst that speeds up the various metabolic biological reaction in an organism are called
Enzymes
Yeast cells under anerobic conditions produce what
Ethanol and CO2
Reactions that. Occur spontaneously and release free energy are called______reaction
Exergonic
In the absence of oxygen hydrogen Adams generated by glycol verses or donated to organic molecules in the process called
Fermentation
Know what the first and second law of thermodynamics simple states
First law energy can not be created or destroyed Second law entropy is continuously increasing
What is the role of NAD+ in the process of cellular ration
Function as an electron carrier
Blood sugar Refers to what molecule circulating in blood
Glucose
In simple terms sucrase brakes sucrose into___and _____
Glucose and fructose
First stage of cellular respiration and the oldest term of evolution
Glycolysis
Know the three processes that are required for the complete oxidation of glucose
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
No oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as
H2O
A calorie is the commonly used unit of chemical energy it is also the unit of
Heat
As energy is been recovered it through the many forms it is continuously lost as
Heat
A spontaneous reaction is one in which the reactant have a Free energy then the products
Higher
In Feedback inhibitor, the inhibitors of the biochemical pathway is typically found where in the bio chemical pathways
In the final product
A single turn of the Krebs cycle will yield
1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2
A hydrogen Adam consist of what subatomic particle
1 proton 1 electron
The initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition oftwo carbon molecule a _____Carbon molecule
2 carbon molecule to a 4 carbon molecule
The net result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of__NADH and __Atp
2NADHAND 2ATP
Out of the total amount free potentially available from total oxidationof glucose the number of ATP made by cells is equal to an energy efficiency of about
32%
How many CO2 molecules are released specifically from the Krebs cycle for each glucose molecule consumed
4 or 6
ATP gives up energy when it is converted to
ADP , PI
Be able to recognize alternative forms of nucleotides /nuclei acids
ATD ADP
A molecule that stores energy by linkingCharge phosphate groups near each other is called
ATP
So chief energy currency of all cells is a molecule called
ATP
Be able to recognize useful in non-useful products of glycolysis
ATP, pyruvate and NADH are usable CO2 is not
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the____energy
Activation
What does the inhibitor binds to during Feedback inhabitation
Allostatic site of the enzyme being inhibited
Before entering the Krebs cycle pyruvate is converted to
Atcetyl-CoA
Catabolism of fatty acids results in the production of
Atcetyl-CoA
How does sucrose change the configuration of sucrase
By binding to active site
What is the most comprehensive definition of energy
Capability to work
The electron transport chain bacteria is located where
Cell membrane
The reactions C6 H 1206+602 equals 6C02 + 6H20 when it occurs in living cells is known as what
Cellular respiration
The energy associated with a molecule of glucose is stored in what
Chemical bonds
The organic nonprotein components that aid in enzyme functioning are called
Coenzymes
Molecules that bind within the active site of an enzyme are ___________ whereas molecules that bind at a site distant from the active site are _______
Competitive inhibitors and non competitive inhibitors
In eukaryotes the glycolytic reaction takes place in the___ of the cell
Cytoplasm
How does energy of sunlight enter into biological systems
It allows conversion of simple molecules into complex ones
Why does NAD+ serve as Important electron carrier
It is readily reduced and oxidized
Why is fermentation an important metabolic function in cells
It oxidizes NADH to NAD +
Under anaerobic conditions in animals the end products of glycolysis converted to
Lactic acid
How does a catalyst assist a chemical reaction
Lowers activation energy of the chemical reaction by bind in the substrates and speeds up the reaction
The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called
Metabolism
The electron that are transferred through the electron transport system initially Blancs to what two electron carriers
NADH and FADH2
What is the name of the mechanism by which pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by the end product of the boi chemical pathway
Negative inhibition
The active site of an enzyme which breaks down fatty acid is most likely rich in which one polar or nonpolar covalent bond found in hydrocarbons
Non polar
Cells obtain energy by______food molecules such as glucose
Oxidation
During aerobic respiration the last carrier proteins transfers a pair of electrons to
Oxygen
Where is the energy stored in a molecule of ATP
Phosphate bonds bonds
A covalent bond between two atoms represents what kind of energy
Potential energy
Most enzymes are what type of organic molecule
Proteins
In glycolysis glucose is converted to
Pyruvate
The discovery of ribozymes meant that some Have enzymatic activity
RNA
During a redox reaction the molecule that gains an electron has been and now has a higher energy level
Reduce
When an atom Or molecule gains one or more electrons it is said to be
Reduced
What happened to the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2
Reduced / moved between proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
What is the proper term for the molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme
Substrate
What are the two functions of the active site of an enzyme
Substrate bonds to the active sight and the reaction accurs
A chemical reaction in which the products contain less energy than the____ Will tend to proceed spontaneously
Substrates
Primitive prokaryotes probably used h2s instead of water as a source of electrons what would have been released into the environment as photosynthesis occurred
Sulfur
The Krebs cycle occurs in which region of a mitochondria
The matrix
Where is sucrose found in the human body
The microvilli of the small intestine
The majority of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is made by what process
The movement of Hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzymes
Know the definition for cellular respiration
The oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy from chemical bond
What evidence supports the idea that glycolysis evolved early in the history of life
The reaction of glycolysis is common to all living things
Life's ultimate source of energy is Derived from where
The sun
What is the common factors that inferences enzymes function at extreme temperature of PH
The three-dimensional shape
How is ATP produced by glycolysis
Through priming reaction
Gram of fatty acid yield how many more times the energy as 1 gram of glucose
Two times
A single glucose molecule can drive the Krebs cycle how many turns
Two turns
Can cellular respiration occurs in the absence of O2. And if how
Yes , but only when another final acceptor is available