Bio

What process must occur to allow amino acids to be catabolized for energy

Deamination

Consider the biochemical pathway used to synthesize the amino acid proline. a high increase in the level of pro line will most likely lead to a _____in pro line production

Decrease

Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical process that results in a gain or loss in

Electrons

During an endergonic reaction what happens to the amount of entropy in a system

Energy increases

What is activation energy

Energy needed to start a reaction

Protein catalyst that speeds up the various metabolic biological reaction in an organism are called

Enzymes

Yeast cells under anerobic conditions produce what

Ethanol and CO2

Reactions that. Occur spontaneously and release free energy are called______reaction

Exergonic

In the absence of oxygen hydrogen Adams generated by glycol verses or donated to organic molecules in the process called

Fermentation

Know what the first and second law of thermodynamics simple states

First law energy can not be created or destroyed Second law entropy is continuously increasing

What is the role of NAD+ in the process of cellular ration

Function as an electron carrier

Blood sugar Refers to what molecule circulating in blood

Glucose

In simple terms sucrase brakes sucrose into___and _____

Glucose and fructose

First stage of cellular respiration and the oldest term of evolution

Glycolysis

Know the three processes that are required for the complete oxidation of glucose

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

No oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as

H2O

A calorie is the commonly used unit of chemical energy it is also the unit of

Heat

As energy is been recovered it through the many forms it is continuously lost as

Heat

A spontaneous reaction is one in which the reactant have a Free energy then the products

Higher

In Feedback inhibitor, the inhibitors of the biochemical pathway is typically found where in the bio chemical pathways

In the final product

A single turn of the Krebs cycle will yield

1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2

A hydrogen Adam consist of what subatomic particle

1 proton 1 electron

The initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition oftwo carbon molecule a _____Carbon molecule

2 carbon molecule to a 4 carbon molecule

The net result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of__NADH and __Atp

2NADHAND 2ATP

Out of the total amount free potentially available from total oxidationof glucose the number of ATP made by cells is equal to an energy efficiency of about

32%

How many CO2 molecules are released specifically from the Krebs cycle for each glucose molecule consumed

4 or 6

ATP gives up energy when it is converted to

ADP , PI

Be able to recognize alternative forms of nucleotides /nuclei acids

ATD ADP

A molecule that stores energy by linkingCharge phosphate groups near each other is called

ATP

So chief energy currency of all cells is a molecule called

ATP

Be able to recognize useful in non-useful products of glycolysis

ATP, pyruvate and NADH are usable CO2 is not

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the____energy

Activation

What does the inhibitor binds to during Feedback inhabitation

Allostatic site of the enzyme being inhibited

Before entering the Krebs cycle pyruvate is converted to

Atcetyl-CoA

Catabolism of fatty acids results in the production of

Atcetyl-CoA

How does sucrose change the configuration of sucrase

By binding to active site

What is the most comprehensive definition of energy

Capability to work

The electron transport chain bacteria is located where

Cell membrane

The reactions C6 H 1206+602 equals 6C02 + 6H20 when it occurs in living cells is known as what

Cellular respiration

The energy associated with a molecule of glucose is stored in what

Chemical bonds

The organic nonprotein components that aid in enzyme functioning are called

Coenzymes

Molecules that bind within the active site of an enzyme are ___________ whereas molecules that bind at a site distant from the active site are _______

Competitive inhibitors and non competitive inhibitors

In eukaryotes the glycolytic reaction takes place in the___ of the cell

Cytoplasm

How does energy of sunlight enter into biological systems

It allows conversion of simple molecules into complex ones

Why does NAD+ serve as Important electron carrier

It is readily reduced and oxidized

Why is fermentation an important metabolic function in cells

It oxidizes NADH to NAD +

Under anaerobic conditions in animals the end products of glycolysis converted to

Lactic acid

How does a catalyst assist a chemical reaction

Lowers activation energy of the chemical reaction by bind in the substrates and speeds up the reaction

The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called

Metabolism

The electron that are transferred through the electron transport system initially Blancs to what two electron carriers

NADH and FADH2

What is the name of the mechanism by which pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by the end product of the boi chemical pathway

Negative inhibition

The active site of an enzyme which breaks down fatty acid is most likely rich in which one polar or nonpolar covalent bond found in hydrocarbons

Non polar

Cells obtain energy by______food molecules such as glucose

Oxidation

During aerobic respiration the last carrier proteins transfers a pair of electrons to

Oxygen

Where is the energy stored in a molecule of ATP

Phosphate bonds bonds

A covalent bond between two atoms represents what kind of energy

Potential energy

Most enzymes are what type of organic molecule

Proteins

In glycolysis glucose is converted to

Pyruvate

The discovery of ribozymes meant that some Have enzymatic activity

RNA

During a redox reaction the molecule that gains an electron has been and now has a higher energy level

Reduce

When an atom Or molecule gains one or more electrons it is said to be

Reduced

What happened to the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2

Reduced / moved between proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

What is the proper term for the molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme

Substrate

What are the two functions of the active site of an enzyme

Substrate bonds to the active sight and the reaction accurs

A chemical reaction in which the products contain less energy than the____ Will tend to proceed spontaneously

Substrates

Primitive prokaryotes probably used h2s instead of water as a source of electrons what would have been released into the environment as photosynthesis occurred

Sulfur

The Krebs cycle occurs in which region of a mitochondria

The matrix

Where is sucrose found in the human body

The microvilli of the small intestine

The majority of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is made by what process

The movement of Hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzymes

Know the definition for cellular respiration

The oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy from chemical bond

What evidence supports the idea that glycolysis evolved early in the history of life

The reaction of glycolysis is common to all living things

Life's ultimate source of energy is Derived from where

The sun

What is the common factors that inferences enzymes function at extreme temperature of PH

The three-dimensional shape

How is ATP produced by glycolysis

Through priming reaction

Gram of fatty acid yield how many more times the energy as 1 gram of glucose

Two times

A single glucose molecule can drive the Krebs cycle how many turns

Two turns

Can cellular respiration occurs in the absence of O2. And if how

Yes , but only when another final acceptor is available